Tachov
| Tachov | |||||
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| Basic data | |||||
| State : |
 Czech Republic
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| Historical part of the country : | Bohemia | ||||
| Region : | Plzeňský kraj | ||||
| District : | Tachov | ||||
| Area : | 4084.7807 ha ha | ||||
| Geographic location : | 49 ° 48 ' N , 12 ° 38' E | ||||
| Height: | 483 m nm | ||||
| Residents : | 12,802 (Jan 1, 2019) | ||||
| Postal code : | 347 01 | ||||
| License plate : | P | ||||
| traffic | |||||
| Railway connection: |
Domažlice – Tachov Planá u Mariánských Lázní – Tachov |
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| structure | |||||
| Status: | city | ||||
| Districts: | 8th | ||||
| administration | |||||
| Mayor : | Jiří Struček (as of 2016) | ||||
| Address: | Rokycanova 1 347 01 Tachov |
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| Municipality number: | 560715 | ||||
| Website : | www.tachov-mesto.cz | ||||
Tachov (German Tachau ) is a city in the Czech administrative region Plzeňský kraj ( Pilsen ).
Geographical location
The city is located in western Bohemia in the north-western Egerland on the Mže river (German Mies ) and on the slope of the Kohlberg, about 55 km west of Pilsen .
history
middle Ages
The first written records of Tachov date from the early 12th century. A settlement on the site of today's Tachov is documented for the first time in 1115. The first settlements are much older. There was probably also a small castle nearby , which Soběslav I rebuilt into a royal castle from 1126–1131 . Přemysl Ottokar II expanded this castle around 1270 and built a town near it, which is mentioned for the first time in 1285. In the 13th century under his rule in the foothills of the Bohemian border forest and guarded by the Chodians, the first royal cities emerged .
After the death of Přemysl Ottokar I, the town was often pledged by the crown, but it also flourished in the eventful history of Bohemia , for example under Charles IV. The Gothic church from 1329, which was rebuilt in 1400 in the late Gothic style, is still today receive.
In 1427, shortly after the Battle of Zwettl on March 25, 1427, the Hussites under the military leader Andreas Prokop the Great defeated a huge crusader army under Cardinal Henry Beaufort , Bishop of Winchester, and Frederick I of Hohenzollern , which decimated in the Battle of Tachau fled with Cardinal Beaufort over the Bohemian Forest passes in the direction of Nuremberg. With this victory, the Hussites conquered the city of Tachau on the trade and military route from Pilsen to Nuremberg, the so-called Golden Road . Large parts of Tachau burned down. This victory secured the Hussites power over Bohemia for a long time .
From Tachau, Hussite conquest and looting campaigns took place in the neighboring Upper Palatinate and Bavaria . In the eventful history that followed, Tachau came back into royal Bohemian ownership. After another successful battle near Taus against an army of crusaders, historical sources at the end of the Hussite Wars in 1434 mentioned the rule of Heinrich von Metelsko in Tachau, who obviously redeemed the city from the Hussites and brought it back to the Roman Catholic faith. As early as 1421, Emperor Siegmund , King of Bohemia, had given Heinrich v. Metelsko had Tachau Castle ascribed to shock groschen around 1500. He was followed in the 15th century by the lords of Guttenstein- Vrtba (noble family) ( Gutštejn in Czech ) as rulers for three generations . During this time, the second half of the 15th century, the Tachau Franciscan Monastery was built with the aim of converting the remaining adherents of the reformer Jan Hus (around 1369–1415) back to the Catholic faith.
On September 1st, 1492 there was a big fire disaster in Tachau , which hit the city within the ring walls and destroyed the city archive with all important documents.
Beginning of the modern age
From 1510 the city was under the rule of the King of Bohemia, but was repeatedly pledged. Urgent need for money finally led to the sale of royal border towns such as Pfraumberg or Tachau, so that at the end of the 16th century the community and the Tachau townspeople took over their town for 30,000 shock of Meissner groschen as pledge for a period of 35 years and as free and independent citizens managed. During this time, the teachings of the reformer Martin Luther also gained increasing followers in the city.
The chroniclers report numerous disasters in the city in the following years. On May 1, 1536, large parts of the city were repeatedly hit by fire. In 1544 there was a plague of locusts. On October 5, 1558 there was another fire disaster that hit 130 houses including the church and castle. Here, too, the archives were destroyed, so that there are very few documents from the time before the Thirty Years War. The fire on April 21, 1611 destroyed 65 houses and claimed seven lives.
Thirty Years' War
After participating in the class uprising at the beginning of the Thirty Years War , Tachau lost all privileges and became a provincial town. Because of the participation in the Evangelical Lutheran movement against the Roman Catholic Habsburgs , the city was sold in 1623 with all goods to Baron Johann Philipp Husmann (in Czech texts: Jan Filip Husman z Namédy), who, as the new heir, carried out the recatholicization , which was laborious succeeded. The participation in the uprising against the Habsburgs had catastrophic consequences for the citizens of the city. They had to pay a heavy fine. Not until 1625 did the citizens of Tachau return to the Catholic Church and declare their inheritance to the new ruler . The baroque mill, which was built during the Husmann reign in 1645, is one of the town's reconstructed monuments today.
During the Thirty Years War , the city was repeatedly attacked and looted by Swedish Evangelical troops. After an attack in September 1647, the city remained occupied until the Treaty of Westphalia was concluded on October 24, 1648. Even years later, the city had not recovered economically; the tax book of 1654 impressively conveys the poor conditions in the city, which at that time still consisted of 95 inhabited houses.
Austrian time
In 1664 the daughters of Husmann sold a large part of the rule to Jan Anton Losy von Losinthal , who had been awarded the title of Imperial Count in 1654. As the new landlord, he financed the construction of the monastery church in Heiligen (Czech: Světce), which Husmann had already started. The old Tachau Castle was converted into a baroque residence. The funds were also made available for the extensive renovation of the Tachau Franciscan monastery at the end of the 17th century.
The Theresian cadastre contains valuable information about the Tachau rulership, which lists 3954 parishioners for 1757, 1263 of them in the city of Tachau. After the Seven Years' War (1756–1763), house numbering began in 1770, with more than 400 houses being counted.
The Counts Losy von Losinthal owned the Tachau rule for three generations until the family died out in 1781. Imperial Count Joseph-Niklas zu Windisch-Graetz bought the Tachau estate from the widow of the last descendant Adam Philipp Losy on May 12, 1781 for 250,000 gold pieces and an annual widow's pension. Tachau became the seat of the Windisch-Graetz family, including the Kladruby , Steken and Mladejovice estates . As early as 1574 the family had received the incolate in Bohemia and was elevated to the rank of count in 1658 and prince in 1804. Son Alfred I. zu Windisch-Graetz , heir of Tachau, struck down the uprising in Prague and the Vienna October uprising in 1848 as the Austrian field marshal .
He was followed in Tachau by his son Alfred II zu Windisch-Graetz (1819–1876), also an Austrian general, and his son Ludwig Alfred III. zu Windisch-Graetz (1851–1927), who from 1893 to 1895 also held the office of Austrian Prime Minister. At the beginning of the 20th century, a large part of the Tachau large estate went by way of male succession to his nephew Ludwig Aladar, from the Hungarian branch of the family, the rest of the property was divided between his daughters. In 1945, after the end of the Second World War, the then government of Czechoslovakia confiscated all of the Windisch-Grätz family's property in their favor.
During the rule of the Windisch-Graetz family , among other things, the reconstruction of the Tachau Castle in the classical style, which began in 1787. In the nearby Heiligen (Czech: Světce) district, Alfred I zu Windisch-Graetz planned a large castle instead of the monastery church, although this plan was never completed. By the end of the 19th century, instead of the baroque monastery church, an impressive building with a neo-Romanesque facade and towers had been built. After the death of Prince Alfred I. zu Windisch-Graetz, his son did not continue the work on the castle, so that the building fell into disrepair over the next few decades. The neighboring monumental riding arena has been preserved. The second largest riding arena in Europe, completed in 1859, has since been restored and is now used as a venue for the Bavarian-Bohemian Festival as part of the Bärnau- Tachov cultural summer on the Czech side.
The economic situation of the town of Tachov in western Bohemia changed from the second half of the 19th century. In 1850, following the abolition of hereditary subservience and the forced labor of the town's residents, state offices were set up on the Tachau market square, including the judicial office and the district office. In 1895, after the opening of the Plan – Tachau local railway , the city became a railway station. A modest industry developed from the middle of the 19th century.
1900 to 1945
In 1900 the district town of Tachau had 5,217 inhabitants. Of these, 5,147 were German-speaking and 26 Czech-speaking. Before and in the period after the First World War (1914–1918), Tachau developed into a larger small town. It belonged to Czechoslovakia from the end of October 1918 . About 400 new houses were built, and in 1930 there were 7,075 inhabitants.
The woodworking industry, which had existed since 1790, gained greater importance. By 1929, twelve wood-processing companies were established in Tachau, which in addition to the production of wooden buttons, also processed mother-of-pearl. Wood and mother-of-pearl products from the Tachau district, as well as products made from the plastic Galalith since the 1930s, were sold to a wide-ranging customer network. Some of the exhibits can be seen today in the Tachov Local History Museum, the building of the former Franciscan monastery .
The production of buttons made of wood and mother-of-pearl developed into a main or sideline in the region. In many houses there were lathes with foot drives. Companies in Tachau and later also in Galtenhof supplied the inhabitants with mother-of-pearl , which they then processed at home. Some of the workers turned the mother-of-pearl into buttons of various sizes, others drilled the buttonholes (the so-called holes ), and finally the finished buttons were sewn onto cards that were sold. After 1945 and the expulsion and expropriation of the Germans in Tachau, the mother-of-pearl industry settled in Bärnau in Bavaria , about 15 kilometers to the west. Bärnau is still referred to as the button town of Bärnau ; the German Button Museum is located here . Furthermore, a tobacco factory was important for the economic development of Tachau . It was built in 1897 and produced nine million cigars and 450 million cigarettes annually in 1939 and provided work and income for around 400 people.
As a result of the First World War, the Austro-Hungarian monarchy collapsed and Czechoslovakia was founded in 1918 . During the subsequent land reform, the large estate of the former Imperial and Royal Prime Minister Alfred Windisch-Graetz in Tachau was expropriated, with the exception of Tachau Castle. (He and his wife Gabriela remained Austrian citizens , but lived in Tachau until their death.)
The Tachau population was recorded in a census on February 16, 1921 in bilingual official census forms in Czech and German. At the beginning of the 1930s Tachau had 6,825 inhabitants, of which 6251 were Germans (92%), 448 Czechs and 126 of other nationalities.
The multinationality in the republic, which was founded in 1918 and is now dominated by the Czech Republic, had a decisive influence on the coexistence between Czechs and Germans in the following years in the Sudetenland with its predominantly German population. Personalities such as Ludwig Czech , the chairman of the German Social Democrats ( DSAP ), tried to achieve an integrative policy and constructive cooperation in Czechoslovakia , but this could only be achieved to a limited extent. Inflation in 1923 , the global economic crisis at the beginning of the 1930s and the breakdown of sales markets as a result of the economic policy of the government in Prague had a decisive influence on the historical development . This led to economic hardship , especially in the settlement areas of the Sudeten Germans with a formerly efficient industry.
The National Socialism , which has ruled Germany since 1933 , also found numerous supporters in Tachau, which was reflected in the election results. On June 12, 1938, the Sudeten German Party under the leadership of the later Reichsstatthalters and Gauleiter Henlein received 3,694 votes in Tachau , the German Social Democratic Workers' Party in the Czechoslovak Republic received 425 votes , the Komunistická strana Československa received 58 votes. Violent arguments culminated in demonstrations with two dead on the Tachau market square. According to the dictation against the Czechoslovak Republic called the Munich Agreement , German troops marched into Tachau on October 10, 1938. Members of the NSDAP took over the decisive positions in the city administration, and the city in the Reichsgau Sudetenland became the center of the Tachau district in the German Reich.
The 1930 census in the Tachau district (with 40,400 inhabitants) showed 311 Israelites by religion. The persecution of Jewish citizens began when the NSDAP came to power. On the night of November 10, 1938 , the Tachau synagogue was set on fire and the fire brigade prevented from putting out the fire. On December 2, 1938, the “ Ordinance on the Registration of Property of Jews in the Sudeten German Territories” was issued. On December 27, 1938, the Nuremberg Laws were also introduced in Tachau . 250 Jews fled Tachau to America and England, and many of those who remained were killed. The synagogue square in the former Judengasse has remained undeveloped to this day. The town's Jewish cemetery and others in Dlouhý Újezd (Langendörflas) and Nové Sedliště (New Zedlisch) are places of remembrance of the former Jewish community in Tachov and the surrounding area.
In the Second World War there were far more than 500 war dead and missing from Tachau, since the now German citizens were drafted into the Wehrmacht . During World War II, the city also experienced death marches by concentration camp prisoners to the nearby Flossenbürg concentration camp . The burial mound for the 232 victims of the death march in April 1945 is located in the immediate vicinity of the city.
At the end of the Second World War, Tachau was attacked by the US Air Force , with the focus on the destruction of the arms production in the former tobacco factory. During the war, armaments were produced here. On February 14, 1945 there was a heavy bombing raid that claimed 57 lives. In the days that followed, there were low-level aircraft attacks that killed another 12 people. Tachau was on May 2, 1945, at 17:30 by troops of the US Army occupied. The battle for the city of Tachau lasted until May 5, before the German troops gave up and withdrew.
1945 to 2000
After the occupation of the town, the 97th US Infantry Division briefly set up its headquarters in the town before Tachov was handed over to the Soviet Army. One consequence of the Second World War was the almost complete expulsion and expropriation of the German-Bohemian population from Tachau on the basis of the Beneš decrees . In 20 registered transports from March to October 1946, more than 23,500 men, women and children with few belongings were evicted from their hometowns from the Tachau area and were forcibly relocated mostly to Bavaria and the Upper Palatinate by rail. The Tachau tobacco factory served as an evacuation camp. The magazine was an internment camp for Nazi-polluted people, but also for other people. In some cases severe abuse took place there. 994 death certificates in connection with the expulsion from the Tachau district were registered. In 1956, the city of Weiden in the Upper Palatinate took over the sponsorship of the expelled German Bohemians of the home district of Tachau. She renewed this sponsorship in 2006. In Weiden there is a Tachau local history museum in the cultural center , also with Czech lettering for guests from the neighboring country.
In the first elections in Czechoslovakia after World War II in 1946 , the Communist Party in the Tachov district received the most votes from the Czech new settlers. In 1947 new settlers from the Ukraine and Romania also moved to the towns and communities in the Tachov district. In 1948 the collectivization of agriculture and the cultivation by agricultural unit cooperatives in the sense of the communist planned economy began. Over the years, new production facilities have also emerged. At Tachov, uranium ores were temporarily mined under Soviet control.
In 1960 Tachov became the administrative center of the Tachov district. The most important monuments in the center of the city (today declared a monument protection zone) include the Gothic Church of the Assumption , the restored mill from the time of the Lords of Husmann and parts of the city wall from the 13th / 14th centuries. Century. The former Windisch-Graetz'sche Schloss is today the seat of parts of the city administration. After the war it was barracks for Soviet and then Czechoslovak troops. It fell into disrepair, so it was decided to demolish it in 1968. The restoration of the building began a year later. Outside the inner-city monument protection zone is the former Franciscan monastery (now the district museum) and a monument that commemorates the victorious Hussite battle in 1427. In 1971, construction began on the Lučina drinking water dam west of the city in the area of the Lučina village . Today the city has a sports area with an indoor swimming pool, ice rink, football and tennis courts, is connected to a local railway line and about ten kilometers away to the motorway towards Prague.
After attempts at reform during the Prague Spring in 1968, the Velvet Revolution in 1989 brought a significant change in the political system of the Czech Republic and ended the communist reign. This fundamental change also marks the current economic development of the Tachov region. In the eastern industrial area of the city, companies for electrical parts, mechanical engineering, plastics and wood processing have settled.
Today the Bavarian-Bohemian Festival takes place on Goldenen Strasse under the motto History & Culture in Bavaria and Bohemia . Performance venues are the town of Bärnau on the German side and the riding hall in the Světce district on the Czech side. A bilingual premiere of the story of the good soldier Schwejk based on the novel by Jaroslav Hašek was on the program in 2006.
The German sports equipment company Leki Lenhart has been producing in Tachov since 2000 and employs around 200 people.
Demographics
| year | Residents | Remarks |
|---|---|---|
| 1785 | k. A. | 417 houses including the large suburb and twelve Jewish houses |
| 1811 | 2,808 | |
| 1830 | 2,955 | in 485 houses |
| 1837 | 2,932 | including 266 Jews |
| 1900 | 5,482 | German residents |
| 1921 | 6,697 | with Büdeling and Heligen, including 6,380 German residents |
| 1930 | 7,075 | including 448 Czechs |
| 1939 | 6,425 |
| year | 1950 | 1961 | 1970 | 1980 | 1991 | 2001 | 2011 |
| Residents | 4,843 | 5,606 | 8,435 | 11,847 | 12,833 | 12,696 | 12,548 |
Attractions
- City fortifications with well-preserved city walls and towers from the early 14th century
- Tachau Castle
- Location of the Dominican monastery Tachau, which was destroyed in 1616
- Franciscan monastery Tachov - today district museum
- Church of the Assumption from the 15th century
- St. Wenceslas Church
- In the Světce district there is a riding hall and ruins of the unfinished castle of the princes Windisch-Graetz and ruins of the Paulan monastery
- Old Jewish Cemetery
City structure
The town of Tachov consists of the districts Bíletín ( Büleding ), Malý Rapotín ( Kleingropitzreith ), Mýto ( Mauthdorf ), Oldřichov ( Ullersreith ), Světce ( saints ), Tachov, Velký Rapotín ( Großgropitzreith ) and Vítkov ( Wittingreith ). Basic settlement units are Bíletín, K Vilémovu, Ke Ctiboři, Malý Rapotín, Myto, Oldřichov, Pod mohylou, Pod nádražím, Průmyslový obvod, Průmyslový obvod-Delta, Průmyslový obvod-Delta, Tůmyslový obvod-východ, Trocětnískiháská, Tovachovy, Svachovcehov U polikliniky, Ve Vilkách, Velký Rapotín, Vilémov, Vítkov, Za nádražím, Za řekou and Za školou.
The urban area is divided into the cadastral districts of Malý Rapotín, Mýto u Tachova, Oldřichov u Tachova, Tachov, Velký Rapotín and Vítkov u Tachova.
Personalities
sons and daughters of the town
- Johann Kugler SJ (1654–1721), joined the Jesuit order in 1672 , teacher of philosophy, theology, canon law and humanities , catechist , long-time dean of the theological faculty in Prague and then the universities of Olomouc and Wroclaw
- Elias Dollhopf (1703–1773), fresco painter and mayor of Schlaggenwald
- Anton Gag (1859–1908), American painter
- Johann Anton Gartner (1721–1771), organ builder
- Franz Adam Gartner (1739–1785?), Organ builder
- Vinzenz Gartner (1748–1820), organ builder
- Joseph Pauli (1769–1846), violin maker
- Heinrich Schödl (1777–1838), miniature painter
- Joseph Gartner (1778–1832), organ builder
- Josef Gartner (1796–1863), organ builder
- Karl Joseph Kreutzberg (1802–1870), economist
- Franz Xaver Knapp (1809–1883), painter, illustrator and piano teacher
- Simon Heller (1843–1922), teacher for the blind
- Franz Rumpler (1848–1922), painter and professor at the Academy of Fine Arts in Vienna, honorary citizen of Tachau
- Maximilian Schornstein (1870–1949), theologian
- Josef Kugler (1896–1958), conductor and choir director
- Josef Dobner (1898–1972), sculptor
- John Hans Adler (1912–1980), economist
- Peter Kurzck (1943–2013), writer
- Adolf Spotka (1943–2019), industrial engineer and politician (CDU)
Other personalities who worked on site
- Sigismund Scherertz (1584–1639), clergyman and writer, school principal and pastor on site
- Alfred Windisch-Grätz (1851–1927), Prime Minister of Austria-Hungary
See also
literature
- Zdeněk Procházka : Tachov - město. = Tachov (Tachau) - city (= Historicko-turistický průvodce. Vol. 8). Českého Lesa, Domažlice 1997, ISBN 80-901877-4-9 .
- Working group Tachauer Heimatbuch (Ed.): Tachau. History of a German city in Bohemia in words and pictures. sn, sl 1994.
- Josef Schmutzer : Tachau. A German city in Bohemia. A documentation. Association for the preservation of old cultural assets in the Tachau region, Weiden 1970.
- Franz Schuster: Tachau-Pfraumberger home. Association for the preservation of old cultural assets in the Tachau region, Weiden 1962
- 600th anniversary of Tachau. 1329-1929. Egerland, Tachau 1929.
- Josef Stocklöw: History of the city of Tachau . Tachau 1879.
Web links
- Website of the city of Tachov
- Photos from the town of Tachov (Czech)
- Church register of the former parish
- History of the Jews in Tachau (PDF)
- Aerial views of the city
Individual evidence
- ↑ Obec Tachov: Podrobné informace. Územně identifikační registr ČR (Czech), accessed on November 17, 2019.
- ↑ Český statistický úřad - The population of the Czech municipalities as of January 1, 2019 (PDF; 7.4 MiB)
- ^ Lillian Schacherl: Böhmen - Kulturbild einer Landschaft , Prestel Verlag Munich 1966, pages 111 to 113
- ^ A b c Franz Schuster: Tachau-Pfraumberger Heimat. 1962, p. 59.
- ^ Franz Schuster: Tachau-Pfraumberger Heimat. 1962, pp. 63-64.
- ↑ Chronicle of the US 97th Infantry Division
- ^ Tachau local history museum in Weiden
- ↑ Interview on esslinger-zeitung.de from January 13, 2011 , accessed on May 1, 2012
- ↑ Jaroslaus Schaller : Topography of the Kingdom of Bohemia . Volume 9: Pilsner Kreis , Prague and Vienna 1788, pp. 165–170, item 1 .
- ↑ Joseph Marx von Liechtenstern : Outline of a geographical-statistical description of the Kingdom of Bohemia according to its present condition . 3rd edition, Breslau and Leipzig 1822, p. 92 .
- ↑ Yearbooks of the Bohemian Museum of Natural and Regional Studies, History, Art and Literature . Volume 2, Prague 1831, p. 202, point 4) below.
- ↑ Johann Gottfried Sommer : The Kingdom of Bohemia . Volume 6: Pilsen Circle. Prague 1838, p. 195 .
- ^ Meyer's Large Conversational Lexicon . 6th edition, Volume 19, Leipzig and Vienna 1909, p. 277 .
- ^ Sudetenland Genealogy Network
- ^ A b Michael Rademacher: German administrative history from the unification of the empire in 1871 to the reunification in 1990. Tachau district. (Online material for the dissertation, Osnabrück 2006).
- ↑ Části obcí: Obec Tachov. Územně identifikační registr ČR, accessed on November 17, 2019 (Czech).
- ↑ Základní sídelní jednotky: Obec Tachov. Územně identifikační registr ČR, accessed on November 17, 2019 (Czech).
- ↑ Katastrální území: Obec Tachov. Územně identifikační registr ČR, accessed on November 17, 2019 (Czech).