Crested lark
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Crested lark ( Galerida cristata ) |
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| Galerida cristata | ||||||||||||
| ( Linnaeus , 1758) |
The Crested Lark ( Galerida cristata ) is a bird art from the family of larks (Alaudidae). Their existence in Western Europe is highly endangered.
description
The crested lark grows to around 18 cm and weighs around 45 g. It is inconspicuously colored, compact in shape, has a strong, curved beak, medium-high feet, large, wide wings and a feather hood on its head. The color of the plumage is striped dark gray, the underside is white and reddish in the area of the wings. Their tail has a rust-brown outer edge.
The call sounds like "trüdritri-eh" and also forms the main motif of the song, which is often performed from the ground and sometimes in flight. It's very melodious; the bird even imitates other birds.
ecology
Distribution area
The crested lark is a breeding bird of the southern boreal zone from western and southwestern Europe to Korea and the Yellow Sea. The southern border runs from Senegal and Gambia, Nigeria, Sudan, the north of Kenya and the coast of Arabia over the northeast of India to the lowlands of Nepal. In the northeast of the breeding area, the crested lark is a migratory bird, otherwise a resident bird. However, very long migrations have been proven for individual individuals.
nutrition
The food of the crested lark consists of seeds of wild herbs and grasses, in winter with a changing proportion of small animals. Young birds need animal food. The animal food that crested larks eat includes earthworms, small and medium-sized beetles, flies, small butterflies, caterpillars and, rarely, small snails and spiders.
habitat
In general, the crested lark prefers open dry grasslands, but can also be found on the edges of fields and roads, in industrial areas, ports and in cities. Warm, dry areas with low and patchy vegetation cover, preferably on loamy sandy soils, are ideal. Progressive soil eutrophication is increasingly limiting suitable habitats.
Occurrence
The distribution area of the crested lark stretches across Eurasia from Portugal to northeast China and the East Indies and from South Africa to Niger .
Breeding biology
The female builds a well camouflaged nest on the ground, sometimes on embankments and stone walls. Between April and June, two to five eggs are laid twice, which are incubated for eleven to fourteen days. The young leave the nest nine to eleven days after hatching.
Inventory development
The crested lark has experienced several climate-related area expansions and losses in the last few centuries. The distribution area expanded in the warm phases in the 16th and 18th centuries and decreased again in the cold phases of the 17th century. At the beginning of the 20th century, the crested lark profited from the emergence of new breeding habitats in cities and industrial plants. Starting in the 1930s, the population decreased dramatically in almost all of Europe, with the exception of southeastern Europe.
The total European population has shrunk by a total of 98% since 1980 and is in an unfavorable state of conservation.
Inventory development in Germany
According to projections, between 10,000 and 15,000 breeding grounds existed in Lower Saxony until 1980. By 1990 this number had decreased to a maximum of 1,200, by 1995 to a maximum of 210. Since 1998, a maximum of 80 breeding grounds can be assumed. In Saxony-Anhalt, a population of 1000 to 1500 animals is recorded for 2005, with a strong decline as well. In Bavaria the population was reduced by more than half between 1975 and 1999 and currently comprises 45 to 70 breeding pairs.
Due to the drastic decline in the population, the crested lark is listed in the Red List for the Federal Republic of Germany in category 1 (threatened with extinction).
This is also the case for the federal states of Bavaria, Lower Saxony and Bremen, North Rhine-Westphalia (last record of breeding in 2003), Saarland and Schleswig-Holstein.
In Brandenburg the crested lark is classified in category 2 (endangered), in Saxony-Anhalt it has been included in the pre-warning list.
In Hamburg, the last record comes from the summer of 2007, the species has since been considered lost.
Causes of the decline in stocks
Despite favorable climatic conditions in the 20th century, there has been no re-expansion of the species. The main sources of risk are obviously food shortages and changes in habitat. Ruderal, wasteland and fallow areas are often only available to a small extent and for relatively short periods of time. Open spaces, for example in urban areas that were populated by crested larks at the beginning of the 20th century, are increasingly being greened, fertilized and densely planted today. Other unfinished floors are also greened immediately. In addition, there is an intensification of agriculture and the abandonment of extensive pasture farming with simultaneous sealing of the landscape and the loss of broad, untreated strips and edges of fields. This means that there are no wild herbs that are important for seed nutrition. At the same time, there is no longer an adequate supply of insects during the breeding season.
Protection status
The crested lark is a European bird species under the protection of the European Union's bird protection directive. In the Federal Republic of Germany it counts according to Section 7 (2) No. 14 c) Federal Nature Conservation Act on the strictly protected species.
Subspecies
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There are 33 known subspecies:
- Galerida cristata pallida Brehm, CL , 1858 is widespread on the Iberian Peninsula .
- Galerida cristata cristata ( Linnaeus , 1758) occurs from southern Scandinavia to France and east to Ukraine and Hungary .
- Galerida cristata neumanni Hilgert , 1907 is widespread in western central Italy .
- Galerida cristata apuliae from Jordans , 1935 occurs in southern Italy and Sicily .
- Galerida cristata meridionalis Brehm, CL , 1841 is distributed from eastern Croatia to central Greece and western Turkey .
- Galerida cristata cypriaca Bianchi , 1907 occurs on Rhodes , Karpathos and Cyprus .
- Galerida cristata tenuirostris Brehm, CL , 1858 is distributed from eastern Hungary and Romania to southern Russia to Kazakhstan .
- Galerida cristata caucasica Taczanowski , 1888 occurs on the eastern Aegean islands , northern Turkey and the southern Caucasus .
- Galerida cristata kleinschmidti Erlanger , 1899 occurs in northwestern Morocco .
- Galerida cristata riggenbachi Hartert , 1902 occurs in western Morocco.
- Galerida cristata carthaginis Kleinschmidt, O & Hilgert , 1905 occurs from north-east Morocco to northern Tunisia .
- Galerida cristata arenicola Tristram , 1859 is widespread in northeast Algeria , southern Tunisia and northwest Libya .
- Galerida cristata festae Hartert , 1922 occurs on the coast in northeast Libya.
- Galerida cristata brachyura Tristram , 1865 is widespread in the interior of north-eastern Libya to southern Iraq and the northern Arabian Peninsula .
- Galerida cristata helenae Lavauden , 1926 occurs in south-east Algeria and south-west Libya.
- Galerida cristata jordansi Niethammer , 1955 occurs in the Aïr Mountains.
- Galerida cristata nigricans Brehm, CL , 1855 is widespread in the Nile Delta .
- Galerida cristata maculata Brehm, CL , 1858 occurs in central Egypt .
- Galerida cristata halfae Nicoll , 1921 is common in southern Egypt and northern Sudan .
- Galerida cristata altirostris Brehm, CL , 1855 occurs in eastern Sudan and in Eritrea .
- Galerida cristata somaliensis Reichenow , 1907 is distributed in southern Ethiopia , northern Somalia and northern Kenya .
- Galerida cristata balsaci Dekeyser & Villiers , 1950 occurs on the coast of Mauritania .
- Galerida cristata senegallensis ( Statius Müller, PL , 1776) is widespread in Mauritania, Senegal and Gambia as far as Niger .
- Galerida cristata alexanderi Neumann , 1908 occurs in northern Nigeria to western Sudan and the northeast of the Central African Republic .
- Galerida cristata isabellina Bonaparte , 1850 is widespread in central Sudan.
- Galerida cristata cinnamomina Hartert , 1904 occurs in western Lebanon and northwestern Israel .
- Galerida cristata zion Meinertzhagen, R , 1920 is distributed from southern Turkey to northeastern Israel.
- Galerida cristata subtaurica ( Kollibay , 1912) occurs in central Turkey to southwest Turkmenistan and northern Iran .
- Galerida cristata magna Hume , 1871 is distributed from central Iran and central Turkmenistan to northwestern Pakistan , Kazakhstan, southern Mongolia and northwestern China .
- Galerida cristata leautungensis ( Swinhoe , 1861) occurs in northeastern and eastern China.
- Galerida cristata coreensis Taczanowski , 1888 occurs in Korea .
- Galerida cristata lynesi Whistler , 1928 is common in northern Pakistan.
- Galerida cristata chendoola ( Franklin , 1831) occurs in central and eastern Pakistan via western and northern India to southern Nepal .
The subspecies Galerida cristata iwanowi , which Charles Vaurie described in 1959, is now considered a synonym for Galerida cristata magna .
supporting documents
literature
- Hans-Günther Bauer, Einhard Bezzel and Wolfgang Fiedler (eds.): The compendium of birds in Central Europe: Everything about biology, endangerment and protection. Volume 2: Passeriformes - passerine birds. Aula-Verlag Wiebelsheim, Wiesbaden 2005, ISBN 3-89104-648-0 .
Single receipts
- ↑ Bauer et al., P. 133
- ↑ Bauer et al., P. 133
- ↑ Population development Galerida cristata European Bird Census Council , accessed on July 8, 2009
- ↑ BirdLife International 2004: Birds in Europe: population estimates, trends and conservation status. BirdLife Conservation Series No. 12, BirdLife International, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
- ↑ H. Zang, P. Südbeck (2000): On the situation of the crested lark Galerida cristata in Lower Saxony . Vogelwelt 121: 173-181.
- ↑ Dornbusch, Fische, Gedeon et al. 2007: Bird monitoring in Saxony-Anhalt 2006 . Reports from the State Office for Environmental Protection Saxony-Anhalt. Special issue 2/2007 ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Crested Lark (Galerida cristata). Bavarian State Office for the Environment (LfU), accessed on August 31, 2017 .
- ↑ Christoph Grüneberg, Hans-Günther Bauer, Heiko Haupt, Ommo Hüppop, Torsten Ryslavy, Peter Südbeck: Red List of Germany's Breeding Birds , 5 version . In: German Council for Bird Protection (Hrsg.): Reports on bird protection . tape 52 , November 30, 2015.
- ↑ Fünfstück, Von Lossow, Schöpf 2003: Red List of Endangered Breeding Birds (Aves) Bavaria . Bavarian State Office for the Environment.
- ↑ T. Krüger, B. Oltmanns (2007): Red list of breeding bird species endangered in Lower Saxony and Bremen , 7th version, as of 2007. Inform.d. Lower Saxony nature conservation. 27, No. 3 (3/07): 131-175.
- ↑ State Office for Nature, Environment and Consumer Protection (2008): Haubenlerche ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . Protected species in North Rhine-Westphalia, accessed July 9, 2009
- ^ Ministry for the Environment of the Saarland (2005): Red List of Birds of the Saarland (Aves) (PDF; 205 kB). Status: December 2005
- ↑ Wilfried Knief, Rolf K. Berndt et al. (1995): The Breeding Birds of Schleswig-Holstein - Red List ( page can no longer be accessed , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . 4th version, as of December 1995. State Office for Nature Conservation and Landscape Management Schleswig-Holstein
- ↑ State Environment Agency Brandenburg: Red List of Breeding Birds of the State of Brandenburg 2008 ( page can no longer be accessed , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . Nature conservation and landscape management in Brandenburg 17 (4) 2008
- ↑ Dornbusch et al. (2004): Red List of Birds (Aves) of the State of Saxony-Anhalt . 2nd version, status February 2004. Reports from the State Office for Environmental Protection Saxony-Anhalt 39
- ↑ Mitschke 2009: The crested lark (Galerida christata) in the Hamburg area - on the coming and going of a "steppe bird in the city". Hamburger avifaun. Contribution 36, 2009: 91-100
- ↑ Bauer et al., P. 134
- ↑ World Bird List Nicators, reedling & larks
Web links
- Galerida cristata in the endangered Red List species the IUCN 2008. Posted by: BirdLife International, 2008. Accessed January 8 of 2009.
- Videos, photos and sound recordings of Galerida cristata in the Internet Bird Collection
- Age and gender characteristics (PDF; 2.0 MB) by Javier Blasco-Zumeta and Gerd-Michael Heinze (English)
- Feathers of the crested lark