Františkovy Lázně

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Františkovy Lázně
Coat of arms of Františkovy Lázně
Františkovy Lázně (Czech Republic)
Paris plan pointer b jms.svg
Basic data
State : Czech RepublicCzech Republic Czech Republic
Historical part of the country : Bohemia
Region : Karlovarský kraj
District : Cheb
Area : 2576.164 ha
Geographic location : 50 ° 7 '  N , 12 ° 21'  E Coordinates: 50 ° 7 '13 "  N , 12 ° 21' 6"  E
Height: 442  m nm
Residents : 5,514 (Jan 1, 2019)
Postal code : 351 01
License plate : K (old CH)
traffic
Street: Cheb - Bad Brambach
Railway connection: Plauen (Vogtl) ob Bf – Cheb
Františkovy Lázně – Aš
Tršnice – Františkovy Lázně
Next international airport : Karlovy Vary Airport
structure
Status: city
Districts: 8th
administration
Mayor : Jan Kuchař (as of 2018)
Address: Nádražní 208/5
351 01 Františkovy Lázně
Municipality number: 554529
Website : www.mufrlazne.cz
Location of Františkovy Lázně in the Cheb district
map

Františkovy Lázně (German Franzensbad ) is a town in the West Bohemian spa triangle . It is located five kilometers north of Eger (Cheb) in the Karlovy Vary region and is known as a health resort . The historic city center was declared an urban monument protection area in 1992 .

location

Františkovy Lázně is located east of the forest area Luženský les (Kammerwald) on Slatinný potok in the Eger basin . To the south rises the Komorní hůrka (Kammerbühl, 503 m), an extinct volcano and a natural monument in the Czech Republic.

City structure

The town of Františkovy Lázně consists of the districts Aleje-Zátiší , Dlouhé Mosty (Langenbruck), Dolní Lomany (Unterlohma) Františkovy Lázně (Franzensbad), Horni Lomany (Oberlohma) Krapice (Kropitz) Slatina (Schlada) and Žírovice ( Sirmitz ) . Basic settlement units are Aleje-Zátiší, Dlouhé Mosty, Dvoreček (Höflasgut), Františkovy Lázně, Horní Lomany, Krapice, Seníky (Hoihäuser), Slatina and Žírovice . The municipality is divided into the cadastral districts of Dlouhé Mosty, Františkovy Lázně, Horní Lomany, Jedličná , Krapice, Slatina u Františkových Lázní and Žírovice .

Neighboring places

Poustka (Oed) Vojtanov (Voitersreuth) Skalná (Wildstein)
Libá (Liebenstein) Neighboring communities Třebeň (Trebendorf)
Cheb (Eger)

climate

Average monthly temperatures for Cheb / Františkovy Lázně
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Max. Temperature ( ° C ) 0 1 7th 13 20th 22nd 24 22nd 19th 13 6th 3 O 12.6
Min. Temperature (° C) -5 -5 -2 3 10 12 15th 14th 10 5 1 -2 O 4.7
Hours of sunshine ( h / d ) 2 4th 5 6th 8th 8th 9 8th 6th 4th 2 1 O 5.3
Rainy days ( d ) 13 12 12 13 13 13 13 13 10 13 12 13 Σ 150
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p
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a
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0
-5
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13
3
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10
22nd
12
24
15th
22nd
14th
19th
10
13
5
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1
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-2
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
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  Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

history

Casino on Kurallee ⊙
Colonnade around 1850
Memorial plaque commemorating Ludwig van Beethoven's stay in 1812
Kurallee with numerous buildings from the turn of the century
Aerial photo of Franzensbad from the 1930s

The spa was created in 1793 with the support of Emperor Franz II . The re-establishment was named Kaiser-Franzensdorf in his honor, which was later changed to Kaiser-Franzensbad and then to Franzensbad. One of the most important healing springs was named Franzensquelle.

Reports of the healing power of the springs in and near the places Trebendorf, Rohr, Triesendorf / Triesenhof, Tirschnitz, Lehenstein and Schlada in the catchment area of ​​the Schladabach in the mineral moor areas near Eger have existed since the end of the 14th century. The doctor and mineralogist Georgius Agricola knew the healing properties of the springs. The humanist Kaspar Brusch mentioned them in his description of the city of Eger. At that time, the headwaters near Schlada belonged to the city of Eger, seven kilometers away, and was therefore called Egerwasser or Egerer Sauerbrunn . The healing water was initially used by the people of Eger and later also by spa guests there as a medicinal and luxury product . Eger women drew it at the source and carried it into town, where they sold it.

Eger water was also sent in clay bottles at least since the first quarter of the 17th century. It was the first shipping medicinal water in Bohemia. Around 1700, the importance of the Eger water, also known as Schletterer Sauerbrunn, after the place Schlada, is said to have surpassed all other healing springs in the Holy Roman Empire.

Around 1705, an inn with bathrooms for iron mineral water baths was built at the healing spring, which has been called Franzensquelle since 1793. It existed until 1808, was a popular excursion destination for the people of Eger for 100 years and was accessible via paths and footbridges through the moorland in the area. In 1791, the well doctor Bernhard Adler , who came from Eger, had a wooden pavilion built to protect the spring and the water channeled into a separate basin. This measure made the water women from Eger fear for their income; armed with pans, wooden spoons and poker , they tore down the pavilion. This "Egerer Weibersturm" went down in the history of the city of Eger ( Cheb ). After Bernhard Adler had received help in this dispute from the Inner Council of the City of Eger, under his direction and the benevolent support of the Oberstburggrave in Prague Heinrich Franz von Rottenhan , as well as with the imperial approval of Leopold II, the Franzensbad spa town became a respectable spa town develop.

Facade of the spa hotel "Tři lilie" (Three Lilies) in Františkovy Lázně (Franzensbad)
The spa hotel "Tři lilie" (Three Lilies) is the oldest hotel in Františkovy Lázně (Franzensbad). It was reopened in 1995 and is run as a 4-star boutique hotel.

The first spa hotel in the spa triangle was opened in agreement with Bernhard Adler by Anton Loimann as the Hotel "Drei Lilien" in 1793 in Franzensbad. As a place for those seeking healing, it found Europe-wide attention in the 19th century among spa guests of the nobility, who sought treatment by the Franzensbader fountain doctors, among them Lorenz Köstler von Stromberg and Andreas Buberl .

In 1827 the lawyer Christoph Loimann († 1861), administrator of the burgrave office in Eger, first mayor of the city of Eger in 1852 and father of Franzensbad spa doctor Gustav Loimann (1853-1902), built the first generally accessible bathing building for the poorer population with 30 bathrooms . Franzensbad, formerly a colony belonging to the city of Eger, became an independent municipality through the municipal law of 1849. After Franzensbad became independent from the city of Eger in 1862, it was granted city rights in 1865 and adopted the old town seal as the city's coat of arms. In 1872 Gustav Loimann and Thaddaeus Karl Schack were elected mayor. Most of the springs - they are all cold - were tapped during the 19th century. Of the twenty known springs, twelve are still used for spa operations. In 1937 the Balneological Institute in Franzensbad published an analysis of the Franzensbad mineral springs with regard to their use for drinking cures or for bath preparation.

Franzensbad was one of the first mud baths in Europe and developed into a women's spa , on which the writer Marie von Ebner-Eschenbach anonymously wrote her first literary work, the letter satire Aus Franzensbad, after a stay at a spa . Wrote six epistles that appeared in Vienna in 1858.

Meyers Konversationslexikon wrote about Franzensbad in 1898: “The place mostly has stately houses, a Catholic and an Protestant church, a synagogue , a large spa building, a bathing hospital for the poor, pretty parks that help the lack of natural beauty in the area, covered changing halls, etc. . (…) The number of inhabitants is (1880) 2008. (…) F. owns nine mineral springs, one carbonic acid gas spring and a rich store of iron mineral moor in terms of medicinal products. The Franzensbader water are alkaline Glauber's salt acid (...) ”.

Franzensbad had a wealthy Jewish community. For members and spa guests of their faith, she had a synagogue built in Neo-Byzantine style with two towers and domes at the lower end of the main street at property number 166. On November 10, 1938, following the entry into force of the Munich Agreement of September 30, 1938 and the occupation of the Sudeten areas by German troops, the synagogue in Franzensbad was burned down by members of the National Socialist party and then demolished. The Jewish residents of the city of Franzensbad either escaped or perished. There is a report from this period in the Egerer Zeitung of September 22, 1938.

After the First World War , Franzensbad was added to the newly created Czechoslovakia in 1919 . The war and its end in 1918 with the difficulties under international law with the establishment of Czechoslovakia , the inflation of the monetary currencies that followed in 1923, the world economic crisis after 1928 with its mass unemployment also had a negative effect on Franzensbad. His fame was starting to fade.

Due to the Munich Agreement , the German-speaking region was annexed to the German Reich in 1938 , and Franzensbad belonged to the district of Eger , administrative district of Eger , in the Reichsgau Sudetenland until 1945 . At the end of the Second World War in 1945, the spa business almost came to a standstill. The influx of wealthy spa guests failed to materialize. With reference to the Beneš decrees , a large part of the German-Bohemian house and property owners were expropriated and expelled , and the spa facilities were nationalized. Most of the expellees came to Bavaria and Thuringia. On December 1, 1930 the city had 2,473 inhabitants (74 of them Czechs), on May 17, 1939 there were 3784 and on May 22, 1947 2282. After the end of communist rule in Prague, a reprivatisation of the property that was nationalized in 1945 began in 1989 led to the establishment of Bad Franzensbad AG. Since then, the spa has been vigorously attracting foreign spa guests and tourists.

Population development

Until 1945 Franzensbad was predominantly populated by German Bohemia.

Population development until 1945
year Residents Remarks
1846 0445 in 49 houses
1862 about 600
1880 2008
1900 2325 German residents
1930 2473 including 484 Czechs
1939 3784
Population since the end of the Second World War
year 1947 1 1970 1980 1991 2001 2003
Residents 2282 4849 5192 5184 5261 5355
1 on May 22nd

City arms

The coat of arms of Františkovy Lázně shows in the right half a wavy river (wavy bar), which receives several radial source rivers (rays) from the top right. In the upper left half it shows a black eagle in honor of the founder of the health resort Franzensbad Bernhard Adler, who holds the Aesculapian staff as a symbol of the healing arts. In the lower half there is a red rooster in recognition of Heinrich Franz von Rottenhan for his benevolent contribution to the establishment of the health resort.

Town twinning

Culture and sights

Spa facilities

Franzensquelle
Statue of Franzel or Franzl (František) in the spa facilities. It is considered a symbol of the health resort. The original statue from 1923 is in the Municipal Museum.
Pump room of the Glauberbrunnen

The cityscape is characterized by an ensemble of buildings from the 19th century, most of which are kept in Schönbrunn yellow and stucco white , as well as extensive parks. The predominant style epochs are classicism , the empire style associated with it and the Belle Époque .

The spa district begins in the northern area of ​​the city park at the Stanislaus spring, where there is a monument in honor of the inventor of the Esperanto language, Ludwik Lejzer Zamenhof . To the east of this, the boulevard Kollárova with the bathing houses Mozart , Beethoven and Esplanade closes the city park.

The other historical spa facilities in Franzensbad extend to the west and south-east of the Náměsti Míru square with a monumental fountain from 1962, a music pavilion and the new colonnade with shops that replaced a previous building from 1912. The Franzensbad mineral springs and bathhouses are spread over an extensive park with centuries-old trees.

To the west are the Lázně bathhouse, built in 1840, and the pavilion (1827) named after the daughter of Franz II, Marie-Louise of Austria , Louisenquelle, which contains the second oldest spring in Franzensbad, discovered in 1806. Next to it is the cold spring , which was discovered in 1817 and added to the Louisen spring.

The heart of the spa district is the oldest source of the bath, the Franzensquelle, covered by a pavilion with Doric columns (1793). Somewhat south of it are the Glauber's salt springs 3 and 4 (11.5 ° C, discovered in 1921, at a depth of 52.9 and 92.6 m respectively), the Neue Kirchenquelle (14 ° C, discovered in 1999, at a depth of 63 m ) and the Neue Quelle (discovered in 1849, at a depth of 40 m). The symbolic figure of the bath was the statuette of "Franzl" ("František") with a fish on a ball, created in 1923 by the master potter Karl Mayerl, father of the sculptor Adolf Mayerl , which is considered a symbol of fertility. Tradition has it that women who want to have children and touch the “best piece” of the sculpture should become pregnant within a year. The original statue, which has been replaced by a copy, is kept in the Municipal Museum.

At the east end of the Isabellenpromenade, lined with classicist villas, are the salty spring and the meadow spring , also known as Adler's spring according to the doctor Dr. Bernhard Adler, who is remembered by a memorial in front of the meadow spring. A bath house from 1880 surrounds the Nátalie , Hercules and Stěpánka springs . The so-called Imperial Bath, named in 1864 after the most prominent visitor to the spa, Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria-Hungary , was built on the initiative of the doctor Paul Cartellieri , the two new springs, Zelezitý and the Cartellieris named after him, on the site of today's spa park let me grasp. On the southern edge of the park there is an observation tower from 1906 in the form of an artificial castle ruin, the Salingburg , from which one can overlook the spa facilities. At the eastern end of the park there is a monument to Johann Wolfgang von Goethe , who often visits the city's spa, and the city theater. The America recreational area , named after a pond with this name, in a light wooded area southwest of the resort and spa center with an amphitheater, sports facilities and other sources (Glauber 1 + 2, Sonnenquelle) offers excursion restaurants, campsites, bathing areas and a zoo. Some of the ponds in this forest area are part of a nature reserve with breeding grounds for water birds and are used for fish farming.

Theaters and museums

Božena Němcová Theater
  • Divadlo Boženy Němcové (Božena Němcová Theater, former City Theater) ⊙
  • Car museum in the former foyer of the salt and meadow spring (Kolonáda Solného a Lučního pramene)
  • Auto-moto muzeum, Klostermannová
  • Fatamorgana (Muzeum Iluzi) ⊙
  • Butterfly house (Motýlí dům) with the world's largest butterfly species Atlacus Atlas ⊙

Buildings

Exaltation of the Cross Church
  • The Ruská , one of Franzensbad's boulevards, is lined with classicist houses. These include the Savay-Labe and Květen bathhouses .
  • The grand avenue Narodní is lined with linden trees and street cafes. It leads from Peace Square to the Ruská .
  • The first house on the Narodní is the community house (Společenský dům). The noble neo-renaissance building was the answer to the growing demands of the spa guests.

Green spaces and recreation

  • Parks and gardens around the historic city center
  • Lesopark America with mini zoo ⊙

Sports

The Aquaforum adventure pool was completed in 2006 and was awarded the title of Construction of the Year 2006 in the Karlovy Vary region . In 2007 the Aquapark received its own stop on the Plauen – Cheb railway line . Hiking and cycling trails lead into the area.

Regular events

Every year in May, the official opening of the course season takes place on a Saturday. The traditional city festival begins at 7:30 a.m. with the march of the majorettes and the brass band through the city. It includes the consecration of the springs, the fair, performances by several music, dance and artist groups and the parade in historical costumes. A final fireworks display will take place around 10:00 p.m. The two-day Franzensbader Sommer festival took place for the first time in June 2017 . Folk and modern music is played, performed by Czech and German choirs, singers and bands. The Saturday afternoon is specially designed for children.

Surroundings

6 km northeast of the spa is the Soos nature reserve over a length of 2200 m and around 1400 m width . It is a peat and mineral meadow moor with escaping gas from mofettes . 10 km northwest, next to the road to Aš, there is the natural monument Goethova skalka ( Goethe rock, 670 m) with picturesque quartz rocks.

The medieval Seeberg Castle is located 6 km northwest in Ostroh (Poustka) . (Hrad Seeberg)

sons and daughters of the town

Honorary citizen of Franzensbad

Famous spa guests

See also

literature

  • Franzensbad . In: Eger home district. History of a German landscape in documentation and memories . Publisher: Egerer Landtag eV home association for Eger town and country in Amberg in the Upper Palatinate; Pages 334 to 341 with a map of Franzensbad and the source analysis from 1937 in the appendix, Amberg 1981.
  • Franzensbad (encyclopedia entry). In: Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon . 6th edition, Volume 7, Leipzig and Vienna 1907, p. 1 .
  • Franzensbad / Františkovy Lázně. In: Monuments in the Egerland. Documentation of a German cultural landscape between Bavaria and Bohemia . With the participation of the State Archives in Cheb / Eger under Jaromír Boháč, as well as Viktor Baumgarten, Roland Fischer, Erich Hammer, Ehrenfried John and Heribert Sturm . Editor: Lorenz Schreiner , pages 596 to 607, Amberg in der Oberpfalz 2004.
  • Jaromír Boháč, Stanislav Burachovič: The spa triangle in the Egerland. A guide through cities, culture and landscape . Buch- und Kunstverlag Oberpfalz, Amberg 1991, ISBN 3-924350-19-1 .
  • Michael Bussmann, Gabriele Tröger: West Bohemia and the spa triangle. Karlsbad Marienbad Franzensbad . 2nd Edition. Müller, Erlangen 2005, ISBN 3-89953-212-0 .
  • Gregor Gatscher-Riedl : kuk longing places Karlsbad - Franzensbad - Marienbad. Bubbling elegance in the bath triangle. Kral-Verlag, Berndorf 2018, ISBN 978-3-99024-765-5
  • Anton Gnirs u. a .: The spa town of Franzensbad . In: Eger-Franzensbad (= The Sudeten German self-governing bodies , Volume 10). Deutscher Kommunal-Verlag, Berlin-Friedenau 1931.
  • Alois John (arrangement): Festschrift for the 60th anniversary of the Franzensbader Stadttheater , 1928. Digitized ( DjVu format).
  • Stanislav Meyer's Large Conversational Lexicon . 6th edition, Volume 2, Leipzig and Vienna 1905, p. 1. Macek, David Kurz (photos): Franzensbad, step by step: a walk through the city (translated by Hana Haberzettlová), Promenáda, Karlovy Vary 1997, ISBN 80 -86092-17-8 .
  • Stanislav Macek: Františkovy Lázně. Bathing in the past and in the present . Městské Muzeum, Františkovy Lázně 1998, OCLC 163157060 .
  • Editor “Prague Guide” (ed.): Karlsbad - Marienbad - Franzensbad . 5th edition, Müller, Erlangen 2014, ISBN 978-3-89953-832-8 .
  • Harald Salfellner (Ed.): Franzensbad in Böhmen. History, travel reports and regional articles about the world-famous spa . Vitalis, Mitterfels 2008, ISBN 978-3-89919-118-9 .
  • Kerstin and André Micklitza: Bohemian spa triangle: Around Franzensbad, Karlsbad and Marienbad , Trescher, Berlin 2015, ISBN 978-3-89794-302-5 .

Web links

Commons : Františkovy Lázně  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files
Wikivoyage: Františkovy Lázně  - travel guide

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ uir.cz
  2. ↑ Český statistický úřad - The population of the Czech municipalities as of January 1, 2019 (PDF; 7.4 MiB)
  3. ↑ starosta
  4. ↑ uir.cz
  5. ↑ uir.cz
  6. ↑ uir.cz
  7. ↑ Patrick Schlarb: Medicinal water bottles and their reusable use in the 18th century. In: Austrian magazine for folklore. New series vol. LXVIII, complete series vol. 117, issue 3 + 4, 2014, p. 275.
  8. ^ Johann Werfring: Refreshment from the Vienna Sauerbrunnengewölbe In: Wiener Zeitung. December 3, 2015, supplement “ProgrammPunkte”, p. 7.
  9. ↑ a b Cartellieri: Historical notes on the Franzensbad spa resort near Eger . In: Carlsbad, Marienbad, Franzensbad and their surroundings from the natural and medical-historical point of view . Prague and Carlsbad 1862, pp. 241-251, especially p. 250 .
  10. ↑ a b c d Rudolf Hemmerle : Sudetenland Lexikon Vol. 4, p. 150. Adam Kraft Verlag, 1985. ISBN 3-8083-1163-0 .
  11. ↑ Johann Gottfried Sommer : The Kingdom of Bohemia , Vol. 15: Elbogner Kreis , Prague 1847, pp. 328-330, item 1).
  12. ^ Meyer's Large Conversational Lexicon . 6th edition, Vol. 7, Leipzig and Vienna 1907, p. 1 .
  13. ↑ Czech population statistics
  14. ↑ Aquaforum Františkovy Lázně vyhlášeno Stavbou roku 2006 v Karlovarském kraji