Jan Skryhan

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January Skryhan (also Janka Skryhan ; Belarusian Ян (Янка) Скрыган , maiden name Іван Аляксеевіч Скрыган Ivan Aljaksejewitsch Skrygan ; born November 3 . Jul / 16th November  1905 greg. In Truchanawitschi, Ujesd Slutsk , Minsk province , Russian Empire ; † 18th September 1992 in Minsk , Belarus ) was a Belarusian-Soviet writer, publicist, literary critic and translator who was persecuted during the Stalin era . He is considered one of the founders of the Belarusian literary essay .

Life

Childhood and Adolescence (1905–1924)

Jan Skryhan was born in 1905 as the youngest of seven children in Truchanavichi, a small hamlet in central Belarus . His parents Aljaksiej and Maria were independent farmers. In the course of the deculakization and collectivization , the couple was expropriated and forcibly deported; it perished in exile .

The intellectual and academic development of the family's only son was encouraged from an early age. His godfather, a landowner from the neighborhood, regularly lent him literary works in various languages ​​and discussed them with him. The farmer's son started school in the parish's regular school and from 1918 attended the church middle school and grammar school for boys and girls in Sluzk . He then went to the Sluzker Agricultural Technical College, which he completed in 1924 with the fourth course level.

Career beginnings (1924–1936)

He took his first job in 1924 at the editorial office of the Sluzker district newspaper Wjaskowy Budajnik (German The Farmer in the Village ); his first poem appeared in this newspaper in 1925. In the same year he took over the management of the People's House ( Narodny dom ) in Rassony , at the same time he was secretary of the local Komsomol local group.

From 1926 to 1927 he worked in Polatsk as an editor for questions of style at the newspaper Tschyrwonaja Polatschtschyna (German Red Polatsk Region ). In Polatsk he was a member of the Belarusian Maladnjak literary society (German Jungwald, youngsters ) before he became a member of the Belarusian Futurists. Here he met the Belarusian futurist Paŭljuk Schukajla (1904–1939) and the writer and encyclopaedist Pjatrus Broŭka (1905–1980), his later patron and friend.

In 1928 he moved to Minsk and studied literature at the Pedagogical Faculty of the Belarusian State University (BDU) by 1932 and from 1931 in the department for literature and linguistics headed by Pjatrus Broŭka. As a student at the BDU, he took part in state social policy projects. In 1929 he traveled to the Mogiljow region to carry out collectivization measures there. Furthermore, in 1930 he worked for the daily newspaper Swiasda , property and mouthpiece of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (CPSU) . As a member of the Swiasda scientific project team, he developed the organizational plan for the manufacturing and logistics processes for the Gomselmasch harvesting machine factory in Homel .

From 1933 to 1936 he worked as a member of the editorial team at the literary weekly Litadela i mastatstwa, a publication of the Soviet Writers' Union . Since 1934 he was a member of the Writers ' Union of Belarusian Futurists and the Litadelna-mastatskaja kamuna.

In May 1936 he married Halina ("Lina") Hammer, who was of German descent. She worked as a typist and proofreader at the State Publishing House in Minsk. Fearing political persecution , she went to the West with their son Vsevolod (born in May 1937) after the outbreak of the German-Soviet war . Her imprisoned husband was later told that his family had been killed in a bomb attack in Minsk. In 1963 the son, who lives in West Germany, reported to his father in writing; there was no personal meeting.

The years of imprisonment and exile (1936–1954)

Imprisonment (1936) and forced labor in the SibLag (1937–1946)

On November 13, 1936 Jan Skryhan was in a state rest home for artists [russ. Dom twortschestwa (German friendship house )] arrested near Puchowitschi ( Minskaja Woblasz ). He had traveled there to write a newspaper article for his employer Litishera i mastatstwa .

He spent almost eleven months in a special prison (Russian isolator ) of the Belarusian secret service in Minsk; he was tortured during interrogation. On October 5, 1937, he was sentenced to ten years imprisonment and subsequent exile under Article 58 of the RSFSR Criminal Code for counter-revolutionary activities . Due to the high sentence and the classification as "political" he belonged to the group of prisoners who could not count on early release from camp detention, on easing of detention or the elimination of the exile.

He was taken to the West Siberian city of Mariinsk in a prison train on the Trans-Siberian Railway . From there he was sent to the corrective labor camp (Russian abbreviated ITL ) Novoiwanowskij in what was then Novosibirsk Oblast (since 1943 Kemerovo Oblast ), forty kilometers away . The camp established in 1929 was part of the Siberian Camp ( SibLag ). The main locations of the SibLag were Mariinsk, Kemerovo , Novosibirsk and Tomsk . Jan Skryhan reported as a carpenter at the beginning of his camp; he had learned carpentry from his father in his youth. At this time, the construction crews of the SibLag in Novoiwanowskij built earth huts and wooden barracks for the convicts in several fenced-in sub-camps as well as buildings for the camp administration in the main town. At times, Jan Skryhan was used for agricultural work, most recently he worked in the accounting department of the warehouse administration. In his memoirs, he noted that an inmate's chances of survival increased many times over if, like him, one served his sentence in a single labor camp and was not transferred more often. Nevertheless, the prison and working conditions in SibLag were harsh: Many prisoners did not survive poor food and housing, overcrowding, cold and forced labor . The Orthodox parish of Mariinsk has set up a memorial for the victims of the SibLag from 1929 to 1960 with exhibits from the everyday work and life of the camp inmates. Short biographies, camp drawings and written testimonials from the camp inmates can be viewed at Memorial .

Years of exile in Uzbekistan and Estonia (1946–1949)

In 1946 Jan Skryhan was released from the Novoiwanowskij camp and, according to the original judgment of October 5, 1937, sentenced to five years in exile. He was able to determine his own whereabouts within the Soviet Union, but not on the territory of the BSSR . His choice fell on Ferghana in eastern Uzbekistan . Here he found a job as an accountant in a combine for irrigation technology that had been moved from Moscow to Ferghana after the German invasion in 1941. During his exile in the Ferghana Valley, he met his second wife Anna Mikhailovna ("Hanna") Gwosdewa, a widowed engineer from Moscow who had been evacuated here with her son Alik during the war. In 1948 their daughter Halina ("Halja") was born. Because they couldn't stand the climate in Uzbekistan, the Skryhan family moved to Kiviõli near Kohtla-Järve in the northeast of the Estonian SSR in the same year . There Jan Skryhan was chief accountant in the Estonslanets combine , a Soviet state-owned oil shale industry . Since it was important to him to be able to communicate with the local factory workers, he learned the Estonian language during this time.

Years of Exile in the Krasnoyarsk Region (1949–1954)

On June 25, 1949 he was arrested again by the secret service and exiled to the east Siberian region of Krasnoyarsk in the Sukhobuzimsk district in the village of Sukhobuzimskoye, about 70 km from Krasnoyarsk . Until his rehabilitation he worked there as an accountant in the municipal administrative office of the Rajon (Russian abbreviated to Rajkomchos ) and in a machine-tractor station (Russian MTS ). His wife followed with the two children, although she had been pressured by the secret service in several nightly interrogations to break with him. The family lived in modest circumstances and, due to the lack of other food options, lived on cattle and agriculture.

The years after rehabilitation (1955–1992)

On December 29, 1954, almost 22 months after Stalin's death, Jan Skryhan was rehabilitated by the Supreme Court of the BSSR and received back his civil rights. After 18 years of imprisonment and exile, the 49-year-old was able to return to Belarus at the beginning of 1955 and begin a civil life with his family in Minsk. He got a job as an editor at the State Publishing House of the BSSR and worked as a literary advisor at the Belarusian Writers' Union. Since 1959 he was the editor of the Belarusian literary magazine Polymja responsible for the prose works published therein; he became deputy editor-in-chief and publisher of the magazine. Because of his - according to the testimony of the encyclopedist Pjatrus Broka - excellent knowledge of the Belarusian language, he was appointed to the scientific staff of the Belarusian Soviet Encyclopedia (BSE) in 1967 and head of the literature control unit. From 1975 to 1985 he was secretary of the committee of the BSSR State Prize for Literature, Art and Architecture.

Jan Skryhan died on September 18, 1992, two months before his 87th birthday in Minsk. His grave is in the Minsk North Cemetery.

plant

Jan Skryhan, born in late 1905, was a child of the "Adradschenne", the Belarusian rebirth of literature, art and culture. This began with the publication of the October Manifesto during the Russian Revolution of 1905 and led to an artistic heyday in Belarus; their main representatives were Jakub Kolas and Janka Kupala . The phase of cultural self-determination came to an end due to the Soviet cultural policy of bringing the arts into line and the officially valid primacy of socialist realism from 1932 . Jan Skryhan described the climate of suspicion of artists and their spying by secret service agents as follows:

"Raptam u našaj respublicy pajavilasia bieźlič vorahaŭ. Haloŭnym čynam intelihientaŭ. ( Suddenly there were a lot of enemies in our republic, mainly intellectuals. ) "

From 1933, the reprisals began against a large part of the Belarusian intelligentsia; the politically motivated persecution culminated in the Great Terror , flared up again in 1946 and only ended a few months after Stalin's death.

Jan Skryhan's literary oeuvre is divided into two parts due to persecution in the Stalin era , as he was strictly prohibited from writing in the eighteen years as a Gulag prisoner and as an exile. The guards and secret police kept a close eye on the writer; the danger of denunciation by fellow inmates or work colleagues was great. During the second period of exile, Skryhan's caution went so far that even his wife Hanna knew nothing of his past as a Belarusian author.

In keeping with the social optimism of the 1920s, his early lyrical work is characterized by a romantically transfigured, revolutionary pathos; the first prose works were created from 1927 onwards. The highlight of his literary output before his arrest is the narrative anthology Sustrečy , published in 1935 : the literary criticism positively emphasizes the formal design, the command of the Belarusian language , especially his native Slutsk dialect , as well as the sense of style and narrative speed. In terms of content, Skryhan describes people in his early stories whose actions are characterized by a patriotic feeling and high moral principles.

After his rehabilitation, Skryhan continued his literary career alongside his professional one. He resorted to the short prose forms of the essay, the short story and above all the Powest (Belarus. Apoviesć ). The latter is located between the narrative and the novel. Overall, his late work is strongly autobiographical. It flows into the Powest Kruhi , which comprises four “ circles of life”. He attached particular importance to keeping alive the memory of many of his fellow writers who died during the political persecution of the Stalin era . With his literary essays and portraits from 1965 ( Ranišnija rosy ) and 1979 ( Hosci z Minska and Niekaĺki chvilin čužoha žyccia ), among others , he made an important contribution to an alternative culture of remembrance in the late Soviet era. With his linguistic and literary publications, he created a new awareness of the value and independence of the Belarusian language, especially in the BSSR, whose official and school language was still Russian . Another concern of his was the promotion of Belarusian writers.

The “former futurist from Siblag” received a number of state awards and enjoyed the privileges associated with them, such as stays in state rest homes for artists or the allocation of a new apartment. Reading tours have taken him through several states of the Soviet Union since the late 1950s and made him known nationwide. His main work, Kruhi , was reprinted several times until 2005, including an annotated edition for school use. He remained a lifelong spiritually alert author who wrote his memoirs until a few days before his death. His memorial texts from 1989 to 1992 were published by his daughter in 1995 and 2005.

After his death, friends and fellow writers put together a volume with personal memories of him. His personal estate, including numerous historical photographs from the Skryhan family archive, was given to the School Museum for Regional History in Kamen, a village not far from his birthplace Truchanavichi. His literary estate is u. a. in the Minsk Literary Archives and the Museum of Literary History.

bibliography

Poetry

  • first publication of poems in Viaskovyi Budainik (1925)
  • Росквіт / Roskvit. Anthology (1925)
  • Наддзвінне / Naddsvinne. Anthology (1926)
  • Слуцкія песняры / Sluckija piesnjary (1926)
  • Зарніцы / Zarnicy (1928)
  • На Цішоўскай пустэчы / Na Cischoŭskai pustečy. Published in an anthology on the history of the Mogiljow silk factory (1931)

Short stories, short stories and powesti

  • Таіса / Taisa (1927)
  • Затока ў бурах / Zatoka ŭ burach (1929, second edition 1956)
  • Каця Лапянкова / Kacia Lapiankova (1932)
  • Сустрэчы / Sustrečy (1935)
  • Апавяданні / Apaviadanni (1956)
  • Наталлa / Natalia (1957)
  • Паваротак ля сасны / Pavarotak lia sasny (1957, on Bjelaruskaja Palička, bielaruskaja eliektronnaja biblijateka, accessed August 30, 2019, (online)
  • Няпрошаная сляза / Niaprošanaia sliaza (1958)
  • Скажы адно слова / Skažy adno slova (1961)
  • След гумавых шын / Slied humavych šyn (1961, on Bjelaruskaja Palička, bielaruskaja eliektronnaja biblijateka, accessed August 30, 2019, (online)
  • Свая аповесць / Svaja apoviesć (1964)
  • Месячная ноч / Miesiačnaja noč
  • У старым доме / U starym domie
  • У Кірылы на хутары / U Kiryly na chutary
  • Як спявалі песню / Jak spiavali piesniu
  • Факір Іяма / Fakir Ijama
  • Над гаем кружылі буслы / Nad hajem kružyli busly (1965, on Bjelaruskaja Palička, bielaruskaja eliektronnaja biblijateka, accessed August 30, 2019, (online)
  • Кругі / Kruhi (German circles ), consisting of 1st circle Парог / Paroh ( threshold ), 2nd circle Світанак Svitanak ( dawn ) 3rd circle Трывогі / Tryvohi ( restlessness ) and 4th circle Сугучча / Suhučča ( harmony ) (1969)
  • Кругі: аповесць з дасказамі / Kruhi: apoviesć z daskazami ( circles: Powest with explanations ). Edition for school use, 366 pages. Minsk 1986.
  • Выбраныя творы twory у 2 т. / Vybranyja tvory u 2 tamach ( selected works in 2 volumes ) Minsk 1975, 1985, 2005 (1st – 3rd edition)
    • Volume 1: Кругі: аповесць / Kruhi: apoviesć ( circles: Powest ). 430 pages.
    • Volume 2: Апавяданні. Аповесці. Літаратурны роздум / Apaviadanni. Apoviesci. Litichtungny rozdum ( short stories. Powesti. Literary reflections ). 454 pages.

Essays, portraits and memories

  • Новая зямля / Novaja ziamla (1929)
  • Шугае сонца / Šuhaje sonca (1930)
  • Права на энтузіязм / Prava naentuzijazm (1932)
  • Недапісаны профіль / Niedapisany profiĺ (1932)
  • Ранішнія росы: Літаратурныя нататкі, успаміны, партрэты / Ranišnija rosy: Lititannija natatki, uspaminy, partrety (1965)
  • Госці з Мінска / Hosci z Minska (1979)
  • Некалькі хвілін чужога жыцця: апавяданні, успаміны, роздум / Niekaĺki chvilin čužoha žyccia: apaviadanni, uspaminy, rozdum. (1st edition 1979, 2nd edition 1990, 358 pages)
  • Трэба хоць трошкі ўспомніць: два неапублікаваныя дзённікавыя запісы 1992 г. / Treba choć trochi ŭspomnić: dva nieapublikavanyja dzionnikavyja zapisy 1992 h (German Something memory must be: two unpublished diary entries by Jan Skryhans from 1992 ), edited by Halina Skryhan. In: Pieršacviet 1995, No. 9, pp. 133-137.
  • Той час ... З кнігі ўспамінаў / Toj čas… z knihi ŭspaminaŭ. (German memories, 1989–1992 ), edited by Halina Skryhan. As of April 2, 2016, accessed August 30, 2019. On dziejaslou.by ( online ( memento from June 19, 2013 in the Internet Archive )) or Ян Скрыган (№18).

Linguistic and literary essays

  • Думкі аб мове / Dumki from movie (1957)
  • Яшчэ трохі аб мове / Jašče trochi from movie
  • Чары слова / Čary slova
  • Блізкія сэрцу думкі / Blizkija sercu dumki
  • Беглыя запісы / Biehlyja zapisy (1963)
  • Клопат / Klopat (1984)
  • Дабрыня і яшчэ сёе-тое / Dabrynia i jašče sioje-toje (1984)

Translations into Belarusian

Jan Skryhan has translated numerous works from Russian, including works by Isaac Babel , Iwan Bunin , Fyodor Gladkow , Maxim Gorki , Alexander Nikolajewitsch Ostrowski , Michail Bulgakow , Michail Soschtschenko and Konstantin Fedin as well as works from Ukrainian, Lithuanian and Latvian. In 1936 he translated Romain Rolland's story Colas Breugnon from French . He translated works by the writer Friedebert Tuglas from Estonian.

Translations of his works into Russian and English

  • Людьми зваться / Lyud'mi zvat'sya. Leningrad 1959
  • Лунная ночь: Рассказы. Повести. Портреты / Lunnaya noch ': Rasskazy. Povesti. Portrety. Moscow 1967
  • Поворот у сосны: Рассказы / Povorot u sosny: Rasskazy. Leningrad 1974
  • Круги: Повесть с отступлениями / Krugi: Povest 's otstupleniyami. Leningrad 1984
  • Blindness. Translated by R. Lipatau. In: Colors of the Native Country. Minsk 1972. On knihi.com, that is: Bjelaruskaja Palitschka, Bjelaruskaja eljektronnaja biblijateka, 1996–2019. Retrieved August 30, 2019 (online) .

Awards and commemorations

  • 1976: Winner of the State Prize of the Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic (BSSR) for his services in the publication of the Belarusian Soviet Encyclopedia (BSE) from 1967 to 1975
  • 1985: Honored cultural worker of the BSSR
  • 1964: Diploma of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic (BSSR)
  • 1964: Diploma of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic of Tuva (ASSR Tuva)
  • 1991: Francysk Skaryna Medal
  • 1998: Inauguration of a Jan Skryhan plaque and a memorial stone in the Estonian city of Kiviõli to commemorate his years of exile in Estonia.
  • 2014: Jan Skryhan exhibition in the Krajaznaŭči škoĺny muziej [School Museum of Regional History ] of the comprehensive school in Kamen, Kapylski Rajon, Minskaja Woblasz. Here: Aficyjnaje adkryccio ekspazicyi, prysviečanaj našamu slavutamu ziemliaku Janu Skryhanu (German official exhibition opening in honor of our famous compatriot Jan Skryhan ). On came.schools.by. As of April 9, 2014, accessed August 28, 2019 ( online ) (in Belarusian).
  • 2018: Virtualnaja ekskursija (German virtual tour ) through the Jan Skryhan exhibition (click on the picture on the top left: “Экспазіцыя, прысвечаная Яну Скрыгану”). With historical photos and curriculum vitae. On came.schools.by. As of May 7, 2018, retrieved August 28, 2019 ( haben.schools.by online ) (in Belarusian).
  • 2014ff: "Ulitsa Yana Skrigana" [Jan Skrygan Street] in Kapyl. On google.de. Retrieved August 28, 2019 ( online ) (in Russian).

literature

  • Sierafim Andrajuk: Кругі жыцця / Kruhi žyccia. Pismenniki Knihi, Minsk 1997, OCLC 220355519 , pp. 259-263.
  • Mark Grosset, Nicolas Werth : The Stalin Era. Living in a totalitarian society. Translated from the French by Enrico Heinemann. Konrad Theiss Verlag, Stuttgart 2008, ISBN 978-3-8062-2185-5 , pp. 109-110.
  • Viktar Kavalienka: Лёс і творчасць: штрыхі да літ. партрэта Яна Скрыгана / Lios i tvorčasć: štrychi da lit. partreta Jana Skryhana. In: Polymja. No. 4, 2001, pp. 269-289.
  • Natallia Kuźmič: Свой свет - свой стыль / Svoj sviet - svoj styĺ. In: Polymja. No. 1, 2005, pp. 206-215.
  • Memorial International (ed.): The system of corrective labor camps in the USSR 1923-1960. Moscow 1998. Berlin 2006. (gulag.memorial.de , PDF file; 0.8 MB)
  • Memorial Germany e. V. (Ed.): GULAG manual. Entry "Essays on the Gulag". In particular, wording of paragraph 58 of the Criminal Code of the USSR. Retrieved August 15, 2019 (gulag.memorial.de)
  • Memorial Germany e. V. (Ed.): GULAG manual. Entry "SIBERIAN ITL". Retrieved June 6, 2019 (gulag.memorial.de)
  • Norbert Randow : Lost, forgotten, forbidden. Eight hundred years of Belarusian literature. In: Eastern Europe. 54th year, issue 2, contours and contrasts. Belarus is looking for its face. Berlin 2004, pp. 158-175. In particular Chapter 3: From the 'Karanizacyja' to the Great Terror. Pp. 168-172.
  • Lyudmila Rubljewskaja: лістапада 16 - 100 год з дня нараджэння Яна Скрыгана (1905-1992), пісьменніка / 16 listapada - 100 hod z dnia naradžennia Jana Skryhana (1905-1992), piśmiennika (German The Nov. 16 - For the hundredth birthday of the writer Jan Skryhan 1905–1992. ) Biography, catalog raisonné and secondary literature on old.nlb.by, that is: National Library of Belarus. Status 1992, accessed August 28, 2019 ( online ) (in Belarusian).
  • Lyudmila Rublevskaya: Бывший футурист из Сиблага. Ян Скрыган и его несколько жизней / Byvshiy futurist iz Siblaga. Yan Skrygan i yego neskol'ko zhizney (German The former futurist from the Siblag. Jan Skrygan and his various lives ) on sb.by, that is: SB Bjelarus sewodnja. As of December 10, 2005, accessed August 2, 2019 ( online ) (in Russian).
  • Lyudmila Rublevskaya: Писатель Ян Скрыган дружил с загадочным факиром. Любимая женщина факира / Pisatel 'Yan Skrygan druzhil s zagadochnym fakirom. Lyubimaya zhenshchina fakira (German. The writer Jan Skryhan was friends with a mysterious fakir. The fakir's beloved wife ). On sb.by, that is: SB Bjelarus sewodnja. As of April 9, 2019, accessed July 26, 2019 ( online ) (in Russian).
  • Halina Skryhan (ed.): Слова пра Яна Скрыгана: успаміны / Slova pra Jana Skrygana: uspaminy (German A word about Jan Skryhan: memories ). Minsk 2005.
  • Towiki. Tomskoj Wiki. Entry "Сиблаг" [Siblag]. In particular section “Структура сиблага 1941” (German structure of the SibLag in 1941 ) ( online ) (in Russian).
  • Artur Zurbakoŭ: Памятны знак Яну Скрыгану ў г.Ківіылі / Pamiatny znak Janu Skryhanu ŭ h.Kiviyli (German memorial stone for Jan Skryhan in Kiviõli ). CV, works and appreciation of his advocacy for the Belarusian language in the USSR (1998). On zbsb.org, that is: Zhurtavannie bielarusaŭ svietu Baćkaŭščyna, accessed August 30, 2019 ( online , zbsb.org ) (in Belarusian).

Web links

Commons : Jan Skryhan  - collection of images, videos and audio files
  • Karta Kopyl'skogo rayona [Kapylsk Rajon map] on belaruscity.net, accessed August 28, 2019 ( online ) (in Russian).
  • Selected stories and translations on knihi.com, that is: Bjelaruskaja palitschka. Bjelaruskaja eljektronnaja biblijateka, 1996–2019. Retrieved August 30, 2019 ( knihi.com , online ) (in Belarusian).
  • Short biography on slounik.org, that is: Eliektronnaja Encykliapedyja, 2003–2019. Entry "Скрыган Янка." Retrieved July 29, 2019 ( online ) (in Belarusian).

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d Norbert Randow : Lost, forgotten, forbidden. Eight hundred years of Belarusian literature. In: Eastern Europe, 54th year, issue 2, Konturen und Kontraste. Belarus is looking for its face. Berlin 2004, pp. 158-175. In particular, Chapter 3: From the 'Karanizacyja' to the Great Terror, pp. 168–172.
  2. ↑ Artur Zurbakoŭ: "Памятны знак Яну Скрыгану ў г.Ківіылі / Pamiatny znak Janu Skryhanu ŭ h.Kiviyli." Curriculum vitae and appreciation on the occasion of the inauguration ceremony of a Jani Skryhan (in 1998) memorial ceremony. On zbsb.org. Retrieved June 10, 2019, online (in Belarusian).
  3. ↑ Scientific transliteration Truchanavičy, Belarusian Труханавічы, Russian Трухановичи. Geographical localization on belaruscity.net, accessed August 28, 2019 ( online ) (in Russian).
  4. ↑ a b J. Skryhan, family tradition.
  5. ↑ Jan Skryhan: Vybranyja tvory [selected works in two volumes], Volume 1: Kruhi (German circles ). First circle. Minsk 2005.
  6. ↑ Slutsk, dukhovnoye uchilishche, photos on globus.tut.by. As of April 28, 2019, accessed August 28, 2019 ( online ) (in Russian).
  7. ↑ Short biography on slounik.org, that is: Eliektronnaja Encykliapedyja, 2003–2019. Entry "Скрыган Янка". Retrieved August 30 ( online ) (in Belarusian).
  8. ↑ a b c d e f g Lyudmila Rublevskaya: Бывший футурист из Сиблага. Ян Скрыган и его несколько жизней / Byvshiy futurist iz Siblaga. Yan Skrygan i yego neskol'ko zhizney (German The former futurist from the Siblag. Jan Skrygan and his various lives ) on sb.by, that is: SB Bjelarus sewodnja. As of December 10, 2005, accessed August 2, 2019 ( online ) (in Russian).
  9. ↑ Reference to tbm-mova.by (that is: Tavarystva bielaruskaj movy imia F. Skaryny). Retrieved August 28, 2019 ( online ) (in Belarusian).
  10. ↑ Lyudmila Rubljewskaja: Pisatel 'Yan Skrygan druzhil s zagadochnym fakirom. Lyubimaya zhenshchina fakira (German The writer Jan Skrygan - a friend of the mysterious fakir. The beloved wife of the fakir ), on sb.by, that is: Bjelarus Sewodnja. As of April 9, 2019, accessed August 30, 2019 ( online ) (in Russian).
  11. ↑ Jan Skryhan: Treba choć trochi ŭspomnić: dva nieapublikavanyja dzionnikavyja zapisy 1992 h (German Something memory must be: Two unpublished diary entries from 1992 ). Edited by Halina Skryhan. In: Pieršacviet No. 9, 1995 year, pp. 133-137.
  12. ^ Mark Grosset, Nicolas Werth : The Stalin era. Living in a totalitarian society. Translated from the French by Enrico Heinemann. Konrad Theiss Verlag, Stuttgart 2008, ISBN 978-3-8062-2185-5 , pp. 109-110.
  13. ↑ See pictures of historic prisoner transport cars on siberiantimes.com. Retrieved June 10, 2019 ( online ) (in Russian).
  14. ^ Memorial International (ed.): The system of corrective labor camps in the USSR 1923–1960. Moscow 1998 / Berlin 2006. PDF file, 0.8 MB (gulag.memorial.de)
  15. ↑ a b c Memorial Germany e. V. (Ed.): GULAG manual. Entry "SIBERIAN ITL". Status 2006. (gulag.memorial.de , accessed June 6, 2019)
  16. ↑ Jan Skryhan: Той час ... З кнігі ўспамінаў / Toj čas… Z knihi ŭspaminaŭ (German memories ), texts from 1989 to July 1992, edited by Halina Skryhan. As of April 2, 2016, accessed August 30, 2019. At dziejaslou.by ( online ( memento from June 19, 2013 in the Internet Archive )).
  17. ↑ Towiki. Tomskoj Wiki. Entry "Сиблаг", in particular the section "Структура сиблага 1941" (German structure of the Siblag in 1941 ) ( online ) (in Russian).
  18. ↑ Memorialnyj Kompleks schertwam Siblaga. On google.com. As of September 2017, accessed June 6, 2019 ( online ) (in Russian).
  19. ↑ For the involuntarily comical selection process see Jan Skryhan: Той час ... З кнігі ўспамінаў / Toj čas… Z knihi ŭspaminaŭ (German memories, 1989–1992 ). Here: Text Блуканьні / Blukanʹni (January 25, 1992). Edited by Halina Skryhan. As of April 2, 2016, accessed August 30, 2019. On dziejaslou.by ( online ( memento from June 19, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) or Ян Скрыган (№18) ): Because Skryhan was undecided about the place of exile, the Novoyvanovsky warehouse keepers close their eyes, turn three times on their own axis and tap a map of the USSR with their fingers. The result was Ferghana, the warehouse keeper's place of origin.
  20. ↑ Jan Skryhan: Той час ... З кнігі ўспамінаў / Toj čas… Z knihi ŭspaminaŭ (German memories, 1989–1992 ). Here: Text Сухабузім / Sukhabuzim (February 19, 1992). Edited by Halina Skryhan. As of April 2, 2016, accessed August 30, 2019. On dziejaslou.by ( online ( memento from June 19, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) or Ян Скрыган (№18) ).
  21. ↑ Belarusian Wikipedia, entry "Paŭnočnyja mohilki (Minsk)". As of August 25, 2019, accessed August 30, 2019 ( Паўночныя могілкі (Мінск) ).
  22. ↑ Text after Jan Skryhan: Той час ... З кнігі ўспамінаў / Toj čas… Z knihi ŭspaminaŭ [memories 1989–1992]. Here: Text "Tой час, альбо Алесь Гародня / Toj čas, aĺbo Alieś Harodnia" (November 17, 1989 to October 1, 1990), edited by Halina Skryhan. As of April 2, 2016, accessed August 30, 2019. On dziejaslou.by ( online ( memento from June 19, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) or Ян Скрыган (№18) ).
  23. ↑ Igor Kuznetsov: . Indeks urozhentsev Bielarusi, repressirovannykh v 1920-1950 gg-ie v Zapadnoy Sibiri. Volume 1., Minsk: Medisont, 2002 (in Russian).
  24. ↑ Leanid Marakoŭ: Represavanyja litaratary, navukoŭcy, rabotniki asviety, hramadskija i kuĺturnyja dziejačy Bielarusi, 1794–1991, 2 volumes. Minsk 2003, ISBN 985-6374-04-9 . (in Belarusian).
  25. ↑ Artur Zurbakoŭ: Памятны знак Яну Скрыгану ў г.Ківіылі / Pamiatny znak Janu Skryhanu ŭ h.Kiviyli. CV and appreciation on the occasion of the inauguration ceremony of a Jan Skryhan memorial plaque in Kiviõli (1998). On zbsb.org. Retrieved June 10, 2019, online (in Belarusian).
  26. ↑ Sierafim Andrajuk: Кругі жыцця / Kruhi žyccia. In: Pismenniki Knihi, Minsk 1997, pp. 259-263.
  27. ↑ Viktar Kavalienka: Лёс і творчасць: штрыхі да літ. партрэта Яна Скрыгана / Lios i tvorčasć: štrychi da lit. partreta Jana Skryhana. In: Polymja 2001, No. 4, pp. 269-289.
  28. ↑ Natallia Kuźmič: Свой свет - свой стыль / Svoj sviet - svoj styĺ. In: Polymja 2005, No. 1, pp. 206-215.
  29. ↑ The term was coined by Sierafim Andrajuk. In: Piśmienniki. Knihi. Minsk 1997, pp. 259-263.
  30. ↑ See Lyudmila Rublevskaya essay title of the same name.
  31. ↑ Photos of the travels on kam.schools.by ( online , (online)
  32. ↑ Трэба хоць трошкі ўспомніць: два неапублікаваныя дзённікавыя запісы 1992 г. / Treba choć trochi ŭspomnić: dva nieapublikavanyja dzionnikavyja zapisy 1992 h (German Something memory must be: two unpublished diary entries by Jan Skryhans from 1992 ), edited by Halina Skryhan. In: Pieršacviet 1995, No. 9, pp. 133-137.
  33. ↑ Той час ... З кнігі ўспамінаў / Toj čas… z knihi ŭspaminaŭ. (German memories 1989–1992 ), edited by Halina Skryhan. As of April 2, 2016, accessed August 30, 2019. On dziejaslou.by ( online ( memento from June 19, 2013 in the Internet Archive )) or Ян Скрыган (№18).
  34. ↑ Halina Skryhan (ed.): Слова пра Яна Скрыгана: успаміны / Slova pra Jana Skrygana: uspaminy (German A word about Jan Skryhan: memories ), Minsk 2005.
  35. ↑ January Skryhan exhibition at Krajaznaŭči škoĺny muziej [School Museum of Regional History] Comprehensive School Kamen, Kapylski Raion, Minsk Region. On came.schools.by. As of April 9, 2014, accessed August 28, 2019 (online)
  36. ↑ Virtual Well ekskursija by January Skryhan exhibition. With historical photos and curriculum vitae. On came.schools.by. As of May 7, 2018, accessed August 28, 2019 ( online , (online)
  37. ↑ Halina Skryhan: Family Archives
  38. ↑ see Bjelaruskaja palitschka. Bjelaruskaja eljektronnaja biblijateka, 1996–2019. Entry "Janka Skryhan" ( online ) (in Belarusian).
  39. ↑ Belarusian Wikipedia. Free encyclopedia, entry "Romain Rolland". As of June 12, 2019, accessed August 30, 2019 ( Рамэн Ралан ).
  40. ↑ Belarusian Wikipedia. Free encyclopedia, entry "Friedebert Tuglas". As of May 13, 2019, accessed July 30, 2019 ( Фрыдэберт Туглас ).
  41. ↑ Belarusian Wikipedia. Free encyclopedia, entry “Miedaĺ Francyska Skaryny”. As of March 31, 2019, accessed July 30, 2019 ( Медаль Францыска Скарыны ).
  42. ↑ Appreciation and photo of the memorial plaque on zbsb.org, that is: Zhurtavannie bielarusaŭ svietu Baćkaŭščyna. Retrieved August 30, 2019 ( online , online ) (in Belarusian).
  43. ↑ Photo no. 57/75 of the memorial stone in the city park of Kiviõli from haben.schools.by, accessed August 14, 2019 (online)
personal data
SURNAME Skryhan, Jan
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Skrygan, Janka; Skryhan, Ivan Aliaksiejewitsch; Aulas, Dsed Aulas (pseudonym); Widuk, J. (pseudonym); Widuk, Jan (pseudonym); Widuk, Janka (pseudonym); Widuk, Kruschyna J .; Kruschyna, pirate
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Belarusian-Soviet writer
DATE OF BIRTH November 16, 1905
PLACE OF BIRTH Truchanawitschi, Ujesd Sluzk , Minsk Governorate , Russian Empire , today Kapyl Rajon, Woblasz Minsk , Belarus
DATE OF DEATH September 18, 1992
Place of death Minsk , Belarus