Leadership of the Paris Commune

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The Paris Commune is the name given to a revolt of petty bourgeoisie and workers of various ideological and political directions that was prepared during the siege of Paris under the eyes of the government of national defense (government Trochu - Favre - Gambetta ) and which broke out on March 18, 1871 . The management staff of the Paris Commune consisted of the members of the central committee of the 20 districts ( comité central de vingt arrondissements or comité central republicain de vingt arrondissements ), the members of the central committee of the Republican Federation of the National Guard ( comité central de la fédération républicaine de la Garde national ) as well as the members of the parish council of Paris, the actual commune , whereby there was a large number of staff overlaps. In accordance with the social conditions at the time, membership in the National Guard was reserved for men, as was the right to vote and to stand as a candidate , which is why women are not included in this list.

Members of the Central Committee of the 20 boroughs

The Central Committee of the 20 city districts was not a body that emerged from general elections, but an association of four revolutionary activists from each of the 20 Parisian arrondissements of different directions , decided on September 6, 1870 and constituted on September 11 . The goals published on September 14 included:

  • Dissolution of the central state police ( police d'État ), but creation of a police made up of members of the national guard, subordinate to the respective city authorities
  • immediate dismissal of all court officials and reversal of all judgments in political criminal cases
  • Election and responsibility (possibility of voting out) of all state and municipal officials
  • Freedom of the press and association
  • Requirement and rationing of all goods available in preparation for the upcoming siege, which began on September 19th.

This central committee included (in alphabetical order) a .:

Augustin Germain d'Avrial (also just Avrial )

Born on November 20, 1840 in Revel (Haute-Garonne) , in Paris since 1847, died in Fécamp (Normandy) at the end of 1904 , (buried on December 13 in Paris). Military service from 1859 to 1865, most recently as an infantry sergeant . Worked as a mechanic, became a member of the I. Internationale in 1869 as a syndicalist . Elected to the council of the municipality on March 26th, he worked there in several commissions (originally working committee, from April 9th ​​executive committee, from April 21st to May 15th war committee) and was also general director of artillery from May 2nd . He voted against the validity of the April 16 by-elections and against the establishment of the welfare committee. After the end of the Commune, he was able to flee to London , while in Paris he was sentenced to death in absentia. From 1874 to 1876 he settled in Alsace and set up a mechanical workshop, but was expelled from the German authorities. A. went to Geneva via La Chaux-de-Fonds , where he lived until the amnesty in 1880. During this whole time he was still politically active, u. a. 1877/78 for the socialist magazine Le Travailleur ( The Worker ). After his return to France, he was employed as a material tester for the French State Railways in Montluçon from 1881 to 1883 .

Charles Victor Beslay

Charles Beslay

Born on July 5, 1795 in Dinan as the son of a lawyer and member of parliament, has lived in Paris since 1837, died in 1878 in Neuchâtel , Switzerland. Became an engineer and was an active Carbonari in the 1820s . In 1831 and 1834 he was elected to the parliament of the July monarchy . In Paris he founded a steam engine factory and adopted the ideas of his friend Proudhon . After the revolution in 1848 he was elected government commissioner in the Morbihan department and the constituent assembly, but in 1849 no longer in the subsequent regular parliament. One of them during the time of Napoleon III. Sparkasse founded on the basis of Proudhon's ideas went bankrupt. Since 1866 he was a member of the I. International.

Elected to the council of the municipality on March 26, 1871, he was its senior president and worked there on the finance commission. On March 29th he became a delegate of the commune at the Bank of France . At the end of May 1871, the Thiers government deliberately let him escape into exile; in December 1872 the court martial against him was put down. In retrospect, the bank confirmed that his administration was lacking in external order, but that the content was correct.

Louis-Auguste Blanqui

Louis Alfred Auguste Briosne

Born on March 1, 1825 in Paris, died on July 18, 1873 in the Paris suburb of Levallois-Perret. Active as a manufacturer of artificial flowers. During the siege of Paris, commander of the 128th battalion of the National Guard, he described himself as an anti-Proudhonist communist and was very active in the preparation of the commune (co-signer of the appeals and proclamations), but failed in the elections to the council despite running for three arrondissements Commune on March 26, 1871. Was elected to the council in the by-election of April 16 with changed suffrage, but declared on April 20 that he would not accept the election because of the changed suffrage and is no longer mentioned in the Journal officiel . It is therefore unclear what role he played at the end of the Commune; in any case, he was not prosecuted until his death.

Zéphirin Camélinat

Zéphirin Camélinat 1864

Born on September 14, 1840 in Mailly-la-Ville ( Yonne department ), the son of a stonemason, in Paris since 1857, died there on March 5, 1932. Coppersmith , bronze worker and chaser , one of the leaders of the Syndicate of Bronze Worker from Paris, friend of Proudhon. Soldier for a short time in 1870, during the siege of Paris standard bearer of the 200th battalion of the National Guard. Appointed director of the Paris Mint during the Commune . Was able to flee to London and was therefore sentenced to deportation in absentia. 1880 return to France. From 1885 to 1889 he was a socialist city councilor in Paris, he worked actively for the amalgamation of the various socialist groups to form the Section française de l'Internationale ouvrière , and was temporarily treasurer of this party. In 1920 he switched to the Communist Party , whose first presidential candidate he became in 1924.

Jean-Baptiste Chardon

Jean-Baptiste Chardon ( 1871 )

Born on July 19, 1839 in Souvigny as the son of a blacksmith, died on November 24, 1898 in Vierzon . Has worked in railway construction since 1862, dismissed in 1870 for his revolutionary ideas and arrested for “ expressing hatred of the government ”. Captain of the 133rd Battalion of the National Guard during the siege of Paris, with whom he took part in the anti-government demonstration on October 31, 1870. In November he became a member of the I. International as a Blanquist. Elected to the council of the commune on March 26, 1871, he became a member of the War Commission, on April 5, at his own request, he became a member of the General Security Commission. On April 16, he is mentioned with the rank of colonel as military commander of the police prefecture and as a member of the court martial of the commune. He voted on April 1st to set up the welfare committee. After the end of the commune, Chardon was sentenced to death in absentia because he had fled to Switzerland. As an employee of a mechanical construction company, he traveled a. a. to Egypt , Cuba and Haiti , where he temporarily settled as a restaurateur before returning to France.

Eugène Pierre Amable Chatelain

Born on December 6, 1829 and died in Paris in 1902. Engraver , poet and journalist. Barricade fighter in June 1848. Member of the First International since 1870. There are no other saved messages.

Louis-Simon Dereure

Louis-Simon Dereure

Born on December 1, 1838 in Lapalisse as the son of a shoemaker, since 1863 in Paris, died there on July 18, 1900. 1869 Participation in the congress of the First International in Basel as a syndicalist, 1870 conviction for "attacking the security of the state" to three years in prison, but released after the fall of the empire. Participant in the anti-government demonstrations of October 31, 1879 and January 22, 1871, temporarily deputy mayor of the 18th arrondissement under Clemenceau. Elected to the council of the municipality on March 26, 1871, first member of the commission for subsistence, from April 21st of the commission for justice. Dereure voted for the validity of the by-elections as well as for the establishment of the welfare committee and became civil commissioner on May 16 at the side of Jarosław Dąbrowski. He was one of those responsible for the arson at the end of the commune. After the end of the commune, she fled via Switzerland to New York. Sentenced to death in absentia in 1873, returned to France after the amnesty in 1880, where several unsuccessful candidates for MPs.

Émile-Victor Duval

Born in Paris in 1840, shot dead in Petit-Clamart on April 4, 1871 . Eisengießer , since 1867 as a Blanquist member of the First International, in April 1870 organizer of a successful strike, but subsequently sentenced to two months in prison from which the fall of the German Empire freed him. Participants in the anti-government demonstrations of October 31, 1870 and January 22, 1871, unsuccessful candidacy in the election for the National Assembly on February 8, 1871. After the establishment of the Commune, Mayor of a part of Paris on the left of the Seine for a few days from March 18 on March 20th named as commander of the police prefecture, on March 26th election to the council of the municipality, there member of the military and executive commissions. On April 1, he was appointed general of the commune and as such, together with others, commanded the failed "Walk to Versailles". In attacking the redoubt of Châtillon he was captured and then order of General Vinoy summarily executed.

Théophile Charles Gilles Ferré

Théophile Ferré

Born in Paris on May 6, 1846, shot dead in Versailles on November 28, 1871. Legal assistant and militant Blanquist, under Napoleon III. convicted four times on political grounds. During the siege, a member of the National Guard, he was one of those who wanted to move to Versailles immediately after March 18, 1871 to blow up the government and the National Assembly. On March 26th he was elected to the council of the municipality and a member of the commission for general security. On April 24th he resigned for a short time, on May 1st he became deputy public prosecutor of the municipality and on May 13th delegate for general security ("Minister of Police"). Ferré voted both for the establishment of the welfare committee and for the murder of hostages. On September 2, he was sentenced to death.

Gustave Flourens

Léo Frankel

Charles Victor Jaclard

Born in Metz in 1840 , in Paris since 1864, where he died on April 14, 1903. As a medical student Blanquist, he was expelled from the university after praising atheism , materialism and socialism during a student congress in Liège and his aiding in helping Blanquis to flee to Belgium. Sentenced to six months in prison in 1866 for taking part in a demonstration, then in Geneva, where he married the Russian emigrant Anna W. Korvin-Kurkovskaya (1843–1887) in 1867 and was one of the founders of the International Alliance of Socialist Democracy , while in the internal Conflicts between the supporters of Blanquis and Bakunin taking a mediating position. Returning to France in September 1870, he was involved in the establishment of the Commune of Lyons , but went to the capital for the purpose of coordinating efforts to establish the Paris Commune. Here commander of the 158th battalion of the National Guard and participant in the anti-government demonstration on October 31, 1870. Unsuccessful candidacies for the National Assembly on February 8, 1871 and (with a devastating result: 503 of around 110,000 votes cast) on March 26 for the Council of Commune. On April 27, 1861, mentioned in the Journal officiel as Colonel and Commander of the 17th Legion of the National Guard. Captured by government troops during the final fighting in the commune and subsequently sentenced to death, he managed, with the help of his family, to flee to London, where the couple temporarily lived in Marx 's house. In 1874 both went to Russia, where he worked as a French teacher, but returned to France after the amnesty in 1880. Here Jaclard mainly worked as a journalist for various liberal and socialist newspapers in the directions from Georges Clemenceau to Alexandre Millerand to Blanqui, but also maintained friendly relations with Georges Boulanger . In 1889 he was one of the founders of the Second International and in 1891 and 1893 one of the delegates of the congresses in Brussels and Zurich .

Jules-Paul Johannard

J.-P. Johannard

Born on January 22nd, 1843 in Beaune, the son of a linen dealer , died in London in 1892. Member of the First International in London in 1867, and in its General Council in 1868. In 1870 he returned to France, where he was one of the leaders of the anti-government demonstration of October 31, 1870. Despite his candidacy on March 26, 1871, he was not elected to the Council of the Commune. In the by-election with changed suffrage on April 16, he reached this body, where served on the Foreign Affairs Commission and voted to set up the Welfare Committee. For a short time he was also a member of the military commission, from which he was recalled on May 15, 1871. After the end of the Commune, he returned to London and continued to work in the I. International, sentenced to death in absentia in France.

Camille Pierre Langevin

Born on February 14, 1843 in Bordeaux, died on May 30, 1913 in Paris, metal lathe operator, Proudhonist. During the siege of Paris NCO of the National Guard, participant in the anti-government demonstrations of October 31, 1870 and January 22, 1871. On March 26, 1871 elected to the Council of the Commune, there member of the Justice Commission. Voted against the validity of the by-elections of April 16 and against the establishment of the welfare committee, member of several commissions of inquiry into cases of military failure (Bergeret) and refusal of orders (185th Battalion). After the end of the commune, emigrated to Great Britain, later to Germany, sentenced to death in absentia in France. After the amnesty in 1880 he returned to France, where he emerged as an organizer of workers' consumer cooperatives .

Adolphe Gustave Lefrançois (also Lefrançais )

Gustave Lefrançais

Born on January 30, 1826 in Angers , died on May 16, 1901 in Paris. Graduated from the primary school teacher training institute in Versailles under the July reign , but subsequently as an anarchist without employment. 1848 member of a union of socialist primary school teachers , u. a. sentenced to three months in prison and two years of house arrest, banned from teaching in 1851. After the coup of Napoleon III. 1852/53 in London, then part of the Paris opposition. Organizer and participant in the anti-government demonstration of October 31, 1870, and subsequently imprisoned until February 1871 during the siege of Paris. Elected to the council of the municipality on March 26th, he was a member of the executive commission, but switched to the labor commission on April 3rd and to the finance commission on April 21st. He voted against the validity of the April 16 by-election and against the establishment of the welfare committee. After the barricade fighting, he fled back to Geneva, while in Paris he was sentenced to death in absentia. After the amnesty in 1880 he returned and worked as an accountant in Paris.

Charles Longuet

Benoît Malon

Benoît Malon

Born on June 23, 1841 in Précieux (Loire) as the son of poor farmers, in Paris since 1863, died on September 13, 1893 in Asnières-sur-Seine near Paris. Originally prepared for a life as a Catholic priest, but refrained from entering a seminary and worked for some time at a bank and then in a dye works. In 1865/66 he came into contact with Z. Catalinat and E. Varlin and became a member of the I. International as a syndicalist. During the siege he organized with Varlin the public welfare of the poor in Paris and was elected a member of the National Assembly on February 8, 1871, but resigned after the ratification of the preliminary peace of Versailles . On March 26th he was elected to the council of the municipality, where he worked in the commission for labor and voted against the establishment of the welfare committee. The council of the commune also installed him as mayor of the 17th arrondissement, in which he participated in the barricade fighting at the end of the commune. He then emigrated via Lugano to Turin , Milan and Palermo , but later returned to Switzerland, where he lived as a writer and journalist. After the amnesty he returned to France in 1880 and was an independent socialist, with sympathy for both Marx and Bakunin, involved in building the French labor movement. He left an extensive literary work, which includes political literature as well as novels and his memoirs.

Jean-Baptiste Millière

J.-B. Millière

Born on December 13, 1817 in Lamarche-sur-Saône in Burgundy, the son of a cooper , in Paris since 1850, where he was legally shot on May 26, 1871. Journalist and socialist since 1848. After the coup of Napoleon III. Condemned to be exiled to Algeria, he returned to Paris after the amnesty of 1859, where he worked for an insurance company, which dismissed him because of his political views. During the siege of Paris he became commander of the 108th battalion of the National Guard and took part in the anti-government demonstration of October 31, 1870. On February 8, 1871, he was elected a member of the National Assembly.He did not return his mandate after the ratification of the preliminary peace of Versailles at the beginning of March, like the other members of the Communard community, but continued to participate in the work of the National Assembly in Versailles. Although he ran in two arrondissements, he was not elected to the commune council on March 26th. Subsequently worked in the Republican Alliance of Departments and is mentioned on May 16 as commander of the 18th Legion of the National Guard. The order dated May 22nd authorized him, together with 150 fireworks, to set fire to public buildings on the left bank of the Seine. On May 26th, he was captured by government forces and shot dead.

Joseph Émile Oudet

Born on February 19, 1826 in Paris, died in 1909 in the municipal hospital for the poor in the Paris suburb of Limeil-Brévannes , a wood turner by profession . Since November 1870 deputy mayor of the 19th arrondissement, where he was also elected to the council of the municipality on March 26, 1871. He worked in the Commission for General Security ("Police Ministry") and voted for the establishment of the welfare committee. He was wounded during the barricade fighting but was able to flee to Great Britain, from where he returned to Paris after the amnesty in 1880.

Jean Louis Pindy

Eugène Edine Pottier

Gabriel Ranvier

Gabriel Ranvier in London around 1875.

Born on July 8th, 1828 in Baugy (Cher) as the son of a shoemaker, died on November 25th, 1879 in Paris- Belleville (Paris) . In Paris since 1847, he worked here as a porcelain painter and decorator. He was a Freemason since 1863 . His own small workshop went bankrupt when one of his workers used strange designs ( copyright infringement ). In July 1870 he was arrested as a supporter of Blanquis for a demonstration and sentenced to 4 years in prison, but after the overthrow of Napoleon III. released. Ranvier became the commander of the 141st Battalion of the National Guard and was one of the leaders, along with Flourens, of the anti-government demonstration on October 31. He acted temporarily as mayor of the 20th arrondissement , but this was not accepted by the government because of his previous bankruptcy. He also ran (in vain) for the National Assembly elected on February 8, 1871. On March 15 he was elected to the Central Committee, on March 18, at the head of his battalion, he prevented the evacuation of the artillery from Montmartre . Elected to the Council of the Commune on March 26th, he proclaimed the rule of the Paris Commune on the 28th from the balcony of the Paris City Hall. As a member of the Council's War Commission, he was one of the leaders of the failed "Walk to Versailles" on April 3rd. On May 1st he was elected with 27 (out of 37) votes as a member of the Welfare Committee, for the establishment of which he had voted in exactly the same way as for the validity of the by-elections of April 16th. During the commune's final battles in May, R. was described as the “soul of the struggle” (Lissagaray). He was able to flee to London, where he again worked as a porcelain painter and also worked on the General Council of the First International. Sentenced to death in absentia, he was amnestied in 1879 and was able to return to Paris shortly before his death.

Angel-Eugène Razoua

A.-E. Razoua

Born on July 16, 1830 in Beaumont-de-Lomagne ( Département Tarn-et-Garonne ), died on June 29, 1879 in Geneva. Started a military career but became a journalist in 1868. On February 8, 1871, he was elected to the National Assembly in the Seine department , where he was on the extreme left . During the Paris Commune he acted as head of the military school and member of the court martial. In the Journal officiel his rank is given as colonel on April 16, 1871, and on May 12th only as lieutenant colonel. After the end of the commune, he emigrated and died before the amnesty was enacted in 1880.

Dominique Théophile Régère (also Régère de Montmore )

Dominique Régère

Born on April 15, 1816 in Bordeaux , died on November 4, 1893 in Paris, was like his father a veterinarian. 1848 founder of a socialist magazine, in exile from 1852 to 1855, then based in La Brède near Bordeaux. Since June 1870 in Paris, he became a member of the First International and during the siege a captain in the 248th battalion of the National Guard (in the spring of 1871 Charles Longuet took this position, then Régère's son Henri). On March 26, 1871 he was elected to the council of the municipality and worked here in the commission for finance, but left this commission on April 5 at his own request in order to concentrate on his work as appointed mayor of the 5th arrondissement . He voted for the validity of the by-elections and for the establishment of the welfare committee.

After the end of the commune, he was arrested in July and sentenced by a court martial in New Caledonia to imprisonment for a fortress in September 1871, as was his son Henri, although the sentence was absent. After the amnesty he was released in 1880 and returned to Paris.

Raoul Adolphe Georges Rigault

Raoul Rigault

Born on January 16, 1846 in Paris as the son of a civil servant, shot dead there on May 24, 1871. In 1865, as an art and literature student, came into contact with Blanquists and tried to create a link between workers and students. Since then he has also worked on numerous Republican newspapers, interrupted by several arrests. After the fall of Napoleon III. appointed "Political Commissioner" of the Paris Police Prefecture, he took part in the anti-government demonstrations of October 31, 1870 and January 22, 1871. On March 26th he was elected to the council of the commune, where he chaired the general security commission and served as prefect of police until April 26th, after which he served as the commune prosecutor ( procureur de la Commune ). He was largely responsible for the installation of political terror and died during the barricade fighting.

Auguste Daniel Serraillier (also Serailler )

Born on July 27, 1840 in Draguignan , year and place of death unknown, shoemaker like his father. In the 1860s temporarily in Great Britain, there member of the I. International, since 1869 also of its General Council. Between September 1870 and February 1871 on behalf of the International to organize a section in Paris, then again until March in London. Elected to the council of the municipality in the by-elections on April 16, where he worked in the labor commission. After the end of the Commune, he returned to Great Britain and was detectable in the labor movement there until 1874, while he was sentenced to death in absentia in France.

Albert-Frédéric-Jules Theisz (also Theiß , Théez and Theiss )

Albert Theisz

Born in 1839 in an unknown location in Hungary , died on January 10, 1881 in Paris. Engraver with his own workshop, since 1865 a Proudhonist member of the First International, 1871 member and treasurer of its General Council. For the elections on February 8, 1871, he ran unsuccessfully for the National Assembly. On March 25th, provisionally appointed post director (since April 4th called Director General ), he was elected to the council of the municipality on March 26th, where he was a member of the Labor Commission and later also served on the Finance Commission. He voted against the changed suffrage for the by-elections and also against the establishment of the welfare committee. After the commune ended, he was able to hide with a work colleague until he managed to escape to London at the end of July. Sentenced to death in absentia in France in 1874, he returned to Paris after the amnesty in 1880.

Edme Louis Gustave Tridon (also Edme-Marie-Gustave )

Born on January 1st, 1841 in Châtillon-sur-Seine into a very wealthy family, died on August 1st, 1871 in Brussels. Started to study law in Paris, where he met Blanqui; began writing for various Republican newspapers and was first arrested in 1866. In September of that year he represented Blanqui at the Congress of the First International, was arrested on his return and sentenced to 5 months in prison. Thanks to his background, he was also able to finance newspapers of his political friends such as B. Blanquis La patrie en danger .

On February 8, 1871, he was elected a member of the National Assembly in his home region, but gave back his mandate immediately after he had rejected the ratification of the preliminary peace on February 26. On March 26th he was elected to the council of the commune, where he was first a member of the Executive Commission, and from April 21st to May 15th of the War Commission. He votes against the establishment of the welfare committee. After the commune ended, he escaped to Brussels, where he died shortly afterwards.

Alexis Louis Trinquet

Alexis Louis Trinquet

Born on August 5, 1835 in Valenciennes (Nord), in Paris since 1850, died on April 11, 1882 in Paris. Worked as a Schumacher, was sentenced to six months in prison for armed rebellion in March 1870. During the siege he was a member of the National Guard and since the by-election of April 16 a member of the Council of the Municipality, where he was active in the General Security Commission (police). Trinquet voted to set up the welfare committee. Barricade fighters in Belleville during the last days of the Commune. Sentenced to life-long forced labor by the court martial, he was deported to New Caledonia. In 1880, while still in prison, Trinquet was elected to the Paris City Council. In the same year he was able to return after the amnesty, where he spent the last years of his life as an inspector at the prefecture of the Seine department .

Edouard Vaillant

Jules Vallès

Eugène Varlin

Eugène Varlin

Born on October 5, 1839 in Claye-Souilly as a farmer's son, shot dead in Paris on May 28, 1871. Learned to paint and work as a bookbinder, since 1865 member of the First International and at its congress in Geneva in 1866 one of the few delegates who demanded the right to work for women. 1868-1870 he served several short sentences as an organizer of various strikes. From September 1870 he was a member of the Central Committee, during the siege he became the commander of the 193rd Battalion of the National Guard. On February 8th he ran unsuccessfully for the National Assembly, on March 26th he was elected to the Council of the Commune, where he became a member of the Finance Commission. On May 1, he voted against the establishment of the welfare committee. In the final fighting of the commune, he took part in the Belleville district.

Members of the Central Committee of the Republican Federation of the National Guard

This Central Committee arose from the previous one during a meeting of the National Guard on March 3, 1871 by renaming, i.e. H. in principle with the same members. However, since personnel changes, e.g. B. by resignation and co-optation , can not be excluded, the persons for whom membership is only proven after March 3rd, are only listed here. This does not exclude the possibility that they were also members of the previous Central Committee.

Contrary to what the name might suggest, this Central Committee by no means represented the population or at least the National Guards of all of France, not even the entire National Guard of Paris, but only the greater part: there were no foreign representatives and there were no representatives from Paris 45 of the 60 old battalions (from the 1st, 2nd, 7th, 8th, 9th and 16th arrondissement) that existed before autumn 1870, while the approximately 200 newly formed battalions were represented at the meeting. Despite this lack of legitimation, the committee claimed to make decisions for all of France, e.g. B. on March 10th the abolition of the French army. This was a deliberate disregard for the undoubted powers of the National Assembly elected on February 8th.

Adolphe Assy (also Assi )

Adolphe Assi

Born on April 28, 1841 in Roubaix as a child of Italian immigrants, died on February 8, 1886 in Nouméa ( New Caledonia ). Initially a mechanic, he volunteered for the army. From there he deserted after two years to fight in Giuseppe Garibaldi's group for the unification of Italy . On returning to Paris, Assy worked at Creusot (1868) and Schneider (1870). Lieutenant of the National Guard during the siege of Paris, elected battalion commander on March 17th, 1871 and made colonel on March 19th. Acted as governor of the town hall for a few days , was elected to the commune council on March 26, but arrested on April 1. Released on April 15, he became a delegate for war production (armaments minister) of the commune. On May 21, he was arrested when the government troops marched in and sentenced by the court martial to deportation to the French colony of New Caledonia.

Jules-Nicolas-André Babick

Born on June 29, 1820 in Poland (birthplace and time of relocation to France unknown), died on June 14, 1902 in Geneva . Worked as a perfumer and chemist. Member of the 1st International since the beginning of 1871. Elected to the council of the municipality on March 26, 1871, member of the commission for justice After the end of the commune, he fled to Geneva, where he lived from casual work, was temporarily a member of the anarchist Jura Federation, founded a religion fusionienne and invented a "healthy schnapps" ( acquavite salutaria ).

Louis Barroud

Unknown personal information. Was very active in the preparation of the commune (co-signer of all appeals and proclamations), but was not elected to the council of the commune on March 26, 1871 with a devastating result (93 votes out of 11,328 voters with 4 votes each) and will no longer be afterwards mentioned.

Jules-Henri-Marie Bergeret

J.-H.-M. Bergeret

Born in Gap (Hautes-Alpes) (?) In 1830 , died in New York in 1905 . From 1850 to 1864 he was a professional soldier, finally a Voltigeur sergeant, later a typographer and proofreader in the printing trade. During the siege of Paris first command of a battalion, later of the 17th Legion of the National Guard and member of the Central Committee. Elected to the council of the municipality on March 26, 1871, member of the war and executive commissions. Appointed city commander on April 2nd, Bergeret was one of the leaders of the “Walk to Versailles” on April 3rd and was deposed and arrested on April 8th for its failure. Released on April 20 and again a member of the War Commission, he was one of the arsonists at the Palais des Tuileries at the end of the commune. Was able to flee to London and was therefore sentenced to death in absentia. He spent the last years of his life in New York.

Alfred-Édouard Billioray

A.-É. Billioray

Born on May 1, 1841 in Naples , died on February 27, 1877 in New Caledonia. Painter, but rejected by the then leading Salon de Paris . Member of the National Guard during the siege of Paris, elected to the Council of the Commune on March 26th, where he became a member of the Public Service Commission. Voted for the establishment of the Welfare Committee and became a member of Delescluze on May 11th. Billioray is one of those responsible for the arson at the end of the commune. Sentenced to deportation after the fall of the commune, he remained imprisoned in France for reasons of illness. Finally deported, he died shortly after arriving in New Caledonia.

Clovis Dupont

Clovis Dupont

Born on February 23, 1830 in the village of Neuve-Maison in Picardy as the son of a sawmill owner, died in 1902 in the Paris suburb of Issy-les-Moulineaux (not to be confused with Eugène Dupont, who was also a member of the I. International during the Parisians Commune was active). A basket weaver in the Paris suburb of Saint-Cloud , he did not come to Paris until the siege and was elected to the Central Committee on March 10th and to the Council of the Commune on March 26th, where he participated in the Labor Commission and for the Establishment of the welfare committee agreed. Sentenced to 20 years of forced labor in New Caledonia after the end of the commune, he returned to France after the amnesty in 1880.

Fabre

First name and life dates unknown. Co-signer of all calls of the Central Committee, member of the Medical Commission of the National Guard on May 18, 1871, not mentioned after May 19.

Paul Ferrat

Life dates unknown. Candidate for the Council of the Commune on March 26, 1871, not mentioned after April 9, 1871.

Jean-Baptiste-Hubert Geresme

Born on January 26, 1828 in the village of Damery in Champagne , died on August 19, 1890 in Paris. A cabinet maker by trade, he was sent to the Central Committee on March 15, 1871 by the 200th Battalion of the National Guard. On March 26th he was elected to the council of the municipality, where he was a member of the judicial commission and voted against the validity of the by-elections, but in favor of the establishment of the welfare committee. Sentenced to life-long forced labor after the end of the Commune, he returned to Paris after the amnesty in 1880, where he worked in his old profession.

Charles Gouhier

Life dates unknown. Co-signer of all calls, not mentioned after May 19, 1871.

Jean Groslard

Life dates unknown, sawmill worker. As commander of the 200th battalion of the National Guard, he is now a member of the Central Committee, but is not mentioned in the Commune's Journal officiel .

François Jourde

François Jourde

Born on July 4, 1843 in the hamlet of Chassagne (Puy-de-Dôme), died on March 20, 1893 in Nice . First employed by a notary, then accountant at a bank, he finally worked for the municipal civil engineering department in Paris. Member of the Central Committee for the 160th Battalion of the National Guard, he was elected to the Council of the Commune on March 26, where he (along with Varlin) became one of two delegates for finance ("Minister of Finance"). His office was judged very differently. After the end of the commune, he was sentenced to deportation to New Caledonia in September 1871, where he arrived in November 1872. Thanks to good leadership, he was allowed to work as an accountant, which he used in March 1874 to flee to Great Britain. After the amnesty he returned to France in 1880 and worked again as an accountant.

Edouard Moreau de Beauvière

É. Moreau

Born on June 16, 1838, shot dead on May 25, 1871 in Paris (not to be confused with Armand Moreau, temporarily General Secretary of the Sanitary Inspection and judge at the Court Martial of the Commune). Since approx. 1860 collaboration in various magazines, also author of a play and co-author of a novel. First oppositional activities in 1867, from 1868 to 1870 as director of an artificial flower factory in London; when war broke out he returned to France. During the siege he became a member of the 163rd Battalion of the National Guard and on March 15, 1871 a member of the Central Committee. He did not run for the council of the municipality, but was appointed civil commissioner to the delegate for war ("war minister") on May 7th by the welfare committee and was in this position from May 16 for the management (supplying the troops with food etc.) Ä.) responsible.

Henri Joseph Mortier

Born in Paris in 1843 and died in 1894, a wood turner by trade. As a Blanquist member of the First International, during the siege of Paris commander of the 191st Battalion of the National Guard and member of the Central Committee. Elected to the council of the municipality on March 26th, 1871, there first member of the commission for the public service and from May 3rd of the commission for general security. He did not take part in the votes to set up the welfare committee on April 1. After the end of the Commune, he emigrated to London, while in France he was sentenced to death in absentia.

Pougeret

Life dates unknown. Co-signer of the calls of the Central Committee on March 19, 1871, last mentioned in the Journal officiel on March 25, also only as a committee member.

Members of the Council of the commune de Paris

This body was elected on March 26, 1871 in a general election in the metropolitan area of ​​Paris. It included members of the Central Committee as well as other people who were not active there. 15 of the total of 86 elected (from the 1st, 2nd, 9th and 16th arrondissement) did not accept the election for political reasons; they were supporters of the Thiers government. Another six elected did not accept the election for various reasons. The members of the aforementioned central committees elected to the council of the municipality included (in alphabetical order) u. a .: Assy, d'Avrial, Babick, Bergeret, Beslay, Billioray, Chardon, Dupont, Duval, Dereure, Ferré, Flourens, Frankel, Geresme, Jaclard, Johannard, Langevin, Lefrançois, Longuet, Malon, Millière, Oudet, Pindy , Ranvier, Régère, Rigault, Seraillier, Theisz, Tridon, Trinquet, Vaillant and Vallès. He also owned u. a. the following people:

Paul Antoine Brunel (also Paul Magloire Antoine Brunelle )

PA Brunel

Born March 12, 1830 in Chalmoux (Saône-et-Loire), died in Great Britain in 1904. Professional soldier until 1864, lastly second lieutenant in the 4th chasseur regiment . Reactivated during the Siege of Paris, appointed Colonel and Commander of the 36th Marching Regiment. As a supporter of Blanqui's participant in the anti-government demonstration of October 31, 1870. Attempted to occupy the forts in the east of the city after the armistice of January 26, 1871, was arrested and sentenced to prison, but released by the National Guard on February 27. Appointed General of the Commune (Commander-in-Chief) on March 24th , therefore at the center of criticism after the fall of Fort Issy. Seriously wounded during the final fighting of the commune, Brunel fled to Great Britain, where he became a teacher at the Dartmouth Naval School .

Gustave Paul Cluseret

Louis Charles Delescluze

Jarosław Dąbrowski

Félix Pyat (also Piat )

Félix Pyat 1871

Born on October 4, 1810 in Vierzon as the son of a royalist lawyer, died on August 3, 1889 in Saint-Gratien (Val-d'Oise) near Paris. Active as a lawyer, journalist and theater poet, revolutionary active since 1848, elected to parliament in 1848 and 1849, but after the attempted coup on June 13, 1849 in exile in Switzerland, later in Brussels and finally in London, inherited a fortune in the millions from his father. Member of the First International in 1854, returned to France in 1869. Call for revolution in January 1870 and then again in London, while in France he was sentenced in absentia to five years in prison by the Supreme Court. In addition to this sentence, he was sentenced in various trials between 1849 and 1870 to a total of 212,000 francs fine, once for deportation and to 29 years and 5 months in prison, which he repeatedly escaped through exile. After the fall of Napoleon III. returned and worked for his own newspaper Le combat , which was banned in February 1871 . Elected to the National Assembly on February 8, 1871, he gave up the mandate on March 3, after the ratification of the preliminary peace of Versailles. On March 26, candidacy for the council of the commune in 9 arrondissements, elected once. Member of the Executive Commission until April 22nd, then of the Finance Commission, but after April 22nd did not take part in the work of the municipality for a few days. It was assumed that he was abroad. From May 1st to May 8th, member of the welfare committee, which he voted to set up, not mentioned after May 12th. Was back in London during the barricade fighting, where he stayed until the amnesty in 1880. In 1887 he was elected to the French Senate for his home region, and in 1888 to the Chamber of Deputies for Marseille.

Louis Rossel

Pierre Vésinier

Pierre Vésinier

Born on July 5, 1826 in Cluny , died on June 10, 1902 in Paris, journalist and freemason. Between 1851 (coup of Napoleon III.) And the fall of Napoleon in 1870 in exile in Geneva , Brussels and London. Member of the I. International since 1864. Became battalion commander of the National Guard and took part in the anti-government demonstration on October 31, 1870. Vésinier only received a mandate for the council of the municipality in a by-election on April 16 and then took part in the work of the commission for public works. From May 12th he was director of the Official Journal of the Commune, Journal officiel . Vésinier is one of those responsible for the arson at the end of the commune. Back in London after the Commune ended, where he published an apologetic history of the Paris Commune in 1872 .

literature

  • Journal officiel de la Commune de Paris du 20 mars au 24 mai 1871. Fac-similé integral en un volume ( digitized , PDF 4.65 MB).

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Wilhelm Oncken : The Age of Emperor Wilhelm. (Individual edition: ISBN 978-3-8460-3638-9 ) in: Oncken, W. (ed.): General history in individual representations , Fourth Main Department, Sixth Part, Volume 2, Grote, Berlin 1890 and more often, p. 187 .
  2. ↑ Journal officiel de la Commune de Paris du 20 mars au 24 mai 1871. Fac-similé integral en un volume ( digitized , PDF 4.65 MB), p. 239, 266, 603, 963, 1350 and p. 1822.
  3. ↑ Journal officiel de la Commune de Paris du 20 mars au 24 mai 1871. Fac-similé integral en un volume ( digitized , PDF 4.65 MB), pp. 908 and 1405–1406.
  4. ↑ Avrial Augustine. In: Société d'Histoire de Revel Saint-Ferreol. Les Cahiers de l'histoire , No. 14 (2009), accessed June 23, 2015.
  5. ↑ Charles, Victor BESLAY (1795-1878). In: Base de données historique des anciens députés , accessed on June 26, 2015.
  6. ↑ Journal officiel de la Commune de Paris du 20 mars au 24 May 1871. Fac-similé integral en un volume ( digitized , PDF 4.65 MB), pp. 215, 239, 261 and p. 608.
  7. ↑ Journal officiel de la Commune de Paris du 20 mars au 24 mai 1871. Fac-similé integral en un volume ( digitized , PDF 4.65 MB), pp. 907 and 998.
  8. ↑ Zéphirin Camelinat (1840-1932). In: Base de données historique des anciens députés , accessed on June 26, 2015.
  9. ↑ La montée de Zéphirin Camélinat. In: Auxerre TV of April 29, 2014, accessed June 26, 2015.
  10. ↑ Journal officiel de la Commune de Paris du 20 mars au 24 may 1871. Fac-similé integral en un volume ( digital copy , PDF 4.65 MB), pp. 239, 268 and 454.
  11. ↑ Journal officiel de la Commune de Paris du 20 mars au 24 mai 1871. Fac-similé integral en un volume ( digitized , PDF 4.65 MB), p. 793 and 843.
  12. ↑ a b c d Journal officiel de la Commune de Paris du 20 mars au 24 May 1871. Fac-similé integral en un volume ( digital copy , PDF 4.65 MB), pp. 1405–1406.
  13. ↑ Eugène Chatelain  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , from the website littersinne.com , accessed on June 27, 2015.@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / littersinne.com  
  14. ↑ Journal officiel de la Commune de Paris du 20 mars au 24 May 1871. Fac-similé integral en un volume ( digital copy , PDF 4.65 MB), pp. 239, 273 and 963.
  15. ↑ Journal officiel de la Commune de Paris du 20 mars au 24 May 1871. Fac-similé integral en un volume ( digitized , PDF 4.65 MB), pp. 908, 1405-1406 and 1868.
  16. ↑ a b c d Wilhelm Oncken : The age of the emperor Wilhelm. (Individual edition: ISBN 978-3-8460-3638-9 ) in: Oncken, W. (Ed.): General history in individual representations , Fourth Main Department, Sixth Part, Volume 2, Grote, Berlin 1890 and more often, p. 366
    The order read: Citizen Millière, headed by 150 fireworks, will set off the suspicious houses and public monuments on the left bank. Citizen Dereure is entrusted with 100 fireworks for the 1st and 2nd district. Citizen Billioray with 100 men for the 9th and 10th district. The citizen Vésinier is particularly responsible for the boulevards from the Madeleine to the Bastille. The citizens must come to an understanding with the chiefs of the barricades to ensure that these orders are carried out.
    Paris 3rd Prairial of 79 Delescluze, Régère, Ranvier, Johannard, Vésinier, Brunel, Dombrowski .
  17. ↑ Journal officiel de la Commune de Paris du 20 mars au 24 mai 1871. Fac-similé integral en un volume ( digitized , PDF 4.65 MB), p. 40.
  18. ↑ Journal officiel de la Commune de Paris du 20 mars au 24 mai 1871. Fac-similé integral en un volume ( digitized , PDF 4.65 MB), p. 239 and 268.
  19. ↑ Journal officiel de la Commune de Paris du 20 mars au 24 mai 1871. Fac-similé integral en un volume ( digitized , PDF 4.65 MB), p. 327.
  20. ↑ Émile Victor, dit le général Duval. In: Encyclopédie Larousse en Ligne , accessed June 30, 2015.
  21. ↑ In the article Charles-Théophile Ferré. French politician. In: Encyclopædia Britannica , accessed July 3, 2015, the date of birth is given as 1845.
  22. ↑ Journal officiel de la Commune de Paris du 20 mars au 24 mai 1871. Fac-similé integral en un volume ( digitized , PDF 4.65 MB), p. 239 and 273.
  23. ↑ Journal officiel de la Commune de Paris du 20 mars to 24 May 1871. Fac-similé integral en un volume ( digitized , PDF 4.65 MB), pp. 1093-1095; he took office again within the same council meeting.
  24. ↑ Journal officiel de la Commune de Paris du 20 mars au 24 mai 1871. Fac-similé integral en un volume ( digitized , PDF 4.65 MB), pp. 1436 and 1742.
  25. ↑ Journal officiel de la Commune de Paris du 20 mars au 24 May 1871. Fac-similé integral en un volume ( digital copy , PDF 4.65 MB), p. 273.
  26. ↑ Journal officiel de la Commune de Paris du 20 mars au 24 mai 1871. Fac-similé integral en un volume ( digitized , PDF 4.65 MB), p. 1193.
  27. ↑ Journal officiel de la Commune de Paris du 20 mars au 24 mai 1871. Fac-similé integral en un volume ( digitized , PDF 4.65 MB), pp. 257, 906, 963 and pp. 1405–1406.
  28. ↑ Journal officiel de la Commune de Paris du 20 mars au 24 mai 1871. Fac-similé integral en un volume ( digitized , PDF 4.65 MB), p. 1821.
  29. ^ Camille Pierre Langevin. In: The Great Soviet Encyclopedia , 3rd edition (English edition) 1979.
  30. ↑ Journal officiel de la Commune de Paris du 20 mars au 24 mai 1871. Fac-similé integral en un volume ( digitized , PDF 4.65 MB), pp. 908 and 938.
  31. ↑ Journal officiel de la Commune de Paris du 20 mars au 24 mai 1871. Fac-similé integral en un volume ( digitized , PDF 4.65 MB), p. 1150.
  32. ↑ Journal officiel de la Commune de Paris du 20 mars au 24 May 1871. Fac-similé integral en un volume ( digital copy , PDF 4.65 MB), p. 239.
  33. ↑ Journal officiel de la Commune de Paris du 20 mars au 24 May 1871. Fac-similé integral en un volume ( digitized , PDF 4.65 MB), p. 384 and p. 963.
  34. ↑ Journal officiel de la Commune de Paris du 20 mars au 24 mai 1871. Fac-similé integral en un volume ( digitized , PDF 4.65 MB), p. 908 and p. 1405.
  35. ↑ Benoît MALON (1841-1893). In: Base de données historique des anciens députés , accessed on July 4, 2015.
  36. ↑ Journal officiel de la Commune de Paris du 20 mars au 24 mai 1871. Fac-similé integral en un volume ( digitized , PDF 4.65 MB), pp. 239, 272 and pp. 1405-1406.
  37. ↑ Jean-Baptiste Millière (1817-1871). In: Base de données historique des anciens députés , accessed on July 5, 2015.
  38. ↑ Journal officiel de la Commune de Paris du 20 mars au 24 May 1871. Fac-similé integral en un volume ( digital copy , PDF 4.65 MB), pp. 266 and 267.
  39. ↑ Journal officiel de la Commune de Paris du 20 mars au 24 mai 1871. Fac-similé integral en un volume ( digitized , PDF 4.65 MB), p. 1873.
  40. ↑ Journal officiel de la Commune de Paris du 20 mars au 24 mai 1871. Fac-similé integral en un volume ( digitized , PDF 4.65 MB), p. 274.
  41. ↑ Jean Morichon: Gabriel Ranvier Communard Berrichon (Baugy 1828-Paris 1879) , 2004. In: Cercle Généalogique du Haut-Berry , accessed on July 6, 2015.
  42. ↑ Journal officiel de la Commune de Paris du 20 mars au 24 May 1871. Fac-similé integral en un volume ( digital copy , PDF 4.65 MB), p. 185.
  43. ↑ Journal officiel de la Commune de Paris du 20 mars au 24 May 1871. Fac-similé integral en un volume ( digitized , PDF 4.65 MB), p. 239, 1325, 1405-1406 and p. 1414.
  44. ↑ Journal officiel de la Commune de Paris du 20 mars au 24 mai 1871. Fac-similé integral en un volume ( digitized , PDF 4.65 MB), p. 793 and p. 2050.
  45. ↑ Dominique-Théophile Régère (1816-1893). , on the website of the Bibliothèque nationale de France , accessed on July 6, 2015.
  46. ↑ Journal officiel de la Commune de Paris du 20 mars au 24 mai 1871. Fac-similé integral en un volume ( digitized , PDF 4.65 MB), p. 708.
  47. ↑ Journal officiel de la Commune de Paris du 20 mars au 24 mai 1871. Fac-similé integral en un volume ( digitized , PDF 4.65 MB), p. 239 and 260.
  48. ↑ Journal officiel de la Commune de Paris du 20 mars au 24 mai 1871. Fac-similé integral en un volume ( digitized , PDF 4.65 MB), p. 908 and p. 1405.
  49. ↑ Journal officiel de la Commune de Paris du 20 mars au 24 May 1871. Fac-similé integral en un volume ( digitalisat , PDF 4.65 MB), p. 1166 with the notification of the arrest of Archbishop Darboy and his closest co-worker.
  50. ↑ Journal officiel de la Commune de Paris du 20 mars au 24 mai 1871. Fac-similé integral en un volume ( digitized , PDF 4.65 MB), p. 1924, decree of 17 May 1871:
    • Art. 1: Le jury d'accusation pourra provisoirement, pour les accusés de crimes ou délits politiques, prononcer des peines aussitôt après avoir prononcé sur la culpabilité de l'accusé.
    • Art. 2: Les peines seront prononcées à la majorité des voix.
    • Art. 3: Ces peines seront exécutoires dans les vingt-quatre heures.
  51. ↑ On May 23, 1870, he personally shot a journalist and three gendarmes whom he blamed for the death of a friend during the violent demonstration on January 22nd.
  52. ↑ Journal officiel de la Commune de Paris du 20 mars au 24 mai 1871. Fac-similé integral en un volume ( digitized , PDF 4.65 MB), p. 906.
  53. ^ Register of persons in Wilhelm Liebknecht : Small political writings , Reclam-Verlag , Leipzig 1976.
  54. ↑ Journal officiel de la Commune de Paris du 20 mars au 24 may 1871. Fac-similé integral en un volume ( digitized , PDF 4.65 MB), p. 239, p. 273 and p. 454.
  55. ↑ Journal officiel de la Commune de Paris du 20 mars au 24 mai 1871. Fac-similé integral en un volume ( digitized , PDF 4.65 MB), p. 1406.
  56. ↑ Journal officiel de la Commune de Paris du 20 mars au 24 mai 1871. Fac-similé integral en un volume ( digitized , PDF 4.65 MB), p. 239 and p. 260.
  57. ↑ Journal officiel de la Commune de Paris du 20 mars au 24 May 1871. Fac-similé integral en un volume ( digitized , PDF 4.65 MB), p. 963 and p. 1.822.
  58. ↑ Journal officiel de la Commune de Paris du 20 mars au 24 mai 1871. Fac-similé integral en un volume ( digitized , PDF 4.65 MB), pp. 908 and 963.
  59. ↑ BABICK Jules-André-Nicolas. In: Cantiere biografico degli Anarchici in Svizzera , accessed on July 12, 2015, names Warsaw as the place of birth and May 20, 1819 as an alternative possible date of birth.
  60. ↑ Journal officiel de la Commune de Paris du 20 mars au 24 mai 1871. Fac-similé integral en un volume ( digitized , PDF 4.65 MB), p. 267.
  61. ↑ Journal officiel de la Commune de Paris du 20 mars au 24 mai 1871. Fac-similé integral en un volume ( digitized , PDF 4.65 MB), p. 1963.
  62. ↑ Journal officiel de la Commune de Paris du 20 mars au 24 mai 1871. Fac-similé integral en un volume ( digitized , PDF 4.65 MB), p. 261.
  63. ↑ Journal officiel de la Commune de Paris du 20 mars au 24 mai 1871. Fac-similé integral en un volume ( digitized , PDF 4.65 MB), p. 908 and p. 1405.
  64. ↑ Journal officiel de la Commune de Paris du 20 mars au 24 mai 1871. Fac-similé integral en un volume ( digitized , PDF 4.65 MB), p. 1581.
  65. ↑ Journal officiel de la Commune de Paris du 20 mars au 24 mai 1871. Fac-similé integral en un volume ( digitized , PDF 4.65 MB), p. 1870.
  66. ↑ Journal officiel de la Commune de Paris du 20 mars au 24 mai 1871. Fac-similé integral en un volume ( digitized , PDF 4.65 MB), p. 184 and p. 240.
  67. ↑ Journal officiel de la Commune de Paris du 20 mars au 24 mai 1871. Fac-similé integral en un volume ( digitized , PDF 4.65 MB), p. 130.
  68. ↑ Pierre Vésinier: History of the Commune of Paris , Chapman and Hall, London 1872, pp. 128-132.
  69. ↑ BRUNEL Paul Antoin général. In: Paris révolutionnaire of October 10, 2010, accessed on July 14, 2015.
  70. ↑ Félix Pyat (1810-1889). In: Base de données historique des anciens députés , accessed on July 14, 2015.
  71. ↑ Journal officiel de la Commune de Paris du 20 mars au 24 may 1871. Fac-similé integral en un volume ( digitalisat , PDF 4.65 MB), pp. 256, 257, 262, 265, 266, 268, 271, 273 and p. 274.
  72. ↑ Journal officiel de la Commune de Paris du 20 mars au 24 May 1871. Fac-similé integral en un volume ( digital copy , PDF 4.65 MB), pp. 239, 963 and p. 1013.
  73. ↑ Journal officiel de la Commune de Paris du 20 mars au 24 mai 1871. Fac-similé integral en un volume ( digitized , PDF 4.65 MB), p. 1325, 1368 and p. 1405/1406.
  74. ↑ Pierre Vésinier (1826–1902) , on a website of the Bibliothèque nationale de France , accessed on July 15, 2015.