Maintenance of the ICE trains

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ICE plant in Munich with ICE 1

The maintenance of the ICE trains of Deutsche Bahn takes place in eight across Germany depots (plus one in Basel) advanced by one compared to previous vehicles concept.

history

With the commissioning of the first ICE trains ( ICE 1 ) in 1991, a fundamentally new maintenance concept was introduced for the new parade trains. As a rule, the trains are not separated in maintenance either and are serviced simultaneously on at least three levels - below the vehicle, at the entrance height and in the roof area. The downtime for short workshop visits should only be one hour and take place mostly at night. Another major innovation is the radio pre-notification of the defects stored in the computer-aided diagnosis system via remote data transmission while the vehicle is in motion. On August 1, 1987, the Federal Minister of Transport approved not only the procurement of 41 series ICEs, but also the construction of the necessary maintenance facilities. The decision to build the first ICE depot in Hamburg was made in November 1986 for reasons of personnel and structural policy.

To commence ICE operations, trains on the first ICE line were scheduled to stay at the Hamburg-Eidelstedt depot for sixty minutes, with a scheduled turning time at Hamburg-Altona station of 109 minutes .

Regular maintenance of the around 260 ICE trains today is carried out in newly built or specially upgraded depots in Basel , Berlin , Dortmund , Frankfurt am Main , Hamburg , Cologne , Leipzig and Munich . In the Basel, Dortmund and Cologne plants, smaller measures such as drive inspections and fault clearance measures are carried out during the turnaround times , and stocks are replenished and toilet and kitchen waste water is disposed of.

The ICE trains are listed below by series in the works Berlin, Frankfurt, Hamburg and Munich home . These plants bear the technical responsibility for the respective vehicles and plan the respective vehicle operations. You are also responsible for compliance with the maintenance intervals.

In future, the trains will also be serviced at a SNCF plant in Paris . General inspections and repairs to damage caused by accidents are carried out in the Krefeld-Oppum and Nuremberg repair shops .

According to a plan to reorganize maintenance from 2001, the Nuremberg maintenance works should concentrate on the ICE in the long term. A little later, the closure of the plant was planned for 2003; heavy maintenance should therefore only take place in the Krefeld plant. The three-track ICE plant in Krefeld, in which 33 million euros were invested, went into operation in 2003. Its capacity is 54 ICE inspections per year, each of which takes ten working days and 3500 to 4000 hours of production.

Maintenance intervals

The maintenance concept for the trains comprises seven stages (as of 2013):

  1. An inspection lasting approximately one and a half hours is carried out every 8,000 kilometers. The collecting tanks of the toilets are emptied and fresh water is refilled. Acute defects (e.g. doors that do not close) are also repaired. In addition, safety-relevant maintenance work is carried out. This includes checking the transformer system for moisture and the pantograph head for wear. A drive check is also carried out as part of this inspection.
  2. Every 24,000 kilometers there is what is known as a two and a half hour look-up . The brakes, the line control systems and the anti-skid protection are also checked.
  3. After 144,000 kilometers, what is known as inspection level 1 takes place . In two eight-hour modules, a brake revision is carried out as well as an examination of the air conditioning, kitchen equipment, seats, batteries and the passenger information system.
  4. After 288,000 kilometers of running, traction motors, the bearings and shafts of the wheel sets and the clutches are also checked as part of inspection level 2 . Deutsche Bahn specifies the time required for this level to be twice eight hours.
  5. Every year (after 576,000 kilometers) the three eight-hour inspection stage 3 is due. It also includes tests on the air compressors and the transformer cooling as well as work in the passenger compartment.
  6. As part of the first inspection , all other components of the train will be examined after 1.2 million kilometers. Two five days are set for this.
  7. As part of the second revision , the bogies are replaced after 2.4 million kilometers and many other components are dismantled. The time required is also twice five days.

As part of a project started in 2004, the mileage, after which the IS 600 is revised , was increased from 1.4 to 1.65 million running kilometers for ICE-2 , ICE-3 and ICE-T trains. The ICE 1 trains are to follow. By December 2006, the basic interval for deadline work had been doubled from 72,000 to 144,000 running kilometers for most components.

Since 2005, ICE maintenance has been subject to so-called integrated maintenance , the central maintenance system introduced by Deutsche Bahn in 1998.

Locations

Basel

The depot Basel of DB long-distance transport takes little maintenance work on ICE trains. The plant has a factory hall with a total of 6 treatment tracks and a total length of 650 meters as well as two external treatment tracks with a length of 400 meters.

Berlin

ICE-Werk Berlin-Rummelsburg multiple unit

At the depot in Berlin-Rummelsburg , a double-track hall went into operation in 1998 as the third plant for ICE maintenance. After a construction period of 16 months, a second expansion stage followed in January 2002. A new 256 meter long hall with three workshop tracks was put into operation; the investment volume was around 30 million euros. With the expansion, the entire ICE 2 fleet (44 multiple units) could be located in Berlin. By the beginning of 2002 a total of 180 million euros had been invested in the location. (Another source speaks of a transfer of the ICE-2 fleet from Munich to Berlin on June 1, 2000)

With the expansion, which also included a five-track exit storage facility in Karlshorst and was originally supposed to be completed in May 2001, the capacity of the plant increased from 40 to 60 multiple units per day. At that time, the plant comprised two halls with a total of five workshop tracks, five outdoor treatment tracks and an outdoor cleaning system , a wheelset diagnosis system and a wheelset lathe.

Around 800 employees work in the plant. Of the around 590 vehicles treated weekly in Rummelsburg, almost 400 ICEs of the types ICE 1, ICE 2, ICE T. The ICE 2 have been at home in the plant since 2000. From December 2007 - until it was shut down - part of the ICE TD fleet was also maintained in Berlin.

Dortmund

In the Dortmund depot, three ICE trains can be serviced in parallel in a hall around 300 meters long.

At the end of 2002, the Dortmund-Spähenfelde depot, where passenger coaches had previously been serviced, became the fifth location in Germany in which ICE trains are serviced. Around 50 million euros were invested in a corresponding upgrade from November 2001. After the start of operations, deadline work and minor maintenance work were carried out on around 20 ICE 3 multiple units per night.

In mid-2001 the conversion of the plant for ICE maintenance became known after Dortmund was planned as the northern end point of various ICE-3 trains that will run on the high-speed line Cologne-Rhine / Main from 2002 onwards. In Dortmund, minor maintenance measures should be carried out and the trains should be parked and washed. Investments of almost 100 million DM and a three-year construction period were assumed. On July 4, 2001, the DB AG Supervisory Board approved the expansion plans.

Frankfurt am Main

The plant, which has existed since at least 1938, comprises 13 workshop tracks, seven buildings and a total area of ​​around 100,000 m². ICE maintenance is now carried out on three tracks that are permanently assigned to long-distance traffic. Two other tracks are used alternately by DB Regio (daytime) and by long-distance traffic (at night).

In Frankfurt-Griesheim , the fourth ICE depot was built on the site of the Frankfurt-Griesheim depot. The southern part of the existing maintenance hall was converted at a planned cost of 35 million D-Marks. At the same time, an ICE washing facility was built in Frankfurt-Höchst, on the north side of the old freight station. The ICE maintenance section went into operation on April 27, 2000. Initially, 120 employees were responsible for maintaining the 13 ICE 3M and 11 ICE T5. The outdoor cleaning system should follow in early summer of the same year. A total of 40 million DM should be invested, including a restructured passenger train maintenance. At the beginning of October 2000, a little later than originally planned, the ten ICE T5 trains that had been removed were stationed in Frankfurt-Griesheim.

From 2006, two additional elevated tracks were built for the maintenance of ICEs and local trains, as well as an underfloor lathe . In the same year, a multi-voltage system for various European electricity systems went into operation. The 2.2 million euro system allows you to choose between four different traction current systems on two 300 meter long track sections and to complete brief test drives under load. At the time of commissioning, it was the only one of its kind in Europe. The multi-system vehicles of the 406 series (ICE 3) and the ICEs suitable for Switzerland (multiple units 1180 to 1184) of the 411 series (ICE-T) were based here.

At the end of 1999, Deutsche Bahn commissioned the construction of a fully automatic washing system for ICE and other long-distance trains at the Frankfurt-Höchst depot .

An additional hall with three tracks was built at the existing location for the maintenance of the 15 ICE-3 trains of the 407 series due for delivery from 2011 . The Frankfurt site emerged from studies that were started in 2007. The start of construction for the 10 meter high, 35 meter wide and 238 meter long extension was celebrated on July 9, 2010. The maintenance of the trains takes place on six levels, the costs of the extension amount to 40 million euros. Around 100 employees will work in the new facility. For the first time, all 56 axles of a 200-meter-long ICE train can be lifted simultaneously on a planned new lifting system. Another novelty is a test room for air conditioning systems.

The new part of the factory was inaugurated on December 5, 2011.

In November 2019, DB announced that it would expand the Frankfurt-Griesheim plant.

court

In view of a presentation of an ICE-TD train in Hof , Deutsche Bahn announced on April 22, 2000 that it would service the trains in Hof in future. It was previously expected that the ICE plant in Munich would take on this task.

In the first construction stage, the factory facilities were set up for 1.26 million DM. The trains should also be washed and refueled in the yard.

After the ICE-TD traffic on the Franken-Sachsen-Magistrale has been discontinued and the trains have been relocated, there is no longer any maintenance of ICE vehicles in Hof.

Cologne

Topping-out ceremony for the ICE maintenance facility in Cologne-Nippes, October 2016
The new ICE plant (February 2018)

ICE 2, ICE 3 and ICE T are maintained in the Cologne depot. Around one hundred employees work in three shifts and wait around six to eight trains per night on 220-meter-long tracks. From December 2007, an additional, 220-meter-long ICE-compatible workshop track was built.

In Cologne-Nippes , the groundbreaking ceremony for a new ICE plant took place on November 16, 2015 on the site of the former freight yard. Completion was planned for 2017. It is intended to service ICE 4 trains in addition to all current ICE series . 7 to 13 ICE trains of all series are to be serviced per night. A 443 meter long hall with four tracks, an indoor and an outdoor cleaning system as well as an underfloor wheel set lathe was built. Through the use of geothermal energy and photovoltaics , the plant should be completely CO 2 -neutral . In July 2018, the plant received an award for the innovative use of heat pump heating . A large heat pump with an output of 4.9 MW is used; there is a photovoltaic system with 300 kW on the roof .

The plant opened in February 2018. 220 million euros were invested. 400 people are employed in the plant. Work should be done between 6 p.m. and 6 a.m. With the new plant, maintenance capacity has been increased by 12 percent. The existing depot will be retained and will serve brief turning trains from now on. Up to 17 high-speed trains are serviced every day.

The plant suffered from a shortage of staff at the end of 2018, the maintenance of the ICE 4 is carried out with the support of Siemens staff.

Leipzig

In December 2005, the board of directors of Deutsche Bahn decided to build an ICE plant in Leipzig. The construction site clearing began in summer 2007. In mid-April 2008, construction work on the future plant began on Rackwitzer Strasse in Leipzig. Since December 2009 ICE-T trains in particular, but also Intercity cars, have been serviced in a double-track, 225-meter-long hall. The total investment amounts to 27.5 million euros. Up to eight ICE multiple units receive minor repairs here every night, and larger work is also planned in the long term, including changing tilting technology modules. The approximately 70 employees of the plant are to be taken over from the Leipzig East passenger car factory. In addition, 30 employees are to be employed in administration, 20 more for cleaning and supply.

The plant was officially put into operation on December 3, 2009. The number of employees had increased by 30 to 150 by the beginning of 2011.

At the end of January 2011, Deutsche Bahn announced that it would expand the plant by a third track by 2016/2017. Eleven million euros are to be invested in the 250-meter-long extension.

The 26 double-decker intercity trains from a class 146.5 locomotive and five double-decker cars have also been serviced here since December 2015 .

Hamburg

ICE depot Hamburg-Eidelstedt (2010)
Aerial photo of the plant (2016)

In the preliminary planning for a newly built ICE depot, Munich and Hamburg were discussed as locations in the 1980s. In April 1987, the board of the then Deutsche Bundesbahn decided to build the depot in Hamburg that was necessary for ICE operations. The location prevailed against Munich. The foundation stone was laid on October 20, 1988 in the presence of 1000 Eidelstedt citizens. An external cleaning system was also built, which the trains can drive through under their own power. The planned construction costs amounted to around 200 million D-Marks , around twelve million D-Marks had been planned for environmental protection measures.

The official commissioning took place on September 22, 1990. At the end of 1990 trial operations began on two of eight tracks. A total of 300 million Deutschmarks (prices before 1991) were invested. At the opening, 730 people worked in the plant, including 410 cleaning staff, 130 metal workers, 150 employees for the data processing technology of the trains and 40 engineers and managers. The new building was equipped with state-of-the-art technology with an underfloor lathe and hovercraft for exchanging bogies .

In the 430 meter long and 65 meter wide ICE hall, up to eight ICE full trains with up to two power cars and fourteen wagons can be serviced at the same time. Maintenance takes place on three work levels.

Since the start of ICE operations in June 1991, the ICE 1 multiple units have been based in Hamburg. With the start of ICE traffic to Denmark, the ICE TDs were relocated from the Hof depot to Hamburg.

On April 28, 2006, a new interior cleaning system with a 390 meter long platform and an exterior cleaning system went into operation in Hamburg-Langenfelde.

The plant is to become the lead plant for the maintenance of the ICE 4 . The new construction of a corresponding hall was approved in April 2020.

Munich

On May 18, 1993, the second ICE plant in Munich went into operation on the premises of the Munich 1 depot . Its construction was necessary in order to be able to service the trains on the new ICE line Berlin / Bremen – Munich, which opened on May 23, 1993. With the accompanying expansion of the ICE 1 fleet from 41 to 60 multiple units, the capacities in the only ICE depot in Hamburg-Eidelstedt were no longer sufficient. Originally, the ICE-1 trains were only supposed to receive minor repairs in Munich, while major maintenance and repair work was only to be carried out in Hamburg.

The planning contract for the plant was awarded to the Munich Federal Railway Directorate in mid-1991 , and construction site clearance began in November 1991. The half-kilometer-long construction pit had been dug by mid-1992, the foundation stone was laid on July 29, and the foundation stone was laid on April 20, 1993 Topping-out ceremony celebrated. The 455 meter long and 120 million D-Mark expensive hall initially accommodated two tracks over a width of 20 meters. The plant was later expanded to six tracks. The planned costs for the 440 m long, 50 m wide and 14 m high system were given at the laying of the foundation stone at around 300 million DM; completion was planned for the end of 1994.

The topping-out ceremony for the second construction phase was celebrated on November 30, 1994.

Since the timetable change in May 1998, RIGA sets can also be serviced in the plant.

All 43 ICE-T multiple units have been based in Munich since they were first delivered in 1999. After the ICE 3 multiple units, which also went into regular service from 2000, were also stationed in Munich, the plant's capacity was exhausted. On June 1, 2000, the home of the ICE-2 trains was transferred to Berlin. The ICE-T trains of the 411 series used in Switzerland were then based in Frankfurt am Main, while the ICE-T multiple units of the 411 series, which were registered in Germany and Austria, remained in Munich.

In the future, ICE 4 multiple units will also be serviced in Munich. A corresponding expansion of capacities was in the planning phase at the beginning of 2016.

literature

  • Egon Dheus (Ed.): ICE plant Munich . From steam locomotive maintenance to the ICE maintenance system. Publishing house for target group marketing , Pöcking 1996, ISBN 3-9802432-1-4 .
  • Martin Pieren: Wellness for fast trains. The ICE shower . In: railway magazine . No. 7 . Alba publication, July 2013, ISSN  0342-1902 , p. 42-43 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c Report ICE depot in Munich in operation on schedule . In: Deutsche Bahn . No. 6, 1993, p. 497 f.
  2. ↑ Without an author: The further plans of the Neue Bahn . In: Bahn-Special , Die Neue Bahn . No. 1, 1991, Gera-Nova-Verlag, Munich, p. 78 f.
  3. ↑ The ICE was brought up to speed in Munich . In: Süddeutsche Zeitung , No. 124, 1991, ISSN  0174-4917 , p. 17 f.
  4. ↑ a b c Horst J. Obermayer: Treatment and maintenance of the multiple units InterCityExpress . In: Herrmann Merker (Ed.): ICE - InterCityExpress at the start . Hermann Merker Verlag, Fürstenfeldbruck 1991, ISBN 3-922404-17-0 , pp. 52-55.
  5. ^ Announcement new works structure . In: Eisenbahn-Revue International , issue 4/2001, ISSN  1421-2811 , p. 147.
  6. ↑ Reorganization of maintenance at DB AG . In: Eisenbahn-Revue International , Issue 8–9 / 2001, ISSN  1421-2811 , p. 373.
  7. ↑ Electrical operation at Deutsche Bahn in 2003 . In: Elektro Bahnen , Volume 102 (2004), Issue 1–2, p. 31.
  8. ^ Deutsche Bahn AG: Pit stop: How ICE are serviced. ( Memento of the original from July 7, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / lokster.deutschebahn.com archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. In: DB Mobility Networks Logistics - LOKSTER.
  9. ↑ a b woman in overalls . In: mobile . Edition February 2008, p. 50 f.
  10. ↑ Deutsche Bahn AG, DB Systemtechnik: Activity Report 2006 ( Memento of July 18, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF, 1.6 MB), p. 26 f.
  11. ↑ The backbone of the vehicle fleet . In: DB Welt , July / August 2008 edition, p. 10.
  12. ↑ DB is investing 13 million euros in the ICE Basel Bad Bf. Accessed December 4, 2019 (German).
  13. ^ DB Projekt Verkehrsbau GmbH (publisher): Berlin hub. Mushroom concept . 24-page brochure dated November 2001, p. 10.
  14. ↑ Brochure Triebzughalle Berlin-Rummelsburg ( Memento of the original from April 4, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. of the construction company Max Bögl, p. 5.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / max-boegl.de
  15. ^ Message from the ICE plant in Berlin-Rummelsburg: New hall officially opened . In: Railway technical review . 51, No. 3, 2002, p. 99.
  16. ↑ a b Message ICE castling . In: Eisenbahn-Revue International , Issue 8–9 / 2000, ISSN  1421-2811 , p. 340.
  17. ^ Announcement expansion of the ICE plant in Berlin . In: Eisenbahn-Revue International , Issue 8–9 / 2000, ISSN  1421-2811 , p. 342.
  18. ↑ Pit stop in the ICE clinic . In: Berliner Morgenpost , September 12, 2008
  19. ^ Announcement Dortmund: Location for new ICE plant (sic!). In: Railway technical review . 51, No. 3, 2002, p. 99.
  20. ^ Ernst Reuss: The operational use of the ICE 3 - fleet average mileage at world record level . In: Eisenbahn-Revue International , issue 1/2004, ISSN  1421-2811 , p. 14 f.
  21. ^ Message: ICE plant for Dortmund . In: Eisenbahn-Revue International , Issue 8–9 / 2001, ISSN  1421-2811 , p. 338.
  22. ↑ a b New ICE plant planned in Frankfurt-Griesheim . In: DB Welt , issue 12/2009, p. 15.
  23. ↑ message ICE plant for Frankfurt / M . In: Eisenbahn-Revue International , Issue 4, 1999, ISSN  1421-2811 , p. 115.
  24. ↑ message ICE plant in Frankfurt / M . In: Eisenbahn-Revue International , issue 6/2000, ISSN  1421-2811 , p. 242.
  25. ↑ ICE acceptance notification is progressing . In: Eisenbahn-Revue International , issue 12/2000, ISSN  1421-2811 , p. 530.
  26. ^ Deutsche Bahn AG: Frankfurt RheinMain plus . The project. The railway junction. The rail infrastructure. (Status 2009) ( Memento from January 23, 2013 in the Internet Archive ). 32-page brochure dated June 2009, (PDF file, 1.63 MB), p. 8.
  27. ^ Announcement French test for ICE . In: Eisenbahn-Revue International . Issue 5/2006, ISSN  1421-2811 , p. 241.
  28. ↑ News from Kärcher: ICE car wash for Frankfurt . In: Railway technical review . 48, No. 11, 1999, p. 693.
  29. ↑ DB Mobility Logistics AG (publisher): Deutsche Bahn is investing 40 million euros in the expansion of the ICE plant in Frankfurt-Griesheim . Press release from July 9, 2010.
  30. ↑ ICE plant in Griesheim creates new jobs . In: DB Welt , September 2010 edition, Central regional section, p. 23.
  31. ^ A b Deutsche Bahn AG (Ed.): New ICE plant in Frankfurt-Griesheim put into operation . Press release from December 5, 2011.
  32. ↑ DB Supervisory Board resolves new board structure and billions in investment in new trains. In: deutschebahn.com. Deutsche Bahn, November 7, 2019, accessed on November 8, 2019 .
  33. ^ Message Another 605 breakdown . In: Eisenbahn-Revue International , issue 6/2000, ISSN  1421-2811 , p. 246.
  34. ^ Message ICE TD in intensified trial operation . In: Eisenbahn-Revue International , issue 3/2001, ISSN  1421-2811 , p. 98 f.
  35. ↑ a b New workshop track for ICE maintenance . In: DB Welt , December 2007 edition, West regional section, p. 21.
  36. ↑ Step by step on a safe journey . In: Kölner Stadt-Anzeiger from July 31, 2007
  37. ↑ a b Peter Berger: New pit stop for the ICE fleet . In: Kölner Stadt-Anzeiger . November 17, 2015, p. 23 .
  38. ↑ DB Mobility Logistics AG (Ed.): Deutsche Bahn presents plans for the most modern ICE plant in Cologne in Germany . October 15, 2013 (press release).
  39. ↑ Leading the way with the green example . In: DB World . No. 11 , 2015, p. 9 .
  40. ↑ ICE maintenance facility is operated in a climate-neutral manner . In: Renewable Energies. Das Magazin , July 19, 2018. Retrieved July 20, 2018.
  41. ↑ Peter Berger: Cologne and Frankfurt are the bottlenecks in the network . In: Kölner Stadt-Anzeiger . No. 46 , February 23, 2018, p. 3 .
  42. ^ The control system in the ICE maintenance shop in Cologne . In: The Railway Engineer . tape 69 , no. 10 , November 2019, ISSN  0013-2810 , p. 10-12 .
  43. ↑ Personnel shortage slows the ICE plant in Cologne-Nippes . In: Eisenbahn-Revue International . No. 58 , February 2019, ISSN  1421-2811 , p. 58 .
  44. ↑ a b Bahn invests 27.5 million euros in the new Leipzig ICE workshop . In: Leipziger Volkszeitung , April 21, 2008.
  45. ↑ a b Deutsche Bahn (Ed.): ICE plant in Leipzig put into operation . Press release from December 3, 2009.
  46. ↑ The construction of an ICE workshop begins in Leipzig . In: DB World . June 2008, p. 6 .
  47. ↑ Riesenhalle on Rackwitzer Straße swallows entire ICE . In: Leipziger Volkszeitung . August 27, 2009.
  48. ↑ a b Workshop for railway flagships gets an extension for a third track . In: Leipziger Volkszeitung . January 29, 2011, p. 18 .
  49. ^ Eisenbahn-magazin 1/2015, p. 27
  50. ↑ a b c d Laying of the foundation stone for the InterCity Express depot . In: The Federal Railroad . No. 12 , 1988, pp. 1192 f .
  51. ^ Georg Wagner: InterCityExpress - The star trains in long-distance transport of the DB . EK-Verlag, Freiburg 2006, ISBN 3-88255-361-8 , p. 8 .
  52. ↑ a b Trial operation started in the ICE depot Hamburg-Eidelstedt . In: The Federal Railroad . Issue 9, November 1990, p. 1128 f .
  53. ↑ Plant renewed . In: Eisenbahn-Revue International . Issue 7, July 2006, ISSN  1421-2811 , p. 322 .
  54. ↑ Start of a new era . In: DB World . No. October 10 , 2016, p. 12 .
  55. ↑ Planning approval according to § 18 Abs. 1 AEG i. V. m. Section 74 (6) VwVfG for the project “New construction of a lightweight hall in the ICE plant” in the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg, Hamburg-Eidelstedt, railway km 8.200 on the 1220 Hamburg-Altona - Kiel route. (PDF) In: eba.bund.de. Federal Railway Office, April 9, 2020, p. 13 f. , accessed on April 13, 2020 .
  56. ↑ The opposite pole . In: Roth-Hilpoltsteiner Volkszeitung . August 3, 1992, ZDB ID 1264431-6 .
  57. ↑ Even high-tech has to go into the workshop . In: Süddeutsche Zeitung . No. 276 , 1994, ISSN  0174-4917 , pp. 51 .
  58. ↑ RIGA in ICE Munich plant . In: Eisenbahn-Revue International . Issue 9, 1998, ISSN  1421-2811 , pp. 341 .
  59. ^ ICE T. Start in Stuttgart . In: Railway courier . No. 321 , June 2001, ISSN  0170-5288 , p. 6-9 .
  60. ↑ Siegfried Graßmann: ICE 4 as planned in the approval process . In: Electric Railways . tape 114 , no. 3 , 2016, ISSN  0013-5437 , p. 110-112 .