Johann I (Opole)

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Johann I of Opole

John I of Opole , also Johann Kropidlo , Polish Jan Kropidło , Czech Jan Kropidlo , (* around 1360/64; † March 3, 1421 in Opole ) was Duke of Opole , which had been a fiefdom of the Crown of Bohemia since 1327 . He was also Bishop of Posen 1382-1384 , Bishop of Leslau 1384-1389 ; 1389–1394 appointed bishop of Gniezno ; Administrator of Poznan 1394–1395 ; 1394–1398 Bishop of Cammin ; 1398–1402 Bishop of Kulm and 1402–1421 again Bishop of Leslau.

Life

Johann, who was called Kropidło ( Sprengwedel ) by his contemporaries , came from the Opole branch of the Silesian Piasts . He was the eldest son of Duke Bolko III. from Opole . The origin of his mother Anna is not known. Presumably through the mediation of his successful uncle Wladislaus II , who was a Palatine of Hungary , he received the rich provost at the Martin Church in the Spiš church village as a benefice at an early age . After studying law in Bologna , he was elected on March 29, 1382 by the Poznan Cathedral Chapter as the successor to the late Bishop Nikolaus von Kornik. The papal confirmation was given by Pope Urban VI. on June 9th of the year. Since Johann had not yet received the episcopal ordination, he appointed the Kulm bishop Stephan as his auxiliary bishop and vicar general .

In 1384 Johann was transferred by the Pope to Leslau , where he succeeded Bishop Sbilutus Paluca. Here too his previous auxiliary bishop and vicar general worked for him. In the same year Johann took part in the coronation of the Hungarian Queen Hedwig of Anjou . In 1388/89 he organized a diocesan synod in Leslau and was ordained bishop during this time . After the death of the Gnesen archbishop Bodzanta in 1388, Johann tried to succeed him. Although the Pope transferred him there in early 1389, the Polish King Władysław II Jagiełło prevented John from taking possession of the diocese. The king's resistance was mainly directed against Johann's uncle Wladislaus II of Opole, who pursued an anti-Polish policy with his influential position and intended the division of the Kingdom of Poland between the kingdoms of Hungary and Bohemia , the Electorate of Brandenburg and the Teutonic Order . Therefore, in 1391 the Polish army of King Jagiełłos invaded the Duchy of Opole and devastated it. Because of this conflict, Ladislaus lost most of his Polish possessions. In 1393 he had to pledge the Duchy of Opole to his episcopal nephew Johann and his younger brothers Bolko IV. , Heinrich († 1394) and Bernhard von Falkenberg († 1455) , whereby Ladislaus was granted a lifelong usufruct .

Presumably because of the feud in Opole that he and his brothers had triggered , which gave Johann bad repute, even after further efforts he was unable to take office in Gnesen, which he finally renounced in 1394. In the same year he was received by Pope Boniface IX. again transferred to Poznan, where he was to succeed Bishop Dobrogost Nowodworski, who was transferred to Gniezno by the Pope in place of John. Since King Jagiełło prevented John from taking possession in Poznan, Boniface IX transferred him. after the resignation of the Camminer Bishop Johannes III. Brunonis there. Since the Camminer bishop's income was not enough to provide Johann with adequate supplies, the Pope gave him the diocese of Posen for administration and use. After Nikolaus Kurowski had filled the bishop's seat in Poznan, Johann had to renounce the administration there on August 20, 1395. In return, the Pope allocated him the income from the Gnesen refectory in the Teutonic Order and at the same time allowed him to acquire further benefits . Because of this privilege, Johann was temporarily transferred to the archdeaconate of Pyritz . When the diocese of Cammin was handed over to Johann in Rome, the scholaster Berthold Bertholdi was also present as a representative of the Cammin cathedral chapter. Johann took possession of the diocese of Cammin at the end of 1394. J. confirmed their privileges to Johann the city of Kolberg . After Johann had dealt with diocesan affairs until August 1394, he then transferred the diocese administration to Vicar General Michael Blide and Auxiliary Bishop Johann von Gardar.

1398 John was from Pope Boniface IX. transferred to Kulm , while the local bishop Nikolaus von Schippenbeil was transferred to Cammin in return . As a result, Johann lost the rich Camminer benefices and other financial advantages. Since he was not a member of the Teutonic Order , the Grand Master Konrad von Jungingen protested against his translation to Kulm , who also feared an excessive financial burden on the Diocese of Kulm. Johann, who was in Opole, then tried to get to Kulm disguised as a merchant and take possession of the diocese. On the way there he was captured in March 1399 in Kalisch on the orders of King Jagiełło. He was accused of a conspiracy with the Teutonic Order and the Hungarian King Sigismund . After he was released after protests and a surety from his relatives, he took possession of the Kulm diocese. He only served there for a few months. In August 1399 he gave his cathedral chapter a piece of land in Briesen near Kulmsee . He confirmed the statutes of the Corpus Christi Society in Thorn . In September d. J. he returned to Silesia . Before that he handed over the administration of the diocese of Kulm to his auxiliary bishop Johannes Kaldeborn.

Grave site of Duke Johann I of Opole

As envoy of the Hungarian King Sigismund, who gave him the Benedictine Abbey of Szekszárd , John went to Italy, where he stayed in Pavia in May 1400 . In early 1402 he tried again for the diocese of Leslau, which Pope Boniface IX. awarded on January 27th of that year. Although he wanted to keep Kulm for administration, he had to do without it on July 16, 1402 because of the resistance of the Teutonic Order and the Kulm Cathedral Chapter.

As Bishop of Leslau, Johann led several disputes with the Teutonic Order, including the unity of the diocese and property disputes. In 1410, Johann, who pacified himself with the Polish king after the death of his uncle Ladislaus von Opole in 1401, was taken prisoner by the council of the city of Wroclaw on the orders of the Bohemian king Wenzel . He and his brothers were charged with raids on Breslau merchants, the cause of which was the so-called Opole feud . He was also accused of supporting King Jagiełłos in his war against the Teutonic Order. After Bishop Wenzel von Liegnitz imposed an interdict on the city of Breslau , Johann had to be released unconditionally.

During his tenure in Leslau, Johann reformed the cathedral chapter there; In 1411 the construction of the cathedral was finished. After participating in the Council of Constance , he organized a diocesan synod in 1418.

Before his death, Johann donated the Alexius Hospital in Opole with the Alexius Chapel next to the Odertor. He died on March 3, 1421 in Opole; his body was buried in the local Dominican church.

literature

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Hugo Weczerka (Ed.): Handbook of historical sites. Silesia. 1977, p. 382 f.
predecessor Office successor
Nikolaus von Kornik Bishop of Poznan
1382–1384 		Dobrogost Novodworski
Sbilutus Paluca Bishop of Kuyavia
1384-1389 		Heinrich von Liegnitz
Bodzanta from Kosowic Appointed bishop of Gniezno
1389-1394 		Dobrogost Novodworski
Dobrogost Novodworski Administrator of Poznan
1394-1395 		Mikołaj IV. Kurowski
John III Brunonis Bishop of Cammin
1394-1398 		Nikolaus von Schippenbeil
Nikolaus von Schippenbeil Bishop of Kulm
1398–1402 		Arnold stacks
Mikołaj Kurowski Bishop of Kuyavia
1402–1421 		Jan Pella
personal data
SURNAME Johann I.
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Johann I of Opole; Johann Kropidlo; Jan Kropidło; Jan Kropidlo
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Duke of Opole; Bishop of Posen, Leslau, Cammin and Kulm; appointed bishop of Poznan and Gniezno; Administrator of Posen and Kulm
DATE OF BIRTH around 1360-1364
DATE OF DEATH March 3, 1421
Place of death Opole , Duchy of Opole , Crown of Bohemia