Jakob Friedrich Fries

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Jakob Friedrich Fries

Jakob Friedrich Fries (born August 23, 1773 in Barby , † August 10, 1843 in Jena ) was a German philosopher . Fries was one of the ideas behind the founding of the original fraternity .

Live and act

Life

Jakob Friedrich Fries, son of a pastor , was educated in the Moravian School in Niesky from 1778 . After his theological training at the local theological seminar there, he studied law and philosophy from 1795 , first at the University in Leipzig , then in 1797 with Johann Gottlieb Fichte in Jena and then worked as a private tutor in Switzerland until 1800 . After receiving his doctorate in the same year under Fichte, he was able to complete his habilitation with him in 1801 and became a professor in 1805. In the same year, however, he was offered a professorship in philosophy and elementary mathematics ( expanded to include physics in 1812 ) at the University of Heidelberg . In 1816 Fries was recalled to Jena, but in 1819 he was forced to retire. In 1824 he was given permission to hold lectures in mathematics and physics again, and again in philosophy from 1838, which limited his effectiveness as a philosopher.

In 1808 he was accepted as a corresponding member in the Bavarian and in 1812 in the Prussian Academy of Sciences .

His great-grandson was Heinrich von Eggeling .

Act

Memorial for frieze at the Fürstengraben in Jena by Robert Härtel

Even if Jakob Fries broke away from the pietistic stamping of his former faith, he could, like many in contemporary philosophy, make structural religious elements fruitful for the development of his philosophical system. He made his philosophical position with regard to his contemporaries in the critical work on Reinhold , Fichte and Schelling (1803; reprinted in 1824 as Polemische Schriften ) and in the treatises System of Philosophy as Evident Science (1804) and Knowledge, Faith and Punishment (1805, new edition . 1905) clearly.

His most important treatise, the New or Anthropological Critique of Reason of 1807 (2nd ed. 1828–1831), was an attempt to give the critical theory of Immanuel Kant in self-reflection and the “ self-confidence of reason ” a new basis; she entered Fries' charge of psychologism , as has been tried several times to prove, but wrongly. His System of Logic appeared in 1811 and Julius and Evagoras, a philosophical novel, in 1814 . After being appointed to the chair of theoretical philosophy (including mathematics and physics and more recent philosophy) in Jena, he undertook a crusade against prevailing romanticism.

Politically, Fries was an avowed liberal, nationalist and unionist who supported the fraternities in a variety of ways . He presented his views in the work Von deutschem Bund und deutscher Staatsverfassungs (1816), which he dedicated to " the youth of Germany "; In 1817 he appeared as a speaker at the Wartburg Festival . In 1819 the Karlovy Vary resolutions passed by the representatives of the German governments ended his university activities.

In his polemic about the endangerment of the prosperity and character of the Germans by the Jews (1816) he expresses himself anti-Jewish ; While he initially differentiates between Judaism ("Judaism") and Jews, in the following he also relates his negative descriptions to individuals. He advocates that a mark on their clothing distinguish them from the rest of the population. He also holds the German Jews responsible for the growing social influence of money and encourages them to emigrate from Germany; he demands that one must "exterminate" Judaism.

Karl Ludwig Sand , Kotzebue's murderer , was one of Fries' students. A letter from him, which was found on another student and was warned against participating in secret societies in the sand, was regarded by the suspicious authorities as evidence of guilt. A Mainz court sentenced Jakob Friedrich Fries, so that the Grand Duke of Weimar had to withdraw his license to teach from 1818 to 1824 because of this and because of his participation in the Wartburg Festival in 1817. However, the Grand Duke continued to pay the salary.

Fries is considered to be the founder of the principle of " punishment ", with which he sought to evade the dilemma of belief and knowledge . In this way he introduced the role of feeling and aesthetics as principles of action. He shapes “ devotion ” and “devotion” into non-religious categories of political action. According to Fries, conviction and attitude are sufficient motives for active participation in political events. Fries' approach has lost nothing to this day, from the explosive nature of justifying ideologically targeted actions to the assassination attempt .

Fonts (selection)

One of the most important works is Fries'

  • Handbook of practical philosophy (1817–1832)
  • Manual of psychic anthropology (1820–1821, 2nd edition 1837–1839) and his work
  • The mathematical natural philosophy (1822)
  • On the Endangerment of the Prosperity and Character of the Germans by the Jews (1816)

A complete edition of Jakob Friedrich Fries - Complete Writings, comprising over 30 volumes, has been published since 1967 . Compiled, introduced and provided with a frieze lexicon by Gert König (Bochum) and Lutz Geldsetzer (Düsseldorf) in the Scientia Verlag in Aalen, based on the last editions .

The Fries schools

The first Fries school (1847–1849) included: as its most important representative, the philosopher Ernst Friedrich Apelt (1815–1859), editor of the series of treatises of the Fries school , and the philosophers Ernst Sigismund Mirbt (1799–1847), Friedrich van Calker (1790–1870) and Johann Heinrich Theodor Schmid (1799–1836), the botanist Ernst Hallier (1831–1904), the zoologist Oscar Schmidt (1823–1886) and the mathematician Oskar Schlömilch (1823–1901) and others . The mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauß (1777–1855) and the botanist Matthias Jacob Schleiden (1804–1881) valued Fries highly; for the philosopher and theologian Friedrich Eduard Beneke (1798-1854) Fries' philosophy was of significant influence, as well as for the philosopher Jürgen Bona Meyer (1829-1897) and for the theologians Wilhelm Martin Leberecht de Wette (1780-1849), Carl Heinrich Schleiden (1809–1890), the brother o. G. Botanist, then for Karl August von Hase (1800–1890), Karl Schramm (1810–1888), Dankegott Kramer and Otto Eggeling .

The Göttingen philosopher Leonard Nelson founded a New Fries School at the beginning of the 20th century , published a new series of treatises in the Fries School from 1904 and founded a Jakob Friedrich Fries Society with the psychiatrist and active until 1921 in 1913 Psychotherapist Arthur Kronfeld as managing director.

In recent times u. a. Popper's Critical Rationalism, represented in Germany by Hans Albert and Helmut F. Spinner , linked to Fries' philosophy; in the USA , the philosopher Kelley L. Ross makes strong reference to Friesian philosophy and has been running an e-journal with a philosophical archive under the title The Proceedings of the Friesian School, Fourth Series since 1996 .

Works

  • From German philosophy, art and art: a vote for Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi against FH Schelling . Mohr & Zimmer, Heidelberg 1812 digitized

literature

  • Wolfgang Bonsiepen: The foundation of a natural philosophy in Kant, Schelling, Fries and Hegel. Mathematical versus speculative natural philosophy. Klostermann, Frankfurt am Main 1997, ISBN 3-465-02889-9 ( Philosophische Abhandlungen , 70; also: Bochum, Univ., Habil.-Schr., 1995).
  • Lüder Gabe:  Fries, Jakob Friedrich. In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 5, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1961, ISBN 3-428-00186-9 , p. 608 f. ( Digitized version ).
  • Kay Herrmann, Wolfram Hogrebe (ed.): Jakob Friedrich Fries - philosopher, natural scientist and mathematician. Negotiations of the symposium "Problems and Perspectives of Jakob Friedrich Fries' Epistemology and Natural Philosophy" from 9. – 11. October 1997 at the Friedrich Schiller University in Jena. Lang, Frankfurt am Main a. a. 1999, ISBN 3-631-31429-9 ( Studia Philosophica et Historica 25).
  • Kay Herrmann: Mathematical natural philosophy in the basic discussion. Jakob Friedrich Fries and the Sciences. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2000, ISBN 3-525-30516-8 ( New Studies on Philosophy , 16).
  • Gerald Hubmann: Ethical Conviction and Political Action. Jakob Friedrich Fries and the German tradition of ethics. Winter, Heidelberg 1997, ISBN 3-8253-0536-8 ( Frankfurt contributions to German studies , 30; also: Frankfurt / Main, Univ., Diss., 1996).
  • Heinrich von Eggeling:  Fries, Jakob . In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Volume 8, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1878, pp. 73-81.
  • Peter Fasel: Revolt and murder of Jews. Hartwig von Hundt-Radowsky 1780–1835. Biography of a demagogue. Metropol Verlag, Berlin 2010, ISBN 978-3-938690-23-9 (Fries passim)
    • Review. In: Die Zeit , No. 12/2010, supplement literature, p. 69 f.
  • Bjoern Weigel: Fries, Jakob Friedrich , in: Handbuch des Antisemitismus , Volume 2/1, 2009, pp. 256f.

Web links

Commons : Jakob Friedrich Fries  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Fraternities: Zu Jena auf der Tanne , by Peter-Philipp Schmitt, FAZ June 13, 2015
  2. ^ Fraternities: Rebellion in Black-Red-Gold , by Jörg Schweigard, Die Zeit 23 July 2015
  3. ^ Members of the previous academies. Jakob Friedrich Fries. Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities , accessed on March 25, 2015 .
  4. ↑ z. B. von Lutz Geldsetzer here ; s. a. the information from Volker Peckhaus under “4.2 Criticism of psychology” here. Retrieved January 15, 2020 .
  5. ↑ in About the endangerment ... etc. The ethnologist Friedrich Rühs wrote in 1816: If the Jews cannot be induced to be baptized, then all that remains is their extermination. Text in Bentzel-Sternau : Anti-Israel. A pro-Jewish satire from 1818; together with the anti-Jewish treatises by Friedrich Rühs and Jakob Friedrich Fries 1816. Manutius, Heidelberg 2004, ISBN 3-934877-31-1 . Fries agreed: Just ask man before man whether not every peasant, every citizen hates and curses them as spoilers and bread thieves. First of all, Fries differentiates between the Jews as persons and Judaism as a group: we declare war not on the Jews, our brothers, but on the Jews. Whoever loves the plague patient does not have to wish to be freed from the plague? And does he revile the plague sufferer who complains about the horrors of the plague and advises how to drive it away? Judaism is a holdover from an uneducated prehistoric age, which should not be restricted, but completely eradicated . Improving the bourgeois position of the Jews means exterminating Judaism, destroying the society of junk-addicted junk dealers and dealers. Judaism is an ethnic disease that is generated in abundance and is gaining power ... In the following, however, only Jews as traders, moneylenders, etc. are mentioned, so that it is about individuals again: They have that through private enrichment from public supplies to our peoples Soaked the marrow and let the armies starve. They spread fraud in trade, poverty through debt, corruption out of injustice of all kinds by our whole people. Because from the Jews comes the fraudulent outbidding in trade, the wrong description of goods and their value, the advance purchase of the harvest, the spread of lotteries and a thousand similar things, which make traffic illegal and the state of wealth unsafe .... It would be very good, however, if you ... As Rühs also advises, required them to wear a badge in their clothing in accordance with the old custom. Quoted from: Christian Jansen (Hrsg.): After the Revolution 1848/49: Persecution - Realpolitik - Nation-building. Political Letters of German Liberals and Democrats 1849-1861. Droste Verlag Düsseldorf, 2005 The “society of junk-addicted junk dealers and dealers” had to give up their fraudulent activity or the state had to force them to do so, as otherwise their forced eviction would be inevitable. He demanded to get rid of the "Jewish plague". See Werner Bergmann et al. a .: Anti-Semitism in political culture after 1945 , p. 114.
  6. ^ Georgi Schischkoff : Philosophical Dictionary. Kröner, Stuttgart 1919, Lemma Fries.
  7. ^ The Proceedings of the Friesian School, Fourth Series. friesian.org, accessed on May 17, 2019 .
personal data
SURNAME Fries, Jakob Friedrich
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German philosopher
DATE OF BIRTH August 23, 1773
PLACE OF BIRTH Barby
DATE OF DEATH August 10, 1843
Place of death Jena