Koreans in Germany

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
1953: North Korean exchange students come to East Berlin , East Germany , to

The Koreans in Germany represent a population group in the Federal Republic of Germany , some of which are made up of immigrant Koreans from the two states of North and South Korea and already have German citizenship , and some of them are citizens who have Korean citizenship and are in Germany have a right of residence .

Statistical basis

The Federal Statistical Office does not have any statistical data on the number of citizens of Korean origin who have German citizenship . In contrast, the number of citizens with a South Korean passport who moved to Germany as of December 31, 2018 can be given as a total of 36,230 people and a proportion of women of 58.2%. The trend in immigration is upwards, with an annual rate of increase of 4.6% to 6.8% in the years 2011 to 2018.

In 2013, according to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MOFA) in Seoul , the Korean community counted 33,774 Korean citizens in Germany, in deviation from the German statistics, and thus ranked 14th in terms of size of all Korean population groups worldwide, making it the second largest group in Western Europe , behind the rapidly growing community of Koreans in the UK . The Koreans in Germany live mainly in the Rhine-Main area and in North Rhine-Westphalia . In addition to their mother tongue, Korean , the Koreans , who are mostly of the Christian or Buddhist religion, very often also speak German . The largest Korean community in Germany is in the Rhine-Main region with around 5300 Korean residents, as of 2013, as there are some German and European headquarters of South Korean companies in the greater Frankfurt area , such as B. Kia Motors , Hyundai , Samsung Electronics , LG International , SK Network ( SK Group ) and Daewoo Electronics are located, which virtually increase the concentration of Korean residents in the Frankfurt area.

history

From South Korea in the Federal Republic of Germany (Bonn)

There were some students , nurses and industrial interns from South Korea in the Federal Republic of Germany as early as the late 1950s. However, an increased influx of South Koreans to Germany did not begin until the 1960s, when the Federal Republic of Germany recruited nurses and miners from South Korea as guest workers. The recruitment of workers especially from South Korea was not only caused by economic necessity, but was also seen as a demonstration of support for a country that, like Germany, was divided by rival ideologies.

A first group of miners came on December 16, 1963 under the recruitment agreement between the Federal Republic of Germany and South Korea , which was largely funded by the South Korean government. German companies did not have to bear any travel expenses, they only paid for wages and language lessons. The South Koreans had a high level of education compared to other guest workers during this period. Over 60% had a high school diploma or a tertiary education. Large numbers of nurses arrived in Germany in 1966. South Koreans were one of the few non-European groups that were recruited at the time. West German migration policy generally excluded workers of African and Asian origin in the 1950s and 1970s.

After their stays in Germany, some of these South Koreans emigrated to the United States , benefiting from easier entry conditions due to the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 . Although the South Korean workers came for a limited time and most had originally planned to return home, in the end half of the recruits decided to stay in Germany. During the 1970s they called for protests and, citing their contribution to the economy and health care, demanded a right of residence . Finally, the West German government waived the deportation of those whose employment contracts had expired and granted them an unlimited right of residence. Those who stayed founded Korean parishes and schools , the latter so that they could teach their children in their mother tongue .

North and South Korea vied for influence on the Korean community in the GDR and West Germany during the 1960s and 1970s. North Korea had sent agents to the Federal Republic of Germany disguised as professors to recruit supporters for the North Korean regime from among the South Korean students. In 1967, South Korea forcibly abducted a number of South Korean citizens suspected of espionage for the north without the consent of the West German government - the most famous among them was the composer and later German citizen Yun I-sang . They were tortured to extract false confessions, and six of them were sentenced to death. The Federal Republic of Germany had expelled three South Korean diplomats after the incident and was seriously considering breaking off diplomatic relations with South Korea. However, she finally stopped when general attention shifted to the assassination of President Park Chung-hee and the USS Pueblo incident . Instead, they worked towards the release of the abductees with quiet diplomacy.

From North Korea to the GDR

There was also a Korean presence in the GDR , albeit a smaller one . After the end of the Korean War and the formation of its own state North Korea , i. H. from 1953 to 1962, many North Korean students went to the Eastern Bloc to study at universities and colleges, and others came as industrial trainees. In 1955 their number in the GDR was an estimated 334 students, 302 industrial trainees and 298 orphans. The orphans were housed by the so-called home combine "Korea" in the Maxim Gorki home in Dresden , in the Käthe Kollwitz home in Moritzburg and in the Radebeul Mohrenhaus and Wackerbarth Castle. However, as Sino-Soviet relations deteriorated, the North Korean government ordered all of its overseas nationals to return home. After 1962, only a few North Koreans remained in the GDR. Even those married to local residents had to obey the recall and abandoned their spouses. In one documented case, after more than four decades without contact, an East German woman found out that her North Korean husband was still alive. Others have not seen their spouses again since then, nor do they have any information on their partner's whereabouts and fate.

After German reunification , the Pyongyang government sent some students to Germany for technical training. The two countries have had diplomatic relations since March 2001. Germans who have visited North Korea report that they have repeatedly met German-speaking engineers and technicians.

Gravestones of Koreans who died in Dresden can still be found in the Dresden Heidefriedhof .

Return migration

Signpost to the Dogil Maeul

In 2009, the German government refused to allow North Korean scientists and engineers to extend their residence permits, even in cases where grants had been extended.

Some South Koreans who had settled in Germany returned to South Korea after their retirement, often with their German spouses. One consequence of this "return migration" was the creation of a German village, Dogil Maeul ( Korean 독일 마을 or 獨 逸 마을, Dog'il Ma'eul), in Namhae-gun County in Gyeongsangnam-do .

Population in numbers and data

As of June 30, 2017, there were 4,887 employees subject to social insurance contributions with South Korean citizenship in Germany, 1,745 of them in Hesse . The number of marginally employed Koreans was 1,162.

In 2016, 20,979 Blue Cards were granted in the European Union . Germany issues the most blue cards by far. 84% of all blue cards in Europe are for employees in Germany. 219 of the 17,630 permits in Germany went to South Koreans.

EU Blue Card to South Koreans 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
European Union 59 180 153 220 262
of which to Germany 30th 128 122 176 219

Educational situation

Over 70% of the second generation of Korean descendants in Germany have at least a high school diploma or an even higher educational qualification - in proportion more than twice as many as in the rest of the population (see also: School performance between different groups in Germany ). Furthermore, 6087 South Korean citizens studied at German universities in the 2015/2016 winter semester.

media

Since 1995, Kyopo Shinmun (교포 신문) has been published as its own weekly newspaper for Koreans living in Germany, which mostly contains articles in the Korean language, but also a small number of German-language articles.

Well-known German Koreans

German-Koreans, Koreans who were born in Germany or worked in Germany and Germans of Korean descent:

See also

literature

  • Frank Hoffmann: Berlin Koreans and Pictured Koreans . In: Andreas Schirmer (Ed.): Koreans and Central Europeans: Informal Contacts up to 1950 . 1st edition. Praesens Verlag, Vienna 2015, ISBN 978-3-7069-0873-3 ( Online [PDF; 914 kB ; accessed on January 11, 2016]).
  • Yong-Seun Chang-Gusko, Nataly Jung-Hwa Han , Arnd Kolb: Unknown diversity . Insights into Korean migration history in Germany (=  edition DOMiD - Migration in Focus . Volume 2 ). 1st edition. Documentation center and museum about migration in Germany , Cologne 2014, ISBN 978-3-9816133-1-5 .
  • Hae-Soon Kim : Koreans in Germany . The Story of Kwang-Chung Kim . In: Korean American Historical Society (ed.): Occasional Papers . Volume 3 , 1997, ISSN  1088-1964 , pp. 33-48 (English).
  • Jung-Sook Yoo : Korean immigrants in Germany. Representation of interests and self-organization . Publishing house Dr. Kovač, Hamburg 1996, ISBN 3-86064-502-1 .
  • Tai-Soon Yoo : Koreans in Germany. An analysis of acculturation behavior using clothing as an example. In: Folklore Commission for Westphalia Regional Association Westphalia-Lippe (Hrsg.): Contributions to folk culture in Northwest Germany . Issue 30. F. Coppenrath Verlag, Münster 1981 ( Online [PDF; 26.1 MB ; accessed on January 11, 2016]).

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. Population and employment - foreign population - results of the central foreigner register . In: Federal Statistical Office (Hrsg.): Destatis (=  Fachserie 1, Reihe 2). April 15, 2019, p.  35 ( Online [PDF; 3.4 MB ; accessed on April 24, 2019]).
  2. Ministry of Foreign Affairs (ed.): 재외 동포 현황 . Seoul, South Korea 2013, p. 40 (Korean, online [PDF; 11.9 MB ; accessed on April 24, 2019]).
  3. Jung-Sook Yoo: Korean immigrants in Germany . Publishing house Dr. Kovač, Hamburg 1996, ISBN 978-3-86064-502-4 .
  4. Data + facts about the Korean community. frankfurt-business.net, archived from the original on February 21, 2013 ; Retrieved on November 23, 2012 (original website no longer available).
  5. ^ Korea - Korean life in Frankfurt. City of Frankfurt, archived from the original on May 15, 2011 ; accessed on April 24, 2019 (original website no longer available).
  6. ^ A b c d Sun-Ju Choi / You-Jae Lee: Reverse Development Aid. Korean labor migration in Germany / Chŏndo toen kaebal wŏnjo. Togil ŭi hanin nodong iju, in: Kölnischer Kunstverein u. a. (Ed.), Project Migration, Cologne, 2005, pp. 735–742; 831-832. (German Korean)
  7. ^ Jan Creutzenberg: Two Stories of Exploitation and Integration: Double lecture on Korean and Vietnamese work migration in Germany. OhmyNews, May 22, 2007, accessed May 30, 2007 .
  8. ^ A b Karen Schönwälder: Why Germany's guestworkers were largely Europeans: The selective principles of post-war labor recruitment policy . In: Ethnic and Racial Studies . 27, No. 2, March 2003, pp. 248-265. doi : 10.1080 / 0141987042000177324 .
  9. ^ Tai S. Kang: An ethnography of Koreans in Queens, New York, and elsewhere in the United States. (PDF 1.9 MB) In: Ethnographic Exploratory Research Report # 8. Center for Survey Methods Research, Bureau of the Census, March 1990, accessed May 30, 2007 .
  10. Chang-hui Kim: “동백림 사건 요? 코미디 였지요 ”. Donga Ilbo, 1997, accessed November 23, 2012 (Korean).
  11. a b Yun-hyeong Gil: 독일, 당시 국교 단절 검토: 67 년 윤이상 씨 등 서울 로 납치 '동백림 사건' 항의 (Germany considered breaking off relations at the time: Protests over the 1967 "East Berlin incident" kidnapping of Isang Yun and others). The Hankyoreh , October 30, 2004, accessed May 30, 2007 (Korean).
  12. ^ Charles K. Armstrong: Fraternal Socialism: The International Reconstruction of North Korea, 1953-62 . In: Cold War History . 5, No. 2, May 2005, pp. 161-187.
  13. ^ Moritzburg, Käthe-Kollwitz-Heim, school and recreational stay of children from the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) in the GDR, March 1953 , Deutsche Fotothek
  14. ^ Rüdiger Frank : The GDR and North Korea. The reconstruction of the city of Hamhŭng from 1954–1962 . Shaker, Aachen 1996, ISBN 3-8265-5472-8 .
  15. Kwon-ha Ryu: North Korean husband of German woman is alive. JoongAng Ilbo, February 13, 2007, archived from the original on November 20, 2013 ; Retrieved on November 23, 2012 (original website no longer available).
  16. ^ Sung-jo Pak: Germany Gets Maximum Concessions from NK. Chosun Ilbo, March 11, 2001, archived from the original on June 14, 2006 ; accessed on April 24, 2019 (original website no longer available).
  17. ^ A German village in South Korea. Deutsche Welle, November 16, 2009, accessed on January 11, 2016 .
  18. Federal Employment Agency : Employees by nationality (quarterly figures), June 30, 2017.
  19. Eurostat : http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/de/web/asylum-and-managed-migration/data/database ; "EU Blue Cards by type of decision, occupation and nationality (migr_resbc1)"; select for residence permit
  20. Number of foreign students at universities in Germany in the winter semesters from 2013/2014 to 2015/2016 by country of origin. In: Statista . Federal Statistical Office, 2017, accessed on August 24, 2017 .
  21. Homepage . In: KyopoShinmun . Retrieved April 24, 2019 (Korean).
  22. ^ Arnold Whitall: Unsuk Chin in focus: Meditations and mechanics . In: The Musical Times, Vol. 141, No. 1870 (Ed.): Musical Times . 141, No. 1870, Spring 2000, pp. 21-32. JSTOR 1004366 . doi : 10.2307 / 1004366 .
  23. Gwang-il Kim: Novelist Gong Ji-young writes of Pain, Happiness of Koreans in Germany. Chosun Ilbo, October 26, 2004, archived from the original on December 2, 2007 ; Retrieved May 30, 2007 (original website no longer available).
  24. Susanne Simon: "We need trust". In: Zeit Online. August 1, 2006, accessed April 24, 2019 .
  25. ^ Ghost of the Berlin Wall Reappears
  26. ^ Blaine Harden: A family and a conscience, destroyed by North Korea's cruelty. In: Washington Post. February 22, 2010, accessed February 25, 2010 .
  27. Tai'ichiro Kajimura: Democracy and National Security in South Korea: The Song You Yol Affair . In: Japan Focus . December 10, 2004. ISSN 1557-4660 . Retrieved November 23, 2012.