Grigori Konstantinowitsch Ordzhonikidze

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Sergo Ordzhonikidze (1937)

Grigori Konstantinowitsch (Sergo) Ordzhonikidze (also: Ordshonikidse ; Russian Григорий Константинович (Серго) Орджоникидзе ., Wiss transliteration Gregory Konstantinović (Sergo) Ordžonikidze ; native Georgian გრიგოლ (სერგო) ორჯონიკიძე / Grigol (Sergo) Ordzhonikidze ; * 12 jul. / 24 October  1886 greg. In Gorescha , Kutaisi Governorate , Russian Empire , today Georgia ; † February 18, 1937 in Moscow ) was a Soviet politician. The doctor was an ally of Stalin , brought Georgia and Armenia under Soviet control and promoted the industrialization of the Soviet Union .

Life

education and profession

He was born the son of a destitute nobleman in western Georgia. As a student at the Mikhailov Medical Clinic in Tbilisi , he came into contact with radical political circles. In 1903 he joined the Social Democratic Labor Party of Russia and supported the faction of the Bolsheviks .

revolutionary

After graduating in 1905, he worked for the Sukhumi party , took part in the 1905 revolution and was arrested for possession of weapons. After his release he emigrated to Germany . In 1907 he returned to Russia and moved to Baku . There he worked with Stalin and Stepan Shaumyan . In October 1907 he was arrested again because of his membership in the Social Democrats and exiled to Siberia. In 1909 he was able to escape from there and move to Paris, where he studied with Kamenev at the Lenin Party School in Longjumeau . In 1912 he was elected to the Central Committee of the Russian Social Democrats at the 6th Party Conference in Prague, to which Ordschonikidze and Lenin had invited almost only Bolsheviks , which, with the exception of Schwarzmann, consisted only of Bolsheviks. The vast majority of the Russian Social Democrats met in Vienna at the invitation of Trotsky and chose their own leadership. The central committee , to which Ordzhonikidze belonged, called the “Central Committee of the Russian Social Democrats”, was a factually incorrect, but clever move by Lenin.

In April 1912 Ordzhonikidze returned to Saint Petersburg with Stalin . There he was arrested again and sentenced to a three-year camp sentence, which he spent at the Schluesselburg fortress . In October 1915 he was exiled to Yakutia . After the February Revolution of 1917 , he helped the Bolsheviks gain control of Yakutsk . In June he met Stalin again in Petrograd and took an active part in the October Revolution .

Republic founder

From December 1917 Ordzhonikidze was Commissioner for the Ukrainian People's Republic . He reorganized the state organization there, provided bread deliveries to the starving industrial centers of Russia and took care of the military front against the Central Powers . In 1918 he headed an interim commissioner for all southern provinces from the Crimea to the North Caucasus . He founded a Don Soviet Republic , a Kuban Black Sea Soviet Republic and a North Caucasian Soviet Republic , and he also took part in regional armistice negotiations with the German troops.

As a member of the Revolutionary Military Council of the 16th Army and the 14th Army , he was involved in the suppression of Denikin's White Army in the area of Oryol , the Donets Basin and Kharkov during the Russian Civil War . In 1920 he became chairman of the Caucasian Bureau of the Communist Party of Russia (KPR). In close coordination with Stalin, he organized the incorporation of Azerbaijan , Armenia and Georgia into the Soviet Union as the Transcaucasian Socialist Federal Soviet Republic in 1922 .

Party official and minister

Mikoyan , Stalin and Ordzhonikidze (Tbilisi, 1925)

From 1922 to 1926 he was also First Secretary of the Transcaucasian Committee and First Secretary of the North Caucasian Committee of the CP. He used his power to bring the national party organizations of Armenia, Georgia and Azerbaijan into line. Lenin therefore wanted to throw him out of the party, but could no longer implement his plan. When an uprising broke out in Georgia in August 1924 , he struck it down and had the organizers publicly executed .

In 1926 Stalin appointed him chairman of the Central Control Commission of the CPSU (B) and assigned him the task of driving the left wing, represented by Kamenev and Zinoviev , out of the party. In 1930 he became a member of the Central Committee and the Politburo of the Communist Party. He was chairman of the Supreme Economic Council from 1930 to 1932 and, until his death in 1932, People's Commissar for Heavy Industry .

death

At the beginning of the 1930s Ordzhonikidze's personal relationship with Stalin deteriorated because he had appointed Lavrenti Beria , whom Ordzhonikidze described as a crook and a dangerous schemer, as chairman of the Georgian Communist Party. During the Great Terror , he was targeted by the NKVD . At the end of 1936 he tried to protect Georgi Pyatakov , who was already being persecuted as an enemy of the state. Rumors soon began to circulate that Ordzhonikidze was planning to indict Stalin at the Central Committee meeting in February 1937. On February 18, 1937, he was found dead in the Moscow Kremlin . Heart attack was reported in the press as the cause of death . Ordzhonikidses brother was not allowed to see the body. The Minister of Health of the Soviet Union Kaminski signed suicide as the cause of death on the death certificate . Kaminski was soon arrested and shot himself . Khrushchev also assumed suicide in his memoirs, with Stalin allegedly spreading the version of a natural death. According to a Caucasian party official, Stalin's secret police are said to have given Ordzhonikidze a choice: either arrest or suicide. According to a third description, he was shot or poisoned by Stalin's secretary .

Ordzhonikidses urn was buried at the Kremlin wall on Red Square in Moscow with a state funeral. As a tribute to his services to the Soviet Union, the North Ossetian capital of Vladikavkaz bore his name from 1931 to 1944 and from 1954 to 1990.

Fonts

  • The Stakhanov Movement under Stalin's leadership . Verl. Cooperative Foreign. Workers in the USSR, Moscow 1935
  • The development of the industry in 1931 and the tasks for 1932 . Verl. Cooperative Foreign. Workers in the USSR, Moscow 1931
  • Articles and speeches , 2 volumes; Moscow 1956–1957

literature

  • Oleg Vitalievich Chlevnyuk : In Stalin's Shadow. The Career of “Sergo” Ordzhonikidze . Sharpe, Armonk 1995, ISBN 1-563-24562-0
  • Zinaida Gavrilovna Ordzhonikidze: Put 'bol'shevika: stranitsy iz zhizni GK Ordzhonikidze . Gosudarstvennoe izdatel'stvo političeskoj literatury, Moscow 1956
    • German edition: Sinaida Ordshonikidze: The way of a Bolshevik. From the life of GK Ordshonikidses . Dietz, Berlin 1959
  • Anton Kirillovich Kelendzheridze: Sergo Ordzhonikidze - zhurnalist . Merani, Tbilisi 1969
  • Boris Souvarine : Stalin. Notes on the History of Bolshevism . Bernard & Graefe Verlag, Munich 1980, ISBN 3-7637-5210-2
  • J. Arch Getty , Oleg V. Naumov : The Road to Terror. Stalin and the Self-Destruction of the Bolsheviks, 1932-1939 . Yale University Press, New Haven and London 1999, ISBN 0-300-07772-6 (contains translations of some of Ordschonikidse's speeches and writings into English)
  • Oleg Vitalievich Klevnyuk: Сталин и Орджоникидзе. Конфликты в Политбюро в 30-е годы (Stalin and Ordzhonikidze. Conflicts in the Politburo in the 1930s). Серия "АИРО-монография", Moscow 1993

Web links

Commons : Grigori Konstantinowitsch Ordzhonikidze  - Collection of Images

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Политбюро и дело Берия. Сборник документов . Кучково поле, 2012, ISBN 978-5-9950-0193-5 , p. 553-555 .
  2. ↑ Robert Conquest: "He will slaughter us all" . In: Der Spiegel . tape February 8 , 1971 ( spiegel.de [accessed January 2, 2018]).
personal data
SURNAME Ordzhonikidze, Grigory Konstantinowitsch
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Ordzhonikidze, Sergo; Орджоникидзе, Григорий Константинович (Russian spelling); ორჯონიკიძე, გრიგოლ (Georgian spelling)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Soviet politician (CPSU) and People's Commissar for Heavy Industry (1932–1937)
DATE OF BIRTH October 24, 1886
PLACE OF BIRTH Gorescha , Russian Empire
DATE OF DEATH February 18, 1937
Place of death Moscow , Soviet Union