Jackson mongoose

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Jackson mongoose
Systematics
Order : Predators (Carnivora)
Subordination : Feline (Feliformia)
Family : Mongooses (Herpestidae)
Genre : Black-footed mongoose ( Bdeogale )
Subgenus : Galeriscus
Type : Jackson mongoose
Scientific name
Bdeogale jacksoni
( Thomas , 1894)

The Jackson mongoose ( Bdeogale jacksoni ) is a species of mongoose belonging to the black-footed mongoose . Discovered by Frederick John Jackson in 1889 , Oldfield Thomas described it as Galeriscus jacksoni in 1894 . It is most closely related to the black-footed mongoose of the same subgenus Galeriscus , and both are sometimes united in a single species.

In addition to the Jackson mongoose, Jackson Ichneumon and Jackson dog mongoose are also used as German trivial names . Paul Matschie originally referred to her as a Massaimarder.

Body features

The Jackson mongoose is a large mongoose with a bushy tail. Their head-torso length is 50.8 to 57.1 centimeters, the tail length 28.3 to 32.4 centimeters, the hind foot length 8.6 to 10.8 centimeters, the ear length 2.3 to 3.5 centimeters and that Body weight two to three kilograms. Young, but already reproducing animals can be significantly smaller than adult animals.

The long and thick fur on the top is grayish black and white. The hair is 20 millimeters long with black and white rings. The muzzle and chin are brownish white and the cheeks, throat and sides of the neck are deep yellow. The legs are dark brown or black and the bushy tail is white. The underside is light gray and the undercoat is thick and woolly. The auricles are round and wide and the snout is blunt. The nasal mirror is large and the hairless extension of the central furrow divides the upper lip. The front and rear paws have only four toes , as the first toe is missing, as is common with black-footed mongooses. The soles of the feet are bare and the claws are thick and strong.

It can be distinguished from the black-footed mongoose by its much longer fur, especially on the tail, and by the yellowish color on the neck and throat.

3 · 1 · 4th · 2  =  40
Jackson mongoose tooth formula

The jaws of the Jackson mongoose are typical of mongooses. In each half of the jaw there are three incisors , one canine , four premolars and two molars, and the total number of teeth is 40.

Habitat and way of life

The habitat of the Jackson mongoose are mountain forests , bamboo belts and lowland forests near the mountains. Their population density is low. It probably hunts often in the dense herbaceous vegetation near swamps .

The Jackson mongoose feeds mainly on rodents and insects, especially wandering ants . In the Aberdare mountain range, rodents such as lamellar tooth rats , shaggy swamp rats and African soft rats made up over 50 percent by volume of the food components of 40  excrement , and insects , especially wandering ants of the genus Anomma , but also weevils , other beetles and caterpillars made up 40 percent. In addition, were millipedes , snails , lizards and the eggs of snakes consumed. Around 80 percent of young animals ate rodents such as lamellar tooth rats, brush-haired mice , actual mice and African soft rats, as well as beetles, lizards, birds and some ants. Getting along with columns of wandering ants is believed to be dependent on maturity and experience, suggesting a recent evolutionary adaptation to this diet.

The Jackson mongoose is mainly active at night and at dusk . In the Udzungwa Mountains, 73 percent of 25 photos taken with camera traps at night were taken between 7pm and midnight. They may be solitary , but are often seen in pairs and occasionally in groups of four. Nothing is known about their reproduction .

distribution

Distribution area of ​​the Jackson mongoose

The range of the Jackson mongoose is very limited and restricted to a few forested mountain regions. It is from the central and southern known Kenya , south-eastern Uganda , as well as 900 kilometers further south in central Tanzania nearby Udzungwa Mountains , where it was first detected in 2001/02. In the Aberdare mountain range , the Mount Kenya massif and the Mount Elgon massif , it occurs up to an altitude of 3300 meters above sea level. Its occurrence in the Udzungwa Mountains seems to be very limited and so far it has only been recorded in the Matunda Forest within a radius of 2.65 kilometers. It may also inhabit other massifs of the Eastern Arc Mountains such as the Uluguru , Nguru and Usambara Mountains .

Systematics

The Jackson mongoose is usually considered a type of black-footed mongoose ( Bdeogale ). It is most closely related to the black-footed mongoose ( Bdeogale nigripes ), from which it differs in skull and fur features and is often viewed as a mountain variant. Both are sometimes combined in the species Bdeogale nigripes or the subgenus Galeriscus , or they are separated from Bdeogale as an independent genus Galeriscus .

The Jackson mongoose is considered an independent species by Allen (1939), Rosevear (1974), Corbet and Hill (1980), Honacki and colleagues (1982), Nowak and Paradiso (1983), Corbet and Hill (1986), Schliemann (1988 ), Corbet and Hill (1991), Nowak (1991), Wozencraft (1993), Kingdon (1997), Nowak (1999), Pavlinov (2003), Wozencraft (2005), Van Rompaey and coworkers (2008) and Gilchrist and coworkers (2009) considered. Kingdon (1977) treats it as a subspecies of the black-footed mongoose and Dücker (1972) also considers it to be the same species .

Subspecies were not described.

nomenclature

Oldfield Thomas described the Jackson mongoose in 1894 as a type species Galeriscus jacksoni of the new genus Galeriscus . He gave Mianzini in the land of the Maasai at an altitude of 8000 feet (2438 meters) above sea level as the type site. Reginald Ernest Moreau , George Henry Evans Hopkins and Robert William Hayman restricted the site at Mianzini in 1945/46 to a few miles east-southeast of Lake Naivasha , at the southern end of the Kinangop Plateau and to an altitude of 9,000 feet (2,743 meters).

Frederick John Jackson discovered the Jackson mongoose in 1889 and in 1894 sent a hide without a skull to the British Museum in London. Misguided by the inadequate and incomplete type specimen , Thomas initially considered them to be related to the Grisons . Paul Matschie called it a Massaimarder in 1895, but was the first to recognize it as a black-footed mongoose. Reginald Innes Pocock also regarded Galeriscus as a synonym for Bdeogale in 1916 . In 1918, Ned Hollister considered them a geographical subspecies of the black-footed mongoose.

Persistence and protection

The Jackson mongoose occurs in separate populations and appears to be rare. However, there is no reliable information on the stock. The International Union for Conservation of Nature IUCN classified them in 2008 as low risk (Near Threatened) and almost as endangered (Threatened) . This is justified with the assumed population decline of 20 to 25 percent within the last 15 years due to habitat loss . Since it relies on forest for habitat, its main threat is likely to be the continued destruction of forests. It was classified as Insufficiently Known in 1988, 1990 and 1994 and classified as Vulnerable in 1996 .

Several populations are found in protected areas such as Aberdare National Park , Mount Kenya National Park , likely Mount Elgon National Park, and Udzungwa Mountains National Park . In Tanzania, all confirmed occurrences are in protected areas. It is also probably more widespread than previously known. De Luca and Rovero (2006) recommend the complete protection of the forests bordering the Udzungwa Mountains National Park and the investigation of other groundwater forests for their existence.

Web links

literature

  • Glover Morrill Allen: A Checklist of African Mammals . In: Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College . tape 83 , 1939, ISSN  0027-4100 ( online ).
  • Gordon Barclay Corbet , John Edwards Hill : A World List of Mammalian Species . British Museum (Natural History) / Comstock Publishing Associates (Cornell University Press), London / Ithaca 1980, ISBN 0-8014-1260-9 .
  • Gordon Barclay Corbet, John Edwards Hill: A World List of Mammalian Species . 2nd Edition. Facts on File Publications / British Museum (Natural History), New York / London 1986, ISBN 0-565-00988-5 .
  • Gordon Barclay Corbet, John Edwards Hill: A World List of Mammalian Species . 3. Edition. Natural History Museum Publications / Oxford University Press, London / New York 1991, ISBN 0-19-854017-5 .
  • Daniela W. De Luca, Noah E. Mpunga: Carnivores of Udzungwa Mountains: Presence, Distributions and Threats . Wildlife Conservation Society, Mbeya 2005 ( online [PDF; 2.6 MB ]).
  • Daniela W. De Luca, Francesco Rovero: First records in Tanzania of the Vulnerable Jackson's mongoose Bdeogale jacksoni (Herpestidae) . In: Oryx . tape 40 , no. 4 , 2006, ISSN  0030-6053 , p. 468-471 , doi : 10.1017 / S0030605306001396 .
  • Gerti Dücker: crawling cats and aardwolves . In: Rudolf Altevogt, Renate Angermann, Heinrich Dathe, Bernhard Grzimek, Konrad Herter, Detlef Müller-Using, Urs Rahm, Erich Thenius (eds.): Grzimeks Tierleben : Enzyklopädie des Tierreichs. Volume XII: Mammals 3 . Kindler-Verlag, Zurich 1972, DNB  740091557 , p. 144-185 .
  • Jason S. Gilchrist, Andrew P. Jennings, Géraldine Veron, Paolo Cavallini: Herpestidae (Mongooses) . In: Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (eds.): Handbook of the Mammals of the World. Volume 1: Carnivores . Lynx Edicions, Barcelona 2009, ISBN 978-84-96553-49-1 , pp. 262-328 .
  • Ned Hollister: East African Mammals in the United States National Museum. Part I: Insectivora, Chiroptera, and Carnivora . In: Bulletin of the United States National Museum . No. 99 , 1918, ISSN  0362-9236 ( online ).
  • James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (Eds.): Mammal Species of the World : A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference . Allen Press / Association of Systematics Collections, Lawrence, Kansas 1982, ISBN 0-942924-00-2 .
  • Jonathan Kingdon: The Kingdon Field Guide to African Mammals . A&C Black Publishers, London 1997, ISBN 0-7136-6513-0 .
  • Paul Matschie: The mammals of German East Africa . Geographische Verlagshandlung Dietrich Reimer, Berlin 1895 ( online ).
  • Ronald M. Nowak: Walker's Mammals of the World . 5th edition. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore / London 1991, ISBN 0-8018-3970-X .
  • Ronald M. Nowak: Walker's Mammals of the World . 6th edition. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore / London 1999, ISBN 0-8018-5789-9 .
  • Ronald M. Nowak, John L. Paradiso: Walker's Mammals of the World . 4th edition. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore / London 1983, ISBN 0-8018-2525-3 .
  • Igor Jakowlewitsch Pawlinow: [Systematics of today's mammals] / Систематика современных млекопитающих . Moscow State University, Moscow 2003 ( online ).
  • Reginald Innes Pocock: A new genus of African mongooses, with a note on Galeriscus . In: The Annals and Magazine of Natural History. Eight series . tape 17 , no. 98 , 1916, pp. 176-179 ( online ).
  • Donovan Reginald Rosevear : The Carnivores of West Africa . Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), London 1974, ISBN 0-565-00723-8 .
  • Harald Schliemann: crawling cats . In: Bernhard Grzimek (Ed.): Grzimek's Enzyklopädie Säugetiere . tape 6 , 1988, pp. 11–55 (eleven-volume licensed edition).
  • Harry Van Rompaey, Daniela W. De Luca, Francesco Rovero, Mark Hoffmann: Bdeogale jacksoni . In: IUCN 2009 (Ed.): IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2009.1 . 2008.
  • W. Christopher Wozencraft : Order Carnivora . In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds.): Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference . 2nd Edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington / London 1993, ISBN 1-56098-217-9 , pp. 279-348 .
  • W. Christopher Wozencraft: Order Carnivora . In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds.): Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference . 3. Edition. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore 2005, ISBN 0-8018-8221-4 , pp. 532-628 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h Gilchrist et al ., 2009, p. 319.
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g h i Kingdon, 1997, p. 257.
  3. ↑ a b Schliemann, 1988, p. 224.
  4. ↑ a b c d e f g Van Rompaey and colleagues as assessors 2008 in the IUCN Red List
  5. ↑ De Luca and Mpunga, 2005, p. 21
  6. ↑ De Luca and Rovero, 2006 (abstract)
  7. ↑ a b Wozencraft, 2005, “ Bdeogale ” ( Memento of the original from June 4, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Pp. 562-563. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.bucknell.edu
  8. ↑ a b c d e Wozencraft, 2005, " Bdeogale jacksoni " ( Memento of the original from May 22, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. P. 563. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.bucknell.edu
  9. ↑ a b Nowak, 1999, p. 779.
  10. ↑ Allen, 1939, p. 211.
  11. ↑ a b Rosevear, 1974, p. 321.
  12. ↑ Corbet and Hill, 1980 p. 103.
  13. ↑ Honacki et al., 1982, p. 271.
  14. ↑ Nowak and Paradiso, 1983, p. 1049.
  15. ^ Corbet and Hill, 1986 p. 117.
  16. ^ Corbet and Hill, 1991 p. 112.
  17. ↑ Nowak, 1991, p. 1171.
  18. ^ Wozencraft, 1993, p. 301.
  19. ↑ Pavlinow, 2003, "Carnivora"
  20. ↑ Jonathan Kingdon: East African Mammals: An Atlas of Evolution in Africa. Volume III, Part A: Carnivores . Academic Press, London 1977. Cited in Nowak, 1999, p. 779
  21. ↑ Dücker, 1972, p. 176.
  22. ↑ a b Matschie, 1895, p. 85.
  23. ↑ a b Pocock, 1916, p. 179.
  24. ↑ Rosevear, 1974, p. 322.
  25. ^ Matschie, 1895, p. 147.
  26. ↑ Hollister, 1918 p. 135.