Teplá Abbey
| Klášter Teplá | |||||
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| Basic data | |||||
| State : |
 Czech Republic
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| Region : | Karlovarský kraj | ||||
| District : | Cheb | ||||
| Municipality : | Teplá | ||||
| Area : | 1436.2631 ha | ||||
| Geographic location : | 49 ° 58 ' N , 12 ° 53' E | ||||
| Residents : | 143 (March 1, 2001) | ||||
| Postal code : | 364 61 | ||||
| License plate : | K | ||||
Tepl pin (Czech Premonstrátský Klášter Teplá ) is a Abbey of the Order of Prämonstratenser in the Czech Republic . This was donated in the 13th century by the Count Hroznata von Ovenec after taking a vow as a substitute for participation in a crusade to Jerusalem. It also forms a district of the city of Teplá (Tepl) in western Bohemia .
overview
Due to its location in the settlement area of the West Slavic Chods on the border with the Egerland and the former Nordgau (Bavaria) with the recurring wars and conflicts, the monastery was on a difficult mission for the Roman Catholic Church . It was looted and destroyed several times, but was rebuilt again and again. The Monastery of Tepl and its acting abbots accompanied the German colonization in western Bohemia through the centuries, survived the Reformation before the Thirty Years' War and the monastery belonged to the Evangelical Lutheran area of faith, received support from the Roman Catholic Counter-Reformation and the one that began after 1621 Recatholization in Bohemia with property and social changes. After the two world wars of the 20th century, belonging to the Reichsgau Sudetenland from 1938 to 1945, the subsequent expropriation and expulsion of the Sudeten Germans by the Beneš decrees of Czechoslovakia , it was used as a barracks from 1948 under the rule of the communist government in Prague , from 1978 onwards there was a vacancy with the beginning of decay. In 1990, after the Velvet Revolution , a Premonstratensian monastery was rebuilt with an attached hostel . Since July 1st, 2008, Teplá Abbey has been a national cultural monument of the Czech Republic .
Surroundings
The Teplá Abbey is located on the Teplá in a district of the city of Teplá ( Teplá ) in the Tepler highlands . The expansion of the settlement of Teplá in the vicinity of the west Slavic castle Schwanberg-Krasikov by farmers who were subservient and compulsory labor began in the 12th century. In 1385 Tepl was granted city rights and a regular weekly market was allowed. The town Tepla is situated 40 km south of Carlsbad (Karlovy Vary) and 14 km east of Marienbad (Marianske Lazne), which was developed by the initiative of the monastery as Kurbetrieb.
History of the monastery
Beginnings
According to legend, the Teplá Monastery was founded in 1193 by the Bohemian Count Hroznata von Ovenec as a substitute for the participation in a crusade of Emperor Henry VI. founded in the Middle East in order to bring those of other faiths there to the Christian faith. In March 1188 Hroznata vowed to take part in this crusade, but was in April 1191 by Pope Innocent III. Together with other nobles, he released his vows from participating in the crusade and founded the monasteries Chotieschau and Tepl in the settlement area of the Choden in western Bohemia as a replacement .
In order to settle the monastery Tepl, Gaugraf Hroznata called twelve Premonstratensians of St. Norbert von Xanten from the monastery Strahov near Prague , who moved under the abbot Johann into the monastery Tepl. The Roman Catholic Order of the Premonstratensians came to Strahov from Steinfeld Monastery in the Eifel in 1143 in order to work religiously and culturally there. The order of the Premonstratensians was predestined for its work in West Bohemia to spread the Christian faith, to manage the income from the inherited places and to develop the school system in a practice-oriented way. At that time he was considered to be one of the most progressive religious orders. According to tradition, Hroznata von Ovenec was pragmatic and relevant and probably therefore chose this religious community for the founding of his monasteries. The Premonstratensians became an important factor in the economic and cultural colonization of western Bohemia. A Latin school was already located in the monastery in the Middle Ages . In his efforts it stood in the vicinity of the Waldsassen monastery in Nordgau (Bavaria) and the Sankt Emmeram monastery in Regensburg .
In 1202 Gaugraf Hroznata von Ovenec moved into the monastery after he is said to have entered the Premonstratensian order after the early death of his wife and his son in Rome in 1198 and, as administrator, took care of the income of the monastery property from the sublime localities of the surrounding manor . His life - for which there are different interpretations of the sources - ended when he was either kidnapped by the Hohenberger Knights , with whom he had been in disputes for some time because of unclear ownership issues around the village of Untersandau , or he was involved in a feud with the ministerial family of Imperial knight captured by Künsberg . According to legend, he was imprisoned in the Hrozňatov castle , later the castle in Altkinsberg am Muglbach, and died there around 1200. Attempts were made to extort a ransom for his release, which he is said to have refused in order not to burden the finances of his monastery founding. This is one of the reasons he was beatified as a martyr on September 16, 1897. On the day of his death, July 14th, he is remembered in Teplá Abbey.
In the historical research on the place where the founder of the monastery, Hroznata von Ovenec died, there are assumptions that it was not the castle Kinsberg am Muglbach or the castle in Königsberg an der Eger (Kynsperk nad Ohri), but the castle Hohenberg in the Fichtelgebirge . The will of Count Hroznata von Ovenec is considered to be the oldest document in the former monastery archive of the Teplá Monastery. According to tradition, it was recorded in it that a large part of his ancestral property and the income to be obtained from it should go to the founding of his monastery after his death. The original or copies of the will are no longer preserved.
After the death of Hroznata, the monastery church was consecrated under Abbot John I (until 1233) on June 20, 1232 in the presence of the Bohemian King Wenceslaus I and the Bishop of Prague John II of Dražice and the Teplá monastery developed into an important one Branch of the Order of the Premonstratensians. When around 1380 the epidemic of plague raged in Europe, including the monastery and its Tepl erbuntertänigen cities and towns has been detected and almost completely depopulated. After 1384, the then abbot of the Teplá monastery, Bohus Edler von Otoschitz (1384–1411), German colonists settled in the almost extinct places, granted the towns of Teplá and Enkengrün (Jankovice in Czech, today a district of Teplá) on July 17, 1385 and Lichtenstadt in 1387 the town charter , allowed the holding of weekly markets and relaxed the conditions for the settlement of craft businesses. New German-language delivery and frondienstpflichtige villages -grün with place names ending in shock,, -brand, -bach, and similar -berg emerged alongside the settlements of Chod . After 1945 and the expropriation and expulsion of their German-speaking house and landowners as Sudeten Germans by the Beneš decrees of Czechoslovakia , the places were given Czech-language place names, were taken over by new settlers or are deserted.
Teplá Abbey was under the suzerainty of the Pope in Rome. Abbot Hugo received a bull from Pope Gregor X. in which all possessions, freedoms and rights of the Teplá Monastery were listed and confirmed pro forma. The Latin school of the Teplá Monastery was most likely also attended by Johannes von Tepl , who wrote the first New High German prose poem " Der Ackermann aus Böhmen ".
Rise and Bloom
During the Hussite campaigns, the Teplá monastery was sacked and the nearby town of Tepl partly burned down. Under Abbot Sigismund von Hausmann (1458–1506) there was an economic recovery when silver was found and successfully mined in the region . Under his direction, eleven fish ponds were created, dilapidated parts of the monastery renovated, destroyed and rebuilt and the monastery library expanded.
In the course of the Counter-Reformation, Tepllo Monastery joined the Monastery of Our Dear Women in Magdeburg to counter the teaching of the emerging Evangelical Lutheran Church . The monastery developed under the abbots Johannes Kurz (1535–1585), Mathias Göbl (1585–1596) and Andreas Ebersbach (1596–1629) into a religious center of the Counter-Reformation , as the canons of the monastery occupied numerous parishes in western Bohemia. After the lintel in Prague , Chancellor Wilhelm Slavata and Archbishop Johannes Lohelius were temporarily admitted to the monastery on their flight to Bavaria .
Teplá Monastery was plundered several times in the 16th and 17th centuries, especially during the Thirty Years War (1618–1648). Evangelical-Lutheran troops of the last Evangelical King of Bohemia Frederick V plundered the Roman Catholic monastery for seventeen days; In 1641 and 1648, at the end of the war, Swedish Protestant troops attacked the monastery and devastated it. After the war, during the re-Catholicization in West Bohemia , on April 19, 1659, first the monastery and then in 1677 the convent buildings burned down almost to the foundation walls, probably through arson or negligence. They were poorly repaired. The traces of the flames are said to be visible on the southern outer walls of the monastery church to this day. Until the beginning of the 18th century, the existence of the Teplá Monastery was consolidated again.
The existing buildings of the monastery complex in Teplá were renovated and expanded under Abbot Raimund Wilfert (1688–1724), the interior of the collegiate church was redesigned, the convent building and the prelature by Christoph Dientzenhofer were renewed in the Baroque style. The frescoes are partly by Christoph Maurus Fuchs . The Meierhof "Hammerhof" created by Abbot Wilfert subsequently served as accommodation for the first spa guests of the Marienbad spa springs. Abbot Wilfert received the title of Imperial and Royal Councilor for his services.
In the years 1690 to 1724 the Teplá Monastery had an important time in scientific and pastoral care. Since the 16th century there was a philosophical and theological educational institute with an attached seminary for the training of religious priests in the monastery of Tepl. Among the students was Raimund Johann Wilfert (* Tepl 1671, + Prague 1741), canon of the Strahov monastery and city dean in Saaz in Bohemia. The building of the former monastery school, one of the few Latin schools in western Bohemia, has been preserved in the nearby village of Haber-Kladrau to this day.
The Silesian Wars brought hardship and devastation to the monastery. Abbot Hieronymus Ambrosius (1741–1767) succeeded in making agriculture profitable in the subordinate villages and in stabilizing the economic situation. Teplá Monastery developed into a center of art, science and culture in the region. The library was enlarged, a collection of minerals and a physical cabinet created.
At the end of the 18th century, the order of the Premonstratensian monastery under Abbot Christoph von Trauttmansdorff sought a renewal in the Roman Catholic sense as a reaction to the reform movement of Josefinism , which allowed Evangelical Lutheran Christians and other religious communities to reside in Western Bohemia. The monastery founded the first four-class school for village children, built social facilities, hospitals, poor houses and abolished the serfdom of the hereditary peasants and their obligation to labor before the revolutionary year 1848 with the subsequent liberation of the peasants from hereditary servitude .
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Abbot Chrysostomus Laurentius Pfrogner (1751–1812), who was previously rector and professor of church history at Charles University in Prague , made the monastery a foster home for science. In 1804 the Teplá Monastery took over the grammar school in Pilsen and filled it with teachers from its own religious house. In 1807 Pfrogner had a first permanent bathhouse with eight rooms built at Marienbrunnen in the moor near Tepl. Under Abbot Pfrogner's successor, Karl Prokop Reitberger , abbot of the monastery from 1812 to 1826, the expansion to the spa town of Marienbad took place against the resistance of parts of the local population. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe was a spa guest in Marienbad on several occasions between 1820 and 1823 and from there visited the Teplá Monastery, whose cultural significance he gave appreciative reports in his diaries and in communications to the Grand Duke of Weimar. During his stay in Marienbad, Goethe was inspired to write his Marienbad elegy and later, like Joseph Sebastian Grüner from Eger, left his rock and mineral collection to the monastery museum, which also received scientific instruments from the astronomer Alois Martin David .
In 1879 the city of Marienbad erected a monument to Karl Prokop Reitberger on the Kreuzbrunnen promenade.
Under Abbot Ambros Alfred Clementso , the infirmary and stables were built in 1888 , the mill and brewery were rebuilt, and a post and telegraph office was installed in the monastery. The railway line Marienbad – Karlsbad connected the monastery to the public rail network.
20th century, National Socialism and Communism
After the fall of the Habsburg Monarchy in 1918 and the establishment of Czechoslovakia , the Teplá Monastery was deprived of the management of the high school in Pilsen, the educational establishment was nationalized and girls were given access to this higher education. In the course of the state land reform, Teplá Abbey lost part of its property, the inflation of the monetary currency in 1923 and mass unemployment in 1929 and 1930 forced the sale of property. In 1921 the spa facilities belonging to the monastery in Marienbad were placed under state administration. During this time, the abbot of the Teplá Monastery acquired the Speinshart Monastery in Upper Palatinate, which was closed in 1803, for the order.
At the beginning of the 20th century , the current library wing, the museum and the park were built in the monastery area under Gilbert Helmer , abbot of the monastery from 1900 to 1944. After the Munich Agreement in 1938 and the affiliation to the then German Empire with the subsequent Second World War (1939–1945), the monastery was largely spared from destruction of the building fabric, members of the order were drafted into the German armed forces for military service. The canon Heřman Josef Tyl , who later became the prior and abbot of the Teplá Monastery, was arrested in 1943, deported to the Auschwitz concentration camp and until May 1945 to the Buchenwald concentration camp , and the convent was severely hampered in the exercise of its obligations. The National Socialist regime forced the monastery to sell the Marienbad springs, the associated spas and lodging houses to private owners.
After the end of the Second World War, the Teplá Monastery was occupied on September 3, 1945, first by American troops and then by Soviet troops, and the inmates were placed under house arrest by the government of the re-established Czechoslovakia . Abbot Karl Petrus Möhler and the prior Hieronymus Walter came to a collection camp for Sudeten Germans , presumably to Tachov , where Abbot Möhler remained imprisoned until 1948 and then was able to leave for Schönau Monastery . The German conventuals were expelled to Bavaria in 1946 in the course of the expulsion of the German Bohemia on the basis of the Beneš decrees . The German fathers working in the monastery-owned parishes were expropriated with the German-speaking parishioners and mostly went to the Upper Palatinate as expellees . The Czech-speaking canons remained in the monastery. Herman Josef Tyl, who was liberated from Buchenwald in 1945, made sure in 1946 that members of the order were released from Czech assembly camps and were able to travel to West Germany. At first he prevented the confiscation of the monastery as state property, took part in the occupation of the places abandoned by the expulsions by new settlers and founded new Czech-speaking, Roman-Catholic religious communities, but was interned in a compulsory camp of the communist government in Prague after 1948. Some of the members of the order of German origin were initially housed in the Speinshart Monastery in Upper Palatinate, then in a new building in Villingen and were relocated to the "Stift Tepl" in the Obermedlingen Monastery in Medlingen on December 19, 1987 . On November 22, 2007, the headquarters of the Tepl-Obermedlingen Monastery was relocated to Mananthavady, a newly founded order of the Premonstratensian Order in India .
After 1945, the Teplá Abbey was initially under the administration of the Strahov Monastery. After 1948 the communist government in Prague began a systematic liquidation of the Catholic Church. The monasteries in Czechoslovakia were expropriated and the churches closed. After 1950, the Teplá Monastery had to give up the twenty-five incorporated and six other parishes previously pastorated by world priests.
On the night of April 13-14, 1950, troops of the Czechoslovak People's Militia and the State Security Service occupied the Teplá Monastery under the protection of the Russian-Soviet occupation forces, interned the members of the order, looted the buildings and surrendered the monastery to the Czechoslovak Army , which held it until 1978 took possession of as barracks on the border of the Iron Curtain with Bavaria. As a public property, the library became a public district library. After 1978 the monastery complex was empty and deteriorated increasingly.
In 1988, the surviving and secretly entered canons of the Premonstratensian Heřman elected Josef Tyl as the new abbot of the Teplá monastery. After the political change in 1990, Teplá Abbey became an independent canon in Czechoslovakia . By administrative decree of July 19, 1990, the Teplá monastery with the 14 hectare park again came into the possession of the Premonstratensian Order and since January 1, 1991 the order was a legally guaranteed administrator. The buildings were in a state of disrepair, but the basic structure of the church, the library, the convent and the prelature building were largely preserved. Thanks to donations, parts of the system could be repaired. The canons initially lived in the parish in Marienbad. Since October 28, 1991, religious life began with a small community in the Teplá Monastery. In total, the renovation is said to have cost $ 15 million.
On July 17, 1993, the relics of Blessed Hroznata of Ovenec were solemnly transferred from the deanery church of St. Aegidius in Teplá to the northern chapel of the abbey church in the presence of the Prague Archbishop Miloslav Vlk and the Apostolic Nuncio Archbishop Giovanni Coppa , and the monastery hostel was consecrated -anniversary celebrated. The formerly belonging, expropriated lands and other property of the monastery have new owners and were not returned by the government of the Czech Republic . In 1991 the district Teplá with the monastery Teplá had 124 inhabitants, in 2001 this district Klášter consisted of 39 houses in which 143 people lived.
21st century
On October 8, 2011, Filip Zdeněk Lobkowicz from the noble family of Lobkowitz was re-elected an abbot of the Teplá Monastery after 18 years of administration by an administrator.
Buildings and special features
The extensive complex of the monastery has buildings worth seeing. The monastery church, the library and the monastery hostel, which was inaugurated in 1993, deserve special mention. The standing clock is a special feature .
Monastery Church of the Annunciation
The heart of the abbey is the monastery church of the Annunciation . The church is a late Romanesque hall church , but its stylistic design already shows transitions to the early Gothic . It is divided into a long nave and a transept in the form of a Latin cross . The church is 65.25 m long, 16 m wide and 15.6 m high. The originally Romanesque choir closure and the Romanesque windows were later Gothicized.
In the middle of the church is the cross altar whose marble work was created in 1750 at the time of the Baroque by the Prague stonemason Josef Lautermann. The gilded crucifix was made by the Prague sculptor Ignaz Franz Platzer . In the choir are the four Latin church fathers above the choir stalls, also by Ignatz Platzer, as well as the angel figures and the statues of saints on the pillars in the rear of the church. The sculptural design of the high altar comes from both artists, the altarpiece with the Annunciation was created by the Rhineland fresco painter Peter Johann Molitor (1702–1756). The sculptor Karl Stilp designed the floor. 1754–1756 two organs, a small and a large one by Anton Gartner from neighboring Tachau , were created for the church.
Until 1898 the grave of the monastery founder Hroznata von Ovenec was in a stone sarcophagus in front of the high altar. After the beatification, his relics were kept in a shrine on today's Hroznata altar in the apse of the left aisle. This altar is made of white marble. A relief designed by the Munich sculptor Georg Busch depicts the sacrifice of Melchizedech . Above the altar, the vault shows the glory of the blessed Hroznata, and to the right of the altar a painting shows him as a knight with the monasteries Tepl and Chotieschau he founded . The picture is by Elias Dollhopf , as are the frescoes in the transept, which show scenes from the life of the monastery founder.
Monastery church
Tower facade of the monastery church
Main nave of the monastery church
Library
The monastery library was set up shortly after the foundation of the monastery and was initially located in the monastery itself, without its own wing. It was expanded to 700 volumes by Abbot Hausmann at the end of the 15th century. Of the medieval manuscripts, only five were written in Bohemia, the majority come from Bavarian and other scriptoria .
In the 18th and 19th centuries the library was expanded to include literature from almost all areas of knowledge in the most important European languages. The current wing was built in the neo-baroque style between 1902 and 1905 under Abbot Gilbert Helmer according to plans by the architect Josef Schaffer (1862–1934), for 40 years the building director in Marienbad and in the Teplá Monastery . The state hall is 24.4 m long, 12 m wide and 15.5 m high. The ceiling frescoes were designed by Karl Krattner (1862–1926), painter, writer and professor at the Academy of Fine Arts in Prague, and represent the quarreling and triumphant church in the middle. The four apostles and the four are in the four side panels Latin church fathers depicted.
Spared in the world wars of the 20th century, the library suffered great losses in the post-war years after 1945. In the 1950s, at the behest of the communist regime in Prague , the libraries in Czechoslovakia had to be "cleansed" of religious works. Literary treasures were stolen or destroyed. The monastery library in Teplá Abbey was not spared from this law either. Valuable books such as the precious Sulkonis Missale and the Bohemica collection with approx. 550 volumes were stolen from the library.
The library of Teplá Abbey contains around 108,000 volumes, 804 manuscripts and 249 manuscript fragments, 537 incunabula and 33 fragments as well as over 2,400 prints from the 16th century. It is accessible to the public as a lending library and is now a national cultural and historical attraction. The historical holdings of the abbey library (until 1955) make up around 86,000 volumes. The manuscripts include a Bavarian prayer during confession from the 9th century and the Codex Teplensis , one of the most important Middle High German Bible translations before Martin Luther from the beginning of the 15th century in a Bavarian dialect like incunabula . The incunabula are mostly of German and Italian origin, but there are also four Czech-language ones among them.
In the years 2006 to 2008 the manuscripts were acquired by the Czech National Library in Prague, where they are Teplá MS. be kept.
literature
- German
- Irene Crusius , Helmut Flachenecker (eds.): Studies on the Premontrate Order (= publications of the Max Planck Institute for History. Volume 185 = Studies on Germania Sacra. Volume 25). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2003, ISBN 3-525-35183-6 , p. 648.
- Ota Filip : ... but the fairy tales speak German. Stories from Bohemia. Langen Müller, Munich 1996, ISBN 3-7844-2584-4 , p. 41.
- Lillian Schacherl: Bohemia. Cultural image of a landscape. Prestel, Munich 1966, p. 45 f .: Stift Tepl - Marienbad's landlord.
- Ludwig Alfred Zerlik: Abbot Johannes Meuskönig and his time. The monastery of Teplá during the religious split from 1521–1596. Prague 1938 (Prague, University, unprinted dissertation).
- 850 years of Premonstratensian Abbey Speinshart, 75 years of resettlement by the Tepl Abbey 1921–1996. An exhibition of the Premonstratensian Abbey Speinshart (= art collections of the diocese of Regensburg. Catalogs and writings. Volume 17). Schnell and Steiner, Regensburg 1996, ISBN 3-7954-1097-5 .
- Czech
- Heřman Josef Tyl : Klášter Teplá. Klášter Teplá, Plzeň 1947.
- Milan Hlinomaz: Klášter premonstrátů Teplá. Přehled dějin duchovního fenoménu Tepelska (= Malé Karlovarské monograph. Volume 2). Státní Okresní Archive, Karlovy Vary 2003, ISBN 80-239-0337-3 .
Web links
- Homepage of the monastery (Czech)
- History of the monastery
- History of the monastery
- Teplá monastery travel destinations in Bohemia
Individual evidence
- ↑ uir.cz
- ↑ radio.cz
- ^ Siegfried Röder: The sanctuary. Monographs from Hohenberg adEger . Volume XVII. Hohenberg adEger 2002, pp. 6-14.
- ^ Eduard J. Koch: Treatise on mineral springs in general scientific terms and description of all baths and wells known in the Austrian monarchy . Volume 1, Pichler, Vienna 1843, p. 272. (digitized version )
- ^ Benedikt Brandl (Ed.): Prelate Karl Ridingberger, Abbot of Teplá Abbey and founder of the spa town of Marienbad. Festschrift to s. 150th birthday. Th. Hanika, Marienbad 1930.
- ↑ Goethe's diaries at zeno.org
- ↑ opac.geologie.ac.at
- ^ "New abbot in the Czech Premonstratensian monastery Tepl" , orden-online.de, October 25, 2011.
- ↑ http://www.gdo.de/fileadmin/gdo/pdfs/AO-0901-Kocourek.pdf p. 11.
- ^ European organ landscapes: Historical organs in Bohemia and Moravia 1974, Gütersloh; Munich: Ariola-Eurodisc, Supraphon 86900 XDK, SA 74/00829
- ↑ Fabian-Handbuch : Teplá as of 1996.
- ^ Prague, National Library Teplá MS. b 9 Entry in the Paderborn Repertory
- ^ Prague, National Library Teplá MS. b 10 manuscript census
- ^ Information about the Tepl Abbey Library in the HSA of the Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences