Carl Hilgert

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Carl Hilgert or Karl Hilgert (born June 21, 1866 in Ingelheim am Rhein , † January 17, 1940 in Mainz ) was a German game warden , explorer and ornithologist .

Live and act

His love for nature soon brought him into contact with Carlo von Erlanger because of his job as a whiter and game warden .

Tunisia expedition

Carl Hilgert in the middle tent near the Gabès oasis

On October 19, 1896, Hilgert arrived with Johann Michael Holtermüller (1865–1931) and Carlo von Erlanger (1972–1904) in Marseille, where they sailed to Tunis on the steamer Vill'd'Oran . On October 30th they reached Gabès , where Paul Spatz (1865–1942) had already prepared the further trip with local helpers and material.

Von Erlanger, who organized and led the expedition, wrote about Hilgert:

"Carl Hilgert, who, as I said, held the office of taxidermist , will only give due recognition to those who know what it means to prepare the birds that have been killed on this march after a long, hard and extremely tired march in the most glowing sunburn go! Yes, even more, to prepare them in such a way that nothing spoils, but everything that science has collected is preserved! And this applies to the fullest extent to our expedition thanks to the flawless preparations made by Carl Hilgert. But Hilgert had not completed his day's work with this alone, the bellows had to be labeled, the numerous clutches, some of which we collected ourselves, some of which we received from natives, blown out, numbered and the fragile objects packed. Through his tireless energy and hard work I have succeeded in bringing this beautiful collection to Europe and using it in the service of science. "

The trip itself was carried out in three stages. The starting point of every trip was always Gabès.

The first expedition led them via the Djara oasis to Ghannouch to Wadi Akarit, where they set up their first camp. On November 4th they hiked through a Sabcha area to the west of Nadour . From there they moved on the coast to Skhira another four kilometers north. After a day of rest, we went on to Mahrès on November 7th . Actually, the next day they wanted to take a cutter to the Kneiss Islands , but bad weather prevented a crossing. So they collected in the area and could only implement the project on November 12th. The island was only abandoned on November 16, and so they returned to Gabès on November 17.

The team set out again on November 20th. They made their first camp near Kettana via the oases of Menzel, Ouderef and Tibula . Then we went to Zarat , where the group stayed from November 22nd to 24th to gather at the Sabcha Mezessar on the coast. Via Wadi Mezessar to Wadi Zigzaou we went to Mareth and on November 28th back to Gabès.

On December 9th the second expedition started along the Menzel oasis towards the southern slope of Jabal ad Dīsah to the El-Hamma oasis. Here you crossed the Djebel Dahar mountains and reached El Hamma . On December 10th we went via Wadi Beschima and Wadi Magroun to Wadi Nachla. Here they gathered in the wadi and the Jabal aţ aabaqah mountain range . From Wadi Nachla the route led on December 13th to the source of the Nebsch-ed-Dib after Saidane and on to the Limaguess oasis . On December 15, they moved on to the Bahir mountain range , which also formed the watershed between the Chott el Fedjadj and the Chott el Djerid near the oases of the Nefzaoua region . From there the way led to Kebili . On December 16, they left Kebili and finally reached Jemna . Just one day later we went on to Douz to move on to the Sahara . Here the group ran errands and was only able to leave the city on December 22nd due to heavy rains. They reached Ain Djabar in a day tour. The next day they went via Bir Bel Kassem to Bir Toulis, the southernmost well in the area of ​​the Merasigk tribe . They spent December 24th in Chadames. While Erlanger climbed Table Mountain Tembaïne with two locals on December 26th, the rest of the caravan set off. In a south-south-west direction Erlanger met his companion's camp again with Hilgert. On the 27th they marched further south-east and found themselves southwest of the Dakamis al Kabir , the mountain range of which was visited on the 28th. They then moved south on the 29th and had to rest on the 30th due to the onset of rain. So they could visit the area with settlements of people from the Adara tribe. On January 1st and 2nd they fought their way over various sand dunes to the Gur-el-Areif. First you had to fill up with water in Bir Aouin, about 10 kilometers away . On January 4th we went to Galb-el-Assued, southwest of Douiret . The members decided to gather here until January 8th before moving on to Bou Kartouf . On January 11, they arrived at the Gar-Rham Mountains, a place that was often used as a battlefield between the Tuareg , Chamba and Merasigk.

On the 12th and 13th they made their way to the Sanger valley where they rested until the 17th and went on excursions in the surrounding area. The next destination on the 19th was the French colonial administrative city of Tataouine . Here they parted with the Mrazig companions who had served the expedition well. A visit to the tomb of the marabout Sidi Mosboh took place on the 21st, before continuing to Medenine a day later . Here you rested for a day. On the 25th, Hilgert made a trip to the Djerbel Souenia with Spatz, von Erlanger and two Arabs, which also led them into a crater-like cave. In the evening she reached Mareth . Via Kettana , the group finally reached Gabès again on January 27 in a two-day march.

It was not until February 22nd before they finally set off on a third expedition. Via Oudref the caravan swiveled west to Oglet Telemine. After heavy rainfall, they crossed the Fedjadj late . On the 24th, due to heavy rain, they had to stop and rest at the caravan crossing to Bir Al Huffay and Bi'r Mehamla . So on the 26th the route led them via a detour through the Seggi, the granary of southern Tunisia, to Bir Selousa. The next camp was the Bir Mrabat mountain pass at the intersection of the caravan routes from Kebili to the south and El Guettar to the west. From there the next destination was Gafsa . After March 1, 1897 was used to replenish supplies and to recover, on the 2nd we continued towards the 960 meter high Djebel Tfel. They camped on the banks of the Tfel River for several days. After collecting campaigns in the area, we went back to Gafsa on March 10th. On the 12th they moved on towards Djebel Sidi Ali Ben Aoun , whose foot they reached on the 14th and where they stayed until the 20th. The caravan moved their camp on the 21st to the foot of the Djebel Sidi Aich , from which they returned to the Djebel Sidi Ali Ben Aoun on April 1st. On the 16th they continued to the Djebel Freiou , where they stayed until the 21st. After an attack on the group, the return route over the Djebel Srir to Gafsa was taken on the 21st , which they reached on the 24th with a rich natural history and above all ornithological yield. Here the expedition was attacked again, but was able to defeat the attackers. On May 5th we passed the Djebel Guettar to Bou Omrane . The caravan stayed here until May 9 and explored the area. On the 9th and 10th the next camp was set up at Bir Soelousa . Finally they reached Gafsa again on May 19th. On May 25, they set out on a tour of the French protected area Ain Draham . At around 6 a.m. they reached Madjen bel Abbès, 50 kilometers northwest of Gafsa . It went on to Fériana . While the caravan set out to march to Kasserine on the 30th , Hilgert, Erlanger and an Arab named Ali collected something in the area and then met the rest of the caravan again in the evening. Only on June 7th did the path lead to Bi'r Bu Hayyah . On the 20th they camped at Thala via Oued Sarath . The following days led them to El Kef , a place they reached on June 23rd. Three days later they left for Souk El Arba . From here the group wanted to take the train to Tunis. From June 30th to July 6th, group excursions were initially undertaken around Souk El Arba. After Spatz had sold the beasts of burden, the troops returned to Tunis on July 7th.

Hilgert, Spatz, von Erlanger, Ali and Haffeid set off from La Goulette on July 13 for a last boat tour to the island of Nemoura . While Erlanger wanted to explore the coast with a few others by boat, Hilgert and Spatz stayed behind on the island. Erlanger got caught in a storm and was driven to the Tunisian coast. So it wasn't until July 18 that Hilgert and Spatz met their companion again in Tunis. On July 24th Hilgert finally turned his back on Africa with Erlanger and Holtermüller and returned to Europe.

Expedition to Northeast Africa

In the spring of 1899, von Erlanger and Oscar Neumann decided to set out on an expedition in the unknown parts of Northeast Africa. At the beginning of November 1899, the Herzog was embarked on the East-Africa Line in Hamburg: after three weeks, the port in Aden was reached . Here the escort Johann Michael Holtermüller fell so seriously ill that the onward journey was delayed. The time while Holtermüller was in the hospital used the group, to which Hilgert also belonged, for an excursion into the hinterland to al-Hawtah in what was then the Sultanate of Lahidsch. After returning from this voyage, Holtermüller had recovered and so, after a short crossing from Aden, she moored in Zeila on January 2, 1900. The common path led them from Zeila via Harar and Addis Ababa as well as the land of the Ennia and Arussi Galla . Other members of the expedition was the doctor John Ellenbeck (1870-1942), who was also responsible for the botanical collection, Holter Müller, who as a cartographer served and Hilgert of the taxidermy was responsible. The expedition started on January 12, 1900 in Zeila, but had to stop in Dhabar because Hilgert had shot himself in the upper arm by carelessness. On March 3, they reached the border town Jaldessa first time the soil of Abyssinia . They finally reached Harar in a three-day march via a narrow mountain path. In the desert they met Alfred Ilg and Menelik II , who were very helpful to them on their further travels. From Harar the journey went to Lake Haramaya and the 3,405 m high mountain Gara Muleta . After returning to Harar on April 1, they were initially not allowed to travel any further, as the Ennia and Arussi Galla peoples rebelled during this time. It was only with the help of John Lane Harrington (1865–1927) and the declaration to the king that they would continue traveling at their own risk that they were allowed to continue on their way. Now it was dead camels that forced the group to take a temporary rest in Ganda Kore (now part of Dire Dawa ). On May 22nd we finally went on towards the ruins of Bia Woraba , which they reached on May 23rd. After another fourteen days they reached the Webi Gestro , which they crossed on May 12th. Sheikh Hussein was reached on June 26th, where they stayed for three weeks. After appropriate preparations, on July 7th we continued about 30 kilometers west to the foot of the 2,573 meter high Abul Kasim mountain . This was also climbed on July 16. After crossing the Awash , the expedition finally reached Addis Ababa on August 14th, passing Lake Bishoftu .

They stayed in Addis Ababa for three months and explored the area. Neumann separated from the expedition to take a different route to the Blue Nile .

While Erlanger and Ellenbeck moved further south to Burdji , Hilgert was sent to Harar to organize a new caramel caravan. His way led him over Harar, the Gara Muleta, Gorgora and the Daroli river northeast of Ginir to Ginir. In Ginir he met up with the rest of the expedition.

On March 17th, a handsome crew set out south and on March 19th they crossed the Webi Shabelle via the so-called Wynlawn Caves near Imi . In the stifling heat it went on to the Ganale and the Jubba .

While crossing the Ganale River, a Somali lost his life to a crocodile attack. Another river was crossed with the Dawa . It went on to El Uak . Because of the lack of water they decided to move on towards Baardheere .

From Baardheere the expedition finally reached the border of the English area of ​​interest on July 29th . They finally reached the Indian Ocean on July 10, 1901 at Goob Weyn via the island of Goscha . At Kismayo they were taken to Mombasa by an English government steamer. There the Reichstag steamer brought them back to Germany.

Expedition Asia Minor

In 1907 he accompanied Paul Niedieck as taxidermist on an expedition to Asia Minor , where they wanted to visit the Taurus Mountains and Aladağlar from May onwards . Embrik Strand (1876–1947) finally described in 1909 the yield of butterflies around Ereğli and the Taurus. On this trip Hilgert collected bird hides for the Museum für Naturkunde in Berlin .

Expedition to Kyrenaica

From March 25 to May 19, 1922, Hilgert accompanied Ernst Hartert on a trip to Kyrenaica . From the trip reported u. a. Rothschild, who reported on the butterfly and Hartert on bird yield.

First descriptions by Carl Hilgert

Hilgert has described numerous subspecies that were new to science. Collaborated with other authors on some articles. The subspecies include chronological and a .:

  • Crested Lark ( Galerida cristata carthaginis Kleinschmidt & Hilgert , 1905)
  • Crested Lark ( Galerida cristata neumanni Hilgert , 1907)
  • Pale Mockers ( Iduna pallida reiseri ( Hilgert , 1908))
  • Strichelkopfschnäpper ( Bradornis microrhynchus neumanni ( Hilgert , 1908))
  • Black shrike ( Laniarius funebris degener Hilgert , 1912)

Dedication names

Otto Eduard Graf von Zedlitz and Trützschler honored him with the name in the subspecies of the brown-winged mouse bird ( Colius striatus hilgerti ) in 1910 , with Calamonastes simplex hilgerti in 1912, a synonym for the Somali Binder ( Calamonastes simplex ( Cabanis , 1878)), in 1913 with Turtur capicola hilgerti in a synonym for the cucumber subspecies ( Streptopelia capicola somalica ( von Erlanger , 1905)) and with Serinus angloensis hilgerti in a synonym for the Reichenowgirlitz ( Crithagrareichenowi ( Salvadori , 1888)), and in 1916 a synonym with Sylvietta brachyura hilgerti for the brown-bellied sylvietta ( Sylvietta brachyura leucopsis ( Reichenow , 1879)). The subspecies Galerida theklae hilgerti , described by Lionel Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild and Ernst Hartert in 1912, is a synonym of the Theklalerchen subspecies Galerida theklae carolinae ( von Erlanger , 1897). Oscar Neumann described the 1903 Rose shrike Unteart Rhodophoneus cruentus hilgerti , 1907 Otis ruficrista hilgerti a synonym for Oustalettrappe ( Lophotis gindiana ( Oustalet , 1881)), and a Brubruwürger subtype ( Nilaus afer hilgerti ). 1904 named Carlo von Erlanger Accipiter hilgerti , now a synonym for the Ovambosperber ( Accipiter ovampensis ( Gurney , JH , 1875)), in 1935 Otto Kleinschmidt Coloeus hilgerti , now a synonym for the jackdaws subtype ( Corvus monedula spermologus ( Vieillot , 1811)) and in 1940 with Garrulus hilgerti , today a synonym for the jay ( Garrulus glandarius ( Linnaeus , 1758)).

Publications (selection)

  • with Otto Kleinschmidt: About North African crested larks . In: Ornithological monthly reports . tape 13 , no. 2 , 1905, p. 188-190 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Description of new species . In: Ornithological monthly reports . tape 15 , no. 4 , 1907, pp. 63-64 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Otto Kleinschmidt, Carl Hilgert: Cinclus aquaticus tschusii . In: Falco: magazine that appears at irregular intervals following the work "Berajah, Zoographia infinita" . tape 3 , 1907, pp. 104 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Catalog of the Erlanger Collection in Nieder-Ingelheim a. Rh. Verlag von R. Friedländer & Sohn, Berlin 1908 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Lanairius funebris degener subsp. nov. In: Novitates Zoologicae . tape 18 , no. 3 , 1912, pp. 605-606 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).

literature

  • Ludwig Gebhardt: The ornithologists of Central Europe . tape 1 . Brühlscher Verlag, Gießen 1964, p. 157 ( PDF on ZOBODAT ).
  • Otto Kleinschmidt: Carl Hilgert † . In: Falco: magazine that appears at irregular intervals following the work "Berajah, Zoographia infinita" . tape 36 , 1940, p. 3-4 ( extract ). ZDB ID 212734-9
  • Otto Kleinschmidt: The form circles Jackdaw Corvus Coloeus (Kl.) . In: Berajah, Zoographia infinita . 1935, p. 1-4, panels I-VI .
  • Otto Kleinschmidt: Something about West German jays, sparrowhawks and barn owls . In: Falco: magazine that appears at irregular intervals following the work "Berajah, Zoographia infinita" . tape 36 , 1940, p. 8-14 .
  • Ludwig Schuster: † Karl Hilgert . In: Contributions to the reproductive biology of birds with consideration of the oology . tape 16 , 1940, p. 61 ( Extract ). ZDB ID 526401-7
  • Carlo von Erlanger: Contributions to the avifauna of Tunisia . In: Journal for Ornithology (=  5 ). tape 46 , no. 3 , 1898, p. 377-497 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Carlo von Erlanger: Contributions to the avifauna of Tunisia . In: Journal for Ornithology (=  5 ). tape 47 , no. 2 , 1899, pp. 213-286 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Carlo von Erlanger: Contributions to the avifauna of Tunisia . In: Journal for Ornithology (=  5 ). tape 47 , no. 3 , 1899, pp. 309-374 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Carlo von Erlanger: Contributions to the avifauna of Tunisia . In: Journal for Ornithology (=  5 ). tape 47 , no. 4 , 1899, pp. 449-532 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Carlo von Erlanger: Contributions to the bird fauna of Northeast Africa with special consideration of zoo geography . In: Journal of Ornithology . tape 52 , no. 2 , 1904, pp. 137-244 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Carlo von Erlanger: Report on my expedition in Northeast Africa in the years 1899-1901 . In: Journal of the Society for Geography in Berlin . 1904, p. 89–117 ( digizeitschriften.de ).
  • Otto Eduard Graf von Zedlitz and Trützschler: Some new forms from Northeast Africa . In: Ornithological monthly reports . tape 18 , no. 4 , 1910, pp. 57-59 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Otto Eduard Graf von Zedlitz and Trützschler: Contribution to the systematics of African bird forms . In: Ornithological monthly reports . tape 20 , no. 5 , 1912, pp. 74-79 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Otto Eduard Graf von Zedlitz and Trützschler: New African Bird Forms . In: Ornithological monthly reports . tape 21 , no. 4 , 1913, pp. 58-60 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Otto Eduard Graf von Zedlitz and Trützschler: South Somaliland as a zoogeographic area . In: Journal of Ornithology . tape 64 , no. 1 , 1916, p. 1-119 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Lionel Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild, Ernst Hartert: Ornithological explorations in Algeria . In: Novitates Zoologicae . tape 18 , no. 3 , 1912, pp. 456-550 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Lionel Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild: List of lepidoptera collected by Dr. E. Hartert and Herr Carl Hilgert in Cyrenaica in March, April, and May 1922 . In: The Annals and magazine of natural history; zoology, botany, and geology being a continuation of the Annals combined with Loudon and Charlesworth's Magazine of Natural History (=  9 ). tape 16 , no. 21 , 1925, pp. 200-209 , doi : 10.1080 / 00222932508633290 .
  • Ernst Hartert: Dr. Ernst Hartert made remarks on his expedition to Cyrenaica, and described the following new subspecies . In: Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club. tape 42 , no. 270 , 1922, pp. 140 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Ernst Hartert: On the birds of Cyrenaica . In: Novitates Zoologicae . tape 30 , no. 1 , 1923, pp. 1-32 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Oscar Neumann: From the Somali coast through southern Ethiopia to Sudan . In: Journal of the Society for Geography in Berlin . 1902, p. 7–32 ( digizeitschriften.de ).
  • Oscar Neumann: From the Somali Coast through Southern Ethiopia to the Sudan . In: The Geographical Journal . tape 20 , no. 4 , 1902, pp. 373-387 ( rhinoresourcecenter.com [PDF; 2.0 MB ]).
  • Oscar Neumann: New African Species and Subspecies . In: Ornithological monthly reports . tape 11 , no. 12 , 1903, pp. 180-185 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Oscar Neumann: About some African bustards . In: Journal of Ornithology . tape 55 , no. 2 , 1907, p. 306-308 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Oscar Neumann: Revisions of African Bird Groups . In: Journal of Ornithology . tape 55 , no. 3 , 1907, pp. 343-379 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Anton Reichenow: News . In: Journal of Ornithology . tape 15 , no. 4 , 1907, pp. 72 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Embrik Strand: Lepidoptera from Eregli and Taurus in Asia Minor, collected by P. Niedieck . In: International Entomological Journal . tape 3 , no. 4 , 1909, pp. 78-79 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Carlo von Erlanger: Like a look into the land of a more beautiful Eden . Ed .: Angelika Schulz-Parthu. Leinpfad, Ingelheim 1997, ISBN 3-9805837-1-6 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Ludwig Gebhardt, p. 157.
  2. ^ Carlo von Erlanger in Angelika Schulz-Parthu, p. 10.
  3. ^ A b Carlo von Erlanger in Angelika Schulz-Parthu, p. 11.
  4. ^ Carlo von Erlanger in Angelika Schulz-Parthu, p. 12.
  5. ^ A b Carlo von Erlanger in Angelika Schulz-Parthu, p. 13.
  6. ^ Carlo von Erlanger in Angelika Schulz-Parthu, p. 14.
  7. ^ Carlo von Erlanger in Angelika Schulz-Parthu, p. 15.
  8. ^ Carlo von Erlanger in Angelika Schulz-Parthu, p. 16.
  9. ^ Carlo von Erlanger in Angelika Schulz-Parthu, p. 17.
  10. ^ Carlo von Erlanger in Angelika Schulz-Parthu, p. 18.
  11. ^ Carlo von Erlanger in Angelika Schulz-Parthu, p. 19.
  12. ^ Carlo von Erlanger in Angelika Schulz-Parthu, p. 20.
  13. ^ Carlo von Erlanger in Angelika Schulz-Parthu, p. 21.
  14. ^ Carlo von Erlanger in Angelika Schulz-Parthu, p. 22.
  15. ^ Carlo von Erlanger in Angelika Schulz-Parthu, p. 24.
  16. ^ Carlo von Erlanger in Angelika Schulz-Parthu, p. 25.
  17. ^ Carlo von Erlanger in Angelika Schulz-Parthu, p. 26.
  18. ^ Carlo von Erlanger in Angelika Schulz-Parthu, p. 27.
  19. ^ Carlo von Erlanger in Angelika Schulz-Parthu, p. 28.
  20. ^ Carlo von Erlanger in Angelika Schulz-Parthu, p. 29.
  21. ^ Carlo von Erlanger in Angelika Schulz-Parthu, p. 31.
  22. ^ Carlo von Erlanger in Angelika Schulz-Parthu, p. 33.
  23. ^ Carlo von Erlanger in Angelika Schulz-Parthu, p. 34.
  24. ^ Carlo von Erlanger in Angelika Schulz-Parthu, p. 35.
  25. ^ Carlo von Erlanger in Angelika Schulz-Parthu, p. 38.
  26. ^ Carlo von Erlanger in Angelika Schulz-Parthu, p. 42.
  27. ^ Carlo von Erlanger in Angelika Schulz-Parthu, p. 43.
  28. ^ A b Carlo von Erlanger in Angelika Schulz-Parthu, p. 46.
  29. ^ Carlo von Erlanger in Angelika Schulz-Parthu, p. 47.
  30. ^ Carlo von Erlanger in Angelika Schulz-Parthu, p. 48.
  31. ^ Carlo von Erlanger in Angelika Schulz-Parthu, p. 49.
  32. ^ Carlo von Erlanger in Angelika Schulz-Parthu, p. 50.
  33. ^ Carlo von Erlanger (1904), p. 90.
  34. ↑ Oscar Neumann (1902), p. 7.
  35. ^ A b Carlo von Erlanger (1904), p. 91.
  36. ↑ Oscar Neumann (1902), p. 373.
  37. ↑ Oscar Neumann (1902), p. 374.
  38. ^ A b Carlo von Erlanger (1904), p. 96.
  39. ^ Carlo von Erlanger (1904), p. 97.
  40. ^ Carlo von Erlanger (1904), p. 98.
  41. ^ Oscar Neumann (1902), p. 378.
  42. ^ Carlo von Erlanger (1904), p. 106.
  43. ^ A b Carlo von Erlanger (1904), p. 112.
  44. ^ Carlo von Erlanger (1904), p. 114.
  45. ^ Carlo von Erlanger (1904), p. 117.
  46. ^ Anton Reichenow, p. 72.
  47. ↑ Embrik Strand, pp. 78–79.
  48. ^ Lionel Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild (1925).
  49. ↑ Ernst Hartert (1923), p. 7.
  50. ^ Otto Eduard Graf von Zedlitz and Trützschler (1910), p. 58.
  51. ^ Otto Eduard Graf von Zedlitz and Trützschler (1912), p. 78.
  52. ^ Otto Eduard Graf von Zedlitz and Trützschler (1913), p. 60.
  53. ^ Otto Eduard Graf von Zedlitz and Trützschler (1912), p. 76.
  54. ^ Otto Eduard Graf von Zedlitz and Trützschler (1916), p. 99.
  55. ^ Lionel Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild, p. 492.
  56. ↑ Oscar Neumann (1903), p. 182.
  57. ↑ Oscar Neumann (1907), p. 308.
  58. ↑ Oscar Neumann (1907), p. 362.
  59. ^ Carlo von Erlanger, p. 171.
  60. ↑ Otto Kleinschmidt (1940), plate 4.
  61. ↑ Otto Kleinschmidt (1940), p. 8.
personal data
SURNAME Hilgert, Carl
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Hilgert, Karl
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German ornithologist and explorer
DATE OF BIRTH June 21, 1866
PLACE OF BIRTH Nieder-Ingelheim , Grand Duchy of Hesse , German Empire
DATE OF DEATH January 17, 1940
Place of death Mainz