Gustave Flourens

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Gustave Flourens. Photography by E. Thiebault

Gustave Flourens (born August 4, 1838 in Paris , † April 3, 1871 in Rueil-Malmaison ) French politician, journalist and ethnographer . 1871 member of the Paris Commune .

Life

Gustave Flourens was the son of Marie-Jean-Pierre Flourens and Aline Adolphine Gabrielle Clément d'Aerzen (1807–1879). He had two brothers. Léopold Émile Flourens (1841–1920), who was French Foreign Minister of the Third Republic from December 11, 1886 to April 3, 1888 , and Pierre Abel Flourens (1845–1918). Flourens was an assistant professor at the Collège de France , which his father presided over.

Because of his view that the origin of modern man was not confined to one place, he came into conflict with the Catholic Church. Flourens went to Brussels, where he published his book "Histoire de l'homme". Gustave Flourens then went to Constantinople and Athens and took part in the Crete uprising of 1866–1868 against Ottoman rule . He was able to get Victor Hugo to support the cause of the Crete insurgents. In Crete he received honorary citizenship from the National Assembly. He then worked in Marseille , where he was arrested at the request of the French ambassador. Then he was in Naples and from the end of 1868 worked for the newspaper La Marseillaise by Henri Rochefort .

In March 1870 he arrived in London and came into contact with Karl Marx and also his wife Jenny and daughters Jenny and Eleanor . On April 19, 1870, Flourens was elected to the General Council of the International Workers' Association on the proposal of Eugène Dupont and Auguste Serraillier .

On September 4, 1870, demonstrators demanded the immediate proclamation of the Republic and suggested Blanqui , Flourens, Delescluze , Pyat and Rochefort as members of the Provisional Government. The government was formed from the republican opposition, which had saved the empire in August. In September 1870 he commanded a corps of the National Guard . On October 5th and October 8th, Flourens organized demonstrations with the riflemen from Belleville and the 19th arrondissement in front of the Paris City Hall. People shouted: "In spite of everything, long live the commune ". As a result, the police prefect of Paris Émile de Kératry , who was only appointed on September 4, had to resign. Flourens was also one of the leaders of the coup attempt on October 31, 1870. In the elections of November 5, 1870, he was elected vice-mayor in the Ménilmontant arrondissement . On January 21, 1871, Flourens, Léo Meillet, H. Bauer and Alphonse Humbert were freed from prison by armed National Guardsmen. In the elections of March 26, 1871, he, like Gabriel Ranvier , Jules Bergeret and Blanqui , was elected in the 20th arrondissement of Paris . Flourens was one of those responsible for the disastrous walk to Versailles to blow up the National Assembly and arrest the Thiers - Favre government on April 3, 1871.

He was "murdered" on April 3, 1871 in Rueil Malmaison by the gendarme Desmarets and buried in the Père Lachaise cemetery in Paris.

Entry in the Confession book by Jenny Caroline Marx

He completed the questionnaire on April 26, 1870 in London. The questions are in Jenny's handwriting, the answers in Flourens' handwriting.

Your [favorite virtue] l'audace. ( Audacity )
qu [ality in man] l'énergie. ( Energy )
... in woman le dévouement. ( Devotion )
Idea of ​​happiness vivre, simple citoyen, dans une république égalitaire. ( To live among equals as a simple citizen )
of misery être advocat. ( To be a lawyer )
The vice you detest le servilisme. ( Submissiveness )
Your aversion les jongleurs et les aristocrate. ( Jugglers and aristocrats )
favorite occupation faire la guerre aux bourgeois, à leurs dieux, à leurs rois et à leurs héros. ( Wage war against the bourgeoisie, against their gods, their kings, their heroes )
Characters in history you like Spartacus .
Favorite poet Byr [on] and Les Chatiments [Hugo]. ( Lord Byron and Victor Hugo )
prose writer Tacite .
flower rose. ( Rose )
color rouge. ( red )
Maxim Scire mori ( knowing how to die )
motto Гνωθι σεαντоυ. ( (He) knows yourself )
Your characteristic Go ahead. ( Go ahead! )
London, 26 avril 1870
Gustave Flourens

Works

  • Histoire de l'homme. Cours d'histoire naturelle des corps organisés au Collège de France. 1re leçon . Garnier frères, Paris 1863
  • Ce qui est possible. Ottfrid . Garnier, Paris 1864 digitized
  • Gustave Flourens, Robert Lowe: Discours sur le suffrage universel. Meeting libéral de Bruxelles séance du 12 avril 1865 . Mertens, Bruxelles 1865
  • Paris livré . Garnier, Paris 1871 digitized version

literature

About Gustave Flourens

  • A. Williams : Gustave Flourens. In: La Marseillaise . Paris. No. 99 of March 29, 1870. p. 2.
  • Vindex: Les chefs révolutionnaires. Gustave Flourens. Paris 1871.
  • Auguste Hardy: Douloureux détails concernant la mort du citoyen Flourens. A complete biography et ses actes heroiques pour le maintien de la République . A. Parent, Paris [1871?].
  • F Maurel: Notice nécrologique sur Gustave Flourens . Société d'Ethnographie, Paris 1872.
  • Charles Théophile Ferré: Portrait et autographe d'un homme dévoué sous la Commune de Paris. Une rectification sur Gustave Flourens . LE Private, Genève 1876.
  • Georges Cuvier : Discours sur les revolutions du globe. Avec des notes et un appendice d'après les travaux récents de MM. De Humboldt , Flourens, Lyell , etc. rédigés par le Dr Hoefer . Firmin-Didot et Cie, Paris 1856. (2nd edition 1879)
  • M. Demaze (ed.): Souvenirs d'un Philhellène. Gustave Flourens et l'insurrection crétoise de 1866–1868 . Rey, Lyon 1893.
  • Charles Prolès: Les Hommes de la Révolution de 1871. Gustave Flourens. Insurrection crétoise, 1867-1868. Siège de Paris, 1870-1871. Avec une lettre-preface de Amilcare Cipriani . Paris 1898.
  • Robert de Billy: Le comte de Gobineau et Gustave Flourens. Ed. d'histoire générale et d'histoire diplomatique, Paris 1932.
  • Yvonne Bezard: Gustave Flourens . R. Condom, Paris 1935.
  • Anne Nicolas: Victor Hugo et Gustave Flourens (1865–1871) avec des lettres inédites . In: Revue d'Histoire littéraire de la France . Vol. 68, No. 5, September-October 1968, pp. 731-745.
  • Valentina Akimova Smirnova: Gjustav Flurans . Mysl, Moskava 1972.
  • Olga Vorobjowa, Irma Senelnikowa: The daughters of Marx . 4. erg. U. revised Ed. Dietz Verlag, Berlin 1984. Chapter “Gustave Flourens”, p. 75 ff.
  • Richard-Pierre Guiraudou, Michel Rebondy: Gustave Flourens. Le Chevalier Rouge . le Pré aux Clercs, Paris 1987. ISBN 2-7144-2054-0
  • Adrienne Stengers-Limet: Une rencontre à Bruxelles Gustave Flourens and Jean-Jacques Altmeyer . Bruxelles Archives et bibliothèques de Belgique, Bruxelles 2001.

To the Paris Commune

  • Jean Bruhat, Jean Dautry, Emile Tersen: The Paris Commune of 1871 . Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften, Berlin 1971 Short biography of Flourens pp. 324–325.
  • Klaus Schrenk (ed.): On the barricades of Paris. Everyday life in the Paris Commune . Elefanten Press Verlag, Berlin (West) and Hamburg 1978

Honors

Some streets in France are named after him, e.g. B. in Le Mans , Marly , Nanterre , La Rochelle , Suresnes and Vierzon .

Web links

Commons : Gustave Flourens  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Jules Ballot: Histoire de l'insurrection crétoise . L. Dentu, Paris 1868.
  2. ↑ Angelika Limmroth: Jenny Marx. The biography . Karl Dietz Verlag, Berlin 2014, p. 215 ff.
  3. ^ Yvonne Kapp : Eleanor Marx. Volume I. Family Life (1855-1883) . Lawrancee and Wishart, London 1972, p. 127 f. and p. 131 f.
  4. ^ Documents of the first International. 1868-1870 . Lawrance & Wishart, London 1967, p. 227.
  5. ^ The First International. 1870-1876 . Part 2. Progress, Moscow 1981, pp. 44-45.
  6. ^ Documents of the first International. 1870-1871 . Lawrance & Wishart, London 1967, p. 61.
  7. ^ Jean Bruhat, Jean Dautry, Emile Tersen: The Paris Commune of 1871 , p. 65.
  8. ^ "Flourens stood as a candidate in the local government election of 5 November 1870 and became vice mayor of the 20th arrondissement". Yvonne Kapp. Eleanor Marx. Volume I. Family Life (1855-1883) . Lawrance and Wishart, London 1972, ISBN 0-85315-248-9 , p. 126.
  9. ^ Jean Bruhat, Jean Dautry, Emile Tersen: The Paris Commune of 1871 , p. 70.
  10. ^ Jean Bruhat, Jean Dautry, Emile Tersen: The Paris Commune of 1871 , p. 108.
  11. ↑ Chatou is sometimes mistakenly named. So z. B. Klaus Schrenk (Ed.): On the barricades of Paris. Everyday life in the Paris Commune , p. 40.
  12. ↑ “Desmarets, the genset, was decorated because he had betrayed the generous and chivalrous Flourens to pieces in the butcher's fashion, Flourens, who on October 31st had saved the heads of the defensive government. The 'encouraging details' of his murder were communicated by Thiers in the National Assembly with ease of the broader. ”In: The Civil War in France . Address of the General Council of the International Workers' Association to all members in Europe and the United States. Separate print from the people's state. , Verlag der Expedition des Volksstaats , Leipzig 1871, p. 17. Quoted from: Marx-Engels-Gesamtausgabe . Department 1. Volume 22. Dietz Verlag, Berlin 1978, p. 197.
  13. ^ "Flourens had been killed in a house." Quoted from Documents of the first International. 1870-1871 . Lawrance & Wishart, London 1967, p. 181.
  14. ↑ Jenny Marx (daughter) to Louis Kugelmann April 18, 1871. “Gustave Flourens was actually murdered. [...] He did not fall in battle, as reported in the press, the house in which he had his headquarters had been designated by some gendarmes by some spy, it was surrounded and he was murdered. "Quoted from Olga Vorobjowa, Irma Senelnikova: The Daughters of Marx , p. 76.
  15. ↑ Izumi Omura, Valerij Fomičev, Rolf Hecker and Shun-ichi Kubo (eds.): Family Marx private. The photo and questionnaire albums of Marx's daughters Laura and Jenny. An annotated facsimile edition . Akademie Verlag, Berlin 2005, ISBN 3-05-004118-8 , pp. 342–343. Facsimile No. 55a and 55b.
  16. ^ Victor Hugo: Les Châtiments . 1853
personal data
SURNAME Flourens, Gustave
BRIEF DESCRIPTION French revolutionary and ethnographer. Member of the Paris Commune in 1871
DATE OF BIRTH 4th August 1838
PLACE OF BIRTH Paris
DATE OF DEATH April 3, 1871
Place of death Rueil-Malmaison