Hrozňatov
| Hrozňatov | |||||
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| Basic data | |||||
| State : |
 Czech Republic
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| Region : | Karlovarský kraj | ||||
| District : | Cheb | ||||
| Municipality : | Cheb | ||||
| Area : | 771 ha | ||||
| Geographic location : | 50 ° 1 ' N , 12 ° 23' E | ||||
| Residents : | 169 (March 1, 2001) | ||||
| Postal code : | 350 02 | ||||
Hrozňatov , until 1946 Kynšperk (German Kinsberg ), is a district of the city of Cheb in the Czech Republic.
geography
Geographical location
The place is about 6.5 km south of the city of Cheb .
Local division
Hrozňatov consists of the locations Nový Hrozňatov ( Neukinsberg ) and Starý Hrozňatov ( Altkinsberg ). The district also forms its own cadastral district under the name Starý Hrozňatov .
history
In 1217 a village "Kiensberg" was first mentioned in a document near the castle Kinsberg am Muglbach in the Egerland . The castle on a steep, rocky hill above the brook and the associated manor were at that time a fiefdom of the imperial castle of the Staufers in Eger ( Cheb ) to the imperial knight Heinrich von Künsberg . The oldest family names of the place are contained in the claw tax books and pattern lists of the city of Eger. They are in the Cheb State Regional Archives for the period from 1392 and 1395 to 1631. The residents of the town of Kinsberg were subordinate to the town of Eger, who had to pay taxes and duties. The fate of the town of Kinsberg developed in connection with the respective owners of the castle, the later Altkinsberg Castle, the atrocities during the war and the decisions of higher rulers. Since 1782, after the creation of the village of Neukinsberg, the place name Altkinsberg was created. With the establishment of Czechoslovakia in 1918, the place name in the Czech translation was Starý Kynšperk. After 1946 it was renamed Starý Hrozňatov, whose namesake was the Blessed Hroznata of Ovenec .
The castle Kinsberg am Muglbach is one of the possible places of death of the Bohemian Count Hroznata von Ovenec , who died of starvation in 1247. Hroznata was the founder of the Teplá Monastery and the Chotěšov Monastery in western Bohemia and was beatified by the Vatican in Rome in 1887 . After 1260 there was a frequent change of fiefdoms in the imperial city of Eger at Castle Kinsberg on the border of the northern Gau . The place name of the associated village with the farmers who were subordinate to 1848 showed only minor changes in the spelling over the centuries: 1217 “Kiensberg”, 1223 “Kinsperck”, 1228 “Kinsberc”, 1257 “Kinsberg”, 1261 “Kynsberch”, 1310 “Chiensperg” ", 1353" Kinsperch ", 1535" Kinßberg ", 1569" Kiensperg ", from 1782 to 1946" Altkinsberg ".
Whether the Imperial Knights of Künsberg took their name of origin from Kiensberg Castle on Muglbach, the former Kynsperg Castle in what would later become Königsberg on the Eger or the former childhood castle near Creußen , is interpreted differently according to the sources available. The place name Kiensberg am Muglbach indicates literally a mountain with resinous softwood. The Old High German name chien or kien for resin-rich trees has also been preserved in the name Kienspan, a light-giving wooden torch in ancient times.
In 1322 the castle and the village of Kinsberg with a large part of the Egerland were pledged to Bohemia and gradually incorporated into western Bohemia . In 1362 Kinsperg Castle was owned by Trost Winkler, then Bohuslaw von Hertenberg , followed by Heinzig Pflugk von Rabenstein. After 1401 it was a fiefdom of the Knights of Frankengrün, the Lords of Thein and the Lords of Schönfeld .
As a result of the Augsburg Imperial and Religious Peace , Kinsberg, like the city of Eger and the towns in the Egerland, was Evangelical-Lutheran in three generations from 1555 to 1624. There is evidence of a village school in 1557. The last Protestant pastor in Kinsberg, Jakob Wilhelm, and his wife Elisabeth were expelled because of their beliefs around 1631 during the recatholicization in Bohemia.
Thirty Years' War
In the years 1628 to 1635 and the re-Catholicization in Bohemia, the order of the Jesuits was resident in the Pachelbelhaus (Cheb) on the market square of the city of Eger, took over the house of the Teutonic Order and began its missionary work. In 1631 the members of the order were expelled from Eger for a short time when Saxon troops stormed the city of Eger and the evacuated Evangelical Lutheran Mayor Wolf Adam Pachelbel von Gehag (1599–1649) and some confidants returned. After six months, the Imperial Austrian General Sergeant Heinrich von Holk recaptured the city with a mercenary army . In 1631, Swedish troops looted the castle and the town of Kinsberg and set the buildings on fire.
After 1631, members of the order of the Jesuits in Eger received the burned down Kinsberg Castle, its extensive property, the castle church and the devastated mountain church with the adjoining cemetery for administration and they had the income of the heirloom and compulsory places of the Kinsberg rule. On the castle hill, construction of today's Altkinsberg Castle began on the burned down residential part of the castle. The castle's “black tower”, built of blue-black slate, survived the pillage unscathed. In 1648, Kinsberg and the Bergkirche were again looted and burned down by Swedish troops. Cholera broke out in the surviving population in dire need , followed by smallpox and typhus around 1680 . For the water supply the place only had the Muglbach and individual draw wells; the fields lay fallow.
Seven Years War
In the Seven Years' War , Prussian troops attacked Kinsberg in 1758 and extorted 1,500 thalers as replacement for a pillage. After the order of the Jesuits was abolished in 1773 by Emperor Joseph II , part of the property in the Kinsberg domain was sold to interested parties from the area. Kinsberg Castle changed hands several times, and had conversions and renovations carried out. The parish in the mountain church Altkinsberg-Loreto became a locality of the parish church of St. Niklas in Eger. With the tolerance patent of Emperor Joseph II from 1781, Evangelical Lutheran and other religious members were able to reside in Altkinsberg again. In 1905, Altkinsberg, Altalbenreuth, Boden , Gosel, Neukinsberg, Kleinschöba, Rothmühl, Oberlindau and Unterlindau belonged to the Altkinsberg parish, which has been Roman Catholic since 1663, and whose church records have been preserved since 1787, under the church patronage of the estate . At that time in 1542 Catholic and 51 Evangelical Lutheran believers lived in the parish, for whom the Evangelical parish in Eger was responsible.
Creation of Neukinsberg
In the 18th century, potters from Kinsberg built kilns on the eastern slope of the Loretoberges, not far from the toll and customs station of the city of Eger to Neualbenreuth in Frais, and made pottery. The basis of the settlement were the clay and clay deposits on the river Wondreb. In 1782 the place Neukinsberg was recorded for the first time on a map and the place name Altkinsberg was created. Initially, clay bottles were produced for the dispatch of mineral water in Kondrau and Franzensbad . When the company switched to glass bottles in 1831, the Hart family in Neukinsberg, Germany, produced stoneware pipes, hard-fired bricks, stove tiles, earthen cabbage barrels and drinking bowls. In 1923 Neukinsberg was connected to the electrical power grid. In 1929 a major fire destroyed the factory's drying system. In 1934, production was expanded with acid-proof tubs and well surrounds.
Since 1858 Neukinsberg belonged to the Altkinsberg community, where it was parish and schooled. In 1862 a road was built from Eger via Neukinsberg to Altalbenreuth and extended to Ulrichsgrün from 1923 to 1926. In 1945 Neukinsberg consisted of 32 residential buildings and the Hart clay factory and was in the exclusion zone of the Iron Curtain in Czechoslovakia from 1945 to 1990 . After 1945, the residents were expropriated by the Beneš decrees and mostly came to the Upper Palatinate as expellees . The houses and the clay factory fell into disrepair and have almost completely disappeared.
Goethe in Altkinsberg
In 1823 "the important old tower" in Kinsberg also interested Johann Wolfgang von Goethe , after he was fascinated by the black tower of the Staufer castle in Eger in 1822 . He visited Altkinsberg Castle in the company of Joseph Sebastian Grüner and expressed himself enthusiastically and exuberantly in a diary entry from July 26, 1823 on the journey to Pograth: “The completely preserved round tower, which rests directly on the rock, is one of the most beautiful architectural monuments of this kind that I know, and certainly from the best of Roman times. It may be a hundred feet high and stands as a magnificent Tuscan colossal column, imperceptibly decreasing in the shape of a cone. I am not saying too much, if this tower was in Trier, it would be counted among the most excellent local antiquities; if it were near Rome, one would make a pilgrimage to it. ”Joseph Sebastian Grüner also informed Goethe that it was in the tower the founder of the monastery Tepl Hroznata von Guttenstein- Vrtba was imprisoned and died of starvation there in 1217. This statement by Goethe gave rise to the erroneous view that the tower in Altkinsberg was built in Roman times. Isolated excavations brought no finds before the 12th century.
19th century
After the revolution of 1848 , the Altkinsberg community was released from hereditary servitude and compulsory labor and was again a parish, including the places Neukinsberg, Kleinschöba, Oberlindau, Unterlindau and, after 1857, Altalbenreuth, Boden and Gosel in the former Frais area . In 1853 the landowner Johann Nonner built a new schoolhouse in which children from Neukinsberg and Oberlindau had also attended school since 1874. Most of the residents of Altkinsberg lived from agriculture, cattle breeding, fish farming of carp in the Bergauer ponds, products in home gardens and earned extra income as beekeepers . The cultivation of oats, grain, potatoes and poppies produced good harvests. Poppy seed cake was a popular festival pastry. In the village area of the Muglbach there were four mills that used water power.
At the end of the 19th century an influenza flu brought great deaths for the residents of Altkinsberg as well. When peddlers came into the village with affordable soap, cleaning baths became common and legal vaccination against smallpox was implemented, the population's health improved. A practicing doctor in Altkinsberg has been established as a resident since 1875. The settlement of factories in Neukinsberg and Schloppenhof created new, income-generating jobs.
Time after the First World War
In 1918 Altkinsberg and Neukinsberg came to Czechoslovakia and were given the place names Starý Kynšperk and Nový Kynšperk. The houses were connected to the electricity grid in 1923. School attendance at the grammar school in Eger, the former Latin school, was also possible for the girls in the community.
After the Munich Agreement , the place was added to the German Empire and belonged to the district of Eger until 1945 .
In May 1945 the place came back to Czechoslovakia. The subsequent expropriation and expulsion of the German Bohemians and German Moravians by the Beneš decrees brought the residents of Altkinsberg to Bavaria, Württemberg and Hesse. Before that, numerous families had fled across the nearby border to the Upper Palatinate in the summer of 1945. In 1939 Altkinsberg with the district Neukinsberg had 1,196 inhabitants and in 1947 after the expulsion of the German house and landowners and their families there were 441.
In 1939, the Altalbenreuth, Boden, Gosel, Kleinschöba, Neukinsberg, Ober- and Unterlindau, Pograth and Rothmühl parish belonged to the Altkinsberg parish, according to church records since 1787, before the parish of Sankt Niklas in Eger was responsible.
Time after World War II
From 1945 to 1990 Hrozňatov was in the restricted area of the border security zone of the Iron Curtain of Czechoslovakia against Bavaria . The household effects in the abandoned houses were looted, the houses fell into disrepair or were demolished. The castle building, the farm buildings and the castle church below the castle began to fall into disrepair and are now being renovated by new owners. The Black Tower also survived this time and shapes the appearance of the village. From the ruins of a building, according to legend the place of death of Blessed Hroznata of Ovenec , the west wall remained. Parts of the pilgrimage church Maria Loreto on the castle hill were taken away as building materials. The building was almost in ruins until 1991. In the adjacent cemetery of the Starý Hrozňatov parish, flowers and bushes covered the devastated graves.
A support association founded in neighboring Waldsassen in Upper Palatinate began after the border to the Czech Republic opened in 1991 with the construction of the Maria Loreto church in Starý Hrozňatov, reconstructed the pilgrimage route from Muglbach with the half-chapels of the Way of the Cross up to the pilgrimage church and looked for the life-size figures their groups of people. The cemetery was given a decent appearance. Today Maria Loreto has been restored and is a destination for excursions. New settlers have settled and are building an economic existence.
Culture and sights
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- Pilgrimage Church of Maria Loreto
- In 1657 the Jesuits began to rebuild the two churches in Kinsberg, the castle church and the mountain church, the former Evangelical-Lutheran parish church on the heights of the castle hill. The pilgrimage church of Maria Loreto was built on the ruins, and since 1663 it has also been the parish church of the now Roman Catholic village. An eight-sided building with a main tower, four corner towers and a cloister was built with the planning and supervision of Jesuit Father Johann Dasselmann. The miraculous image, a 90 centimeter high Loreto Madonna made of wood, clad in a coat made of copper with silver coins cast on it, was a gift from Countess Barbara Eusebia Vrtba, born Martinic, in memory of Count Hroznata von Ovenec , ancestor of the Vrtba.
- In a Jerusalem complex with 29 stations from the life of Jesus Christ, the path led from the Muglbach , which was called Bach Cedron, up to the pilgrimage church of Maria Loreto. In April 1699 Prince Georg Albrecht von Brandenburg-Kulmbach (1666–1703) entered into a morganatic marriage with Regine Magdalena Lutz, who later became Baroness von Kotzau, in front of the altar . Two large inns were built in Kinsberg, the affluence of the peasants increased due to the supplies for the pilgrims and the place began to recover from the horrors of the Thirty Years War. The place of pilgrimage had around 2000 visitors annually until 1918, including 25 processions.
literature
- Egerer Landtag e. V. (Ed.): Altkinsberg. In: Eger home district. History of a German landscape in documentaries and memories . Amberg in der Oberpfalz 1981. pp. 300–302 with an overview map of the place Altkinsberg from 1945 in the appendix to the book and the house and farm owners in 1945 in the text; Neukinsberg with an overview map of the place from 1945 and the house owners at the time, pages 403 and 405. Both places contain the names of those who fell in World War I and World War II.
- Rudolf Sitka: The places of grace of the Sudetenland . Heimatverlag M. Renner, Kempten im Allgäu 1954. Kinsberg (vulgo: Loretto) p. 56.
- Lorenz Schreiner , Egerer Landtag e. V. (Ed.): Altskinsberg and Neukinsberg. In: Monuments in the Egerland. Documentation of a German cultural landscape between Bavaria and Bohemia . Amberg in der Oberpfalz 2004. Pages 571 and 572, with an illustration on pp. 573-577.
Web links
Individual evidence
- ^ Friedrich Kluge : Etymological Dictionary of the German Language, 19th edition, Berlin 1963, p. 367
- ↑ Brusch lineage from Eger in Bohemia, formerly Peisser from Ingolstadt in Bavaria, German Gender Book Volume 207, Limburg an der Lahn 1998, p. 49.
- ↑ Johannes Urzidil : Goethe in Böhmen, Berlin, Darmstadt, Vienna 1962, p. 128.