Guilherme Gonçalves

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Dom Guilherme Maria Gonçalves (* 1919 ; † 1999 in Portugal ) was the last coronel messenger ( Tetum : Liurai , Timorese ruler) from Atsabe . In 1974 he was a co-founder of the pro-Indonesian party APODETI . Between 1978 and 1982 he was the Indonesian governor of Timor Timur . Gonçalves was a member of the Kemak ethnic group.

Career

Gonçalves had strong family ties within the former Atsabe Empire and its old allies. This also included ties to Kemak in the Ainaro and Bobonaro counties and northern and southern Tetum and Bunak on both sides of the borders. He was extremely anti-Portuguese and had a large number of traditional warriors. Gonçalves is descended from several Liurai who rebelled against the Portuguese. The only exception was Gonçalve's father Dom Siprianu . Gonçalves, however, hated the artificial colonial border that divided his family and separated east Timor from the spiritual center Laran in Wehale , which is why he sought to unify the island. When a withdrawal of Portugal from Portuguese Timor in 1974/75 was foreseeable, the APODETI sought a connection to Indonesia. The party was said to have close contacts with Indonesian secret agents.

When the left-wing FRETILIN proclaimed East Timor's independence on November 28, 1975 , the Balibo Declaration was published in Indonesia , in which East Timorese opposition politicians allegedly called for the country to be annexed to Indonesia. Indonesia used the declaration as legitimation for the final invasion of East Timor on December 7, 1975. However, the declaration was drawn up by the Indonesian secret service and signed in Bali and not in Balibo . Gonçalves, who signed the declaration, later confirmed this. Many of the East Timorese partisans who helped the Indonesians invade were equipped by Gonçalves.

In 1976 Gonçalves was chairman of the People's Assembly ( DPRD ) convened by the Indonesians , which applied for the connection of East Timor to Indonesia on May 31. From 1978 Gonçalves was governor of the now called Timor Timur annexed province. In 1982, however, he had to resign prematurely after a dispute arose with Colonel Paul Kalangi , the secretary of the regional administration ( Secretary Wilayah Daerah, Sekwilda ) about the proportion of the coffee tax for the local government. In 1999 the Indonesians had to withdraw after the lost referendum and under international pressure. Gonçalves had already distanced himself from the occupiers and campaigned for the independence of East Timor in Portuguese exile. In 1999, Indonesia withdrew from East Timor and Gonçalves returned. When he was diagnosed with prostate cancer, José Ramos-Horta loaned him the money for the flight for treatment in Portugal and also paid for the repatriation of the body to the burial in the Santa Cruz Cemetery in Dili .

family

One of Guilherme Gonçalves' sons, Tomás Gonçalves, was administrator of the Ermera district and head of the 400-strong Railakan militia under the Indonesian occupation . He was trained as a partisan in early 1975 in Atambua, West Timor, by the Indonesians. The eldest son, José Gonçalves , presented himself as apolitical during the decolonization phase. After the civil war in East Timor in August 1975 , he worked for the victorious FRETILIN as an economic expert and became Minister of Economics in the FRETILIN government on 28 November after East Timor was declared independent . After the Indonesian invasion, he supported their puppet government and spoke as a witness for the Indonesian side before the United Nations and a United States committee of inquiry.

José Martins , a nephew of Gonçalves, was initially a member of APODETI, but then became the first president of the Klibur Oan Timor Asuwain (KOTA) party, which was founded in October 1974 .

Web links

See also

supporting documents

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Peter Carey: Challenging Tradition, Changing Society: the Role of Women in East Timor 's Transition to Independence ( RTF ; 59 kB)
  2. ↑ UNHCR: LE DROIT DES PEUPLES A DISPOSER D'EUX-MEMES ET SON APPLICATION AUX PEUPLES ASSUJETTIS A UNE DOMINATION COLONIALE OU ETRANGERE OU A L'OCCUPATION ETRANGERE
  3. ↑ Joseph Oenarto: Can East Timor survive independence ?, North Australia Research Unit (PDF; 78 kB)
  4. ↑ a b Chapter 4 Regime of Occupation ( Memento of the original from January 18, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 550 kB) of the CAVR investigation commission from 2006.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.cavr-timorleste.org
  5. ↑ a b "Part 3: The History of the Conflict" (PDF; 1.4 MB) from the "Chega!" Report of the CAVR (English)
  6. ^ A b David Hicks: Rhetoric and the Decolonization and Recolonization of East Timor , 2014, ISBN 9781317695349 .
  7. ↑ 'Operasi Sapu Jagad' - plano dos militares indonésios contra a Independencia. ( Memento from October 9, 2006 in the Internet Archive )
  8. ↑ George J. Aditjondro: EAST TIMOR An Indonesian intellectual speaks out , May 1994
personal data
SURNAME Gonçalves, Guilherme
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Gonzalves, Gonsalves
BRIEF DESCRIPTION last Liurai of Atsabe, East Timorese politician, Indonesian governor of Timor Timur
DATE OF BIRTH 1919
DATE OF DEATH 1999
Place of death Portugal