Johannes van Esschen

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Johannes van Esschen , also Jan van Esch (* around 1485 presumably in "Essen" or "Zeeland"; † July 1, 1523 in Brussels ), was the first martyr of the Reformation together with Hendrik Vos .

Life

Van Esschen was ordained a priest in the diocese of Utrecht in 1508 . He was a member of the Augustinian Order in Antwerp . As Johannes de Essendia , he was among the seven monks who, together with Prior Johannes van Mechelen von Osbach ( Orsbeck ) called de Rathem (from Ratheim ), moved into a new monastery there in today's Sint-Andrieskerk. In November 1518 he was in Rome on behalf of the Vicar General of the German Observant Congregation of the Augustinian Order, Johann von Staupitz , who was in conflict with the Congregation. According to a communication from Cyriacus Spangenberg , the supposedly “barely 30 years old” Esschen stayed with Vos for some time in 1521 in the Augustinian Hermit Monastery of Eisleben and later returned to Antwerp.

After the Antwerp provost Heinrich von Zütphen was arrested on September 29, 1522 for preaching the Reformation, several Augustinians were arrested in October on the orders of the Habsburg governor Margaret of Austria . Among them was Johann van Esschen, who corresponded with Thomas Müntzer during his imprisonment at Vilvoorde Castle . The new Augustinian monastery in Antwerp was largely demolished in January 1523 with the consent of Emperor Charles V.

The inquisition proceedings against Hendrik Vos and Johannes van Esschen were conducted by the Brabant Council and Inquisitor General Frans van der Hulst († 1530), Nicolaas Baechem van Egmont (1462–1526), Jakob van Hoogstraten , Professors Godschalk Rosemont (* around 1483; † around 1483; †) 1526) van Eindhoven, Jacques Masson (Jacobus Latomus) and Ruard Tapper (1487–1559) from the University of Leuven and the Carmelite prior Jan Pascha († 1539) from Mechelen. Johannes van Esschen and Hendrik Vos stuck to their convictions and were sentenced to death by fire at the stake . The judgment was carried out on July 1, 1523 in Brussels after the two priests had been “ degraded ” by Adriaan Aernoult OCarm († 1536) de Brugis , the auxiliary bishop of Cambrai and titular bishop of Rhosus , on the Grote Markt .

A third imprisoned Augustinian monk, Lambert van Thorn , whose execution - four days later - initially circulated rumors, died in Brussels prison in 1528 or was "secretly killed ( in carcerem ... clam interfectus )".

Hendrik Voes and Jan van Essen on July 1, 1523

When Martin Luther heard of the execution of the two Augustinians, he wrote a new song we are lifting .

Remembrance day

July 1st in the Evangelical Name Calendar .

Works

  • Johan van den Esschen to Thomas Müntzer , [Vilvoorde Castle, October / November 1522]. In:
    • Heinrich Böhmer , Paul Kirn (ed.): Thomas Müntzers correspondence. Based on the manuscripts and the oldest templates . Teubner, Leipzig 1931, No. 34, p. 36f
    • Helmut Müller (arr.): Thomas Müntzer's correspondence. Collotype . Röder, Leipzig 1953, pl. 30
    • Paul Kirn, Günther Franz (ed.): Thomas Münzer writings and letters. Critical complete edition . (Sources and research on the history of the Reformation 33). Mohn, Gütersloh 1968, No. 34, p. 383f ( Google Books ; limited preview)
    • Siegfried Bräuer , Manfred Kobuch (arrangement): Thomas Müntzer correspondence . (Thomas Müntzer Edition 2). Verlag der Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften / Evangelische Verlagsanstalt, Leipzig 2010, No. 52, pp. 146–150 ( Google Books ; limited preview)

literature

  • The act of degradation and annihilation of the three Christian knights and merchants, Augustinian orders happened at Brussels. Anno M.D. xxiij. Great Julij . Painter, Erfurt 1523 ( Google Books )
    • and other issues
  • Martin Reckenhofer (Ed.): Historia de duobus Augustinensibus, ob Euangelij doctrina [m] exustis Bruxellae, the trigesima Iunij. Anno domini M.D. XXIII. Articuli LXII. per eosdem asserti. Item Pia & Christiana expostulatio cum quodam, qui ueritatem, quam professus fuerat, impiorum tyrannide, & horrore mortis tande [m] abnegauit . o. O. [Cratander, Basel] 1523 ( digitized version of the Bavarian State Library, Munich)
    • Martin Reckenhofer (Ed.): Dye histori, so the two Augustinian orders were martyred tzů Bruxel in Probant , from because of Eva [n] gelj. Dye articles because you are spent with your exposition and glorification . o. O. [Stürmer, Erfurt 1523] ( Google Books )
  • Ludwig Rabus : From the H. Gottes Beken [n] er Johannes and Heinricus, two Augustinians burned in Brussels . In: Historien, der Heyligen Auswölten Gottes Zeeben, Beken [n] ern vnd Martyrern , Vol. II. Samuel Emmel, Strasbourg 1555, Bl. Cxiii – cxxv ( Google Books )
  • Theodor von Kolde : The German Augustiner Congregation and Johann von Staupitz . F. A. Perthes, Gotha 1879, pp. 260–262 and pp. 385–391 ( digitized in the Internet Archive)
  • Paul Fredericq (ed.): Corpus documentorum inquisitionis haereticae pravitatis Neerlandicae , Vol. IV. Julius Vuylsteke / Martin Nijhoff, Gent / 's-Gravenhage 1900, No. 118–121, 131, 136, 138–146, 148 and 158– 160; Pp. 173-177, 183f, 186-190, 191-206, 207-214 and 223-228 ( digitized version ); Vol. V. Julius Vuylsteke / Martin Nijhoff, Gent / 's-Gravenhage 1902, No. 731, pp. 360–362 ( digitized version of the University and State Library Düsseldorf)
  • Otto Clemen : The Augustinian monastery in Antwerp at the beginning of the Reformation (1513–1523) . In: Monthly Issues of the Comenius Society 10 (1901), pp. 306–313 ( Google Books ; limited preview), ( PDF ; 2.53 MB, the Elbląska Biblioteka Cyfrowa / Elbing City Digital Library)
  • Julius Boehmer: The nature of the source writings on Heinrich Voes and Johann van den Esschen . In: Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte 28 (1931), pp. 112-133
  • Norbertus Teeuwen OSA , Albéric de Meijer OSA: Documents pour servir à l'histoire de la province augustinienne de Cologne. Extraits des registres des prieurs généraux (1507–1551): Gilles de Viterbe (1506–1518): (1–59) / Gabriel de Venise (1518–1527): (60–126) . In: Augustiniana 18 (1968), pp. 116-133 and pp. 398-424, especially p. 127 and p. 401
  • Friedrich Wilhelm Bautz :  Esschen, Johann van, and Voes, Hendrik. In: Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL). Volume 1, Bautz, Hamm 1975. 2nd, unchanged edition Hamm 1990, ISBN 3-88309-013-1 , Sp. 1546.  ( Article / beginning of article in the Internet archive )

Web links

Commons : Johann Esch and Heinrich Voes  - Collection of images, videos and audio files
Wikisource: Eyn newes lied we lift up  - sources and full texts

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Essen near Antwerp, Esch (North Brabant) near 's-Hertogenbosch , cf. N. Teeuwen, A. de Meijer: Documents , p. 401, note 48, or Essen an der Ruhr , so Heinrich Forsthoff : Rheinische Kirchengeschichte , vol. I. Lichtweg, Essen 1929, p. 47; Erwin Mülhaupt : Rhenish Church History . Presseverband, Düsseldorf 1970, p. 120, u. a.
  2. ^ Extract from the Chronycke van Antwerpen on July 1, 1523, 16th century. In: P. Fredericq (Ed.): Corpus documentorum , Vol. IV, No. 139, p. 192.
    S. Bräuer, M. Kobuch (edit.): Thomas Müntzer Briefwechsel , p. 147 Note 2, presume Zeeland (North Brabant) ; a well-known family "van Essen" is represented in Middelburg in the province of Zeeland .
  3. ↑ The canonical minimum age for ordination was 24 years, with a special dispensation whether defectum aetatis was etc. Earlier consecration possible.
  4. ↑ a b N. Teeuwen, A. de Meijer: Documents , p. 401.
  5. ↑ Prior von Enkhuizen , enrolled in Wittenberg in 1507, where he received his doctorate in theology in 1511, companion of Martin Luther on his trip to Rome in 1511/12: O. Clemen: Antwerpener Augustiner-Kloster , esp.p. 306f.
  6. ↑ Hendrik Quirinus Janssen: Jacobus Praepositus , Luthers leerling en vriend . P. N. van Kampen, Amsterdam 1862, p. 12, p. 225f and ö. ( digitized version of the Bavarian State Library in Munich).
  7. ↑ Hubert Jedin : The Roman Augustinian Sources in Luther's early days . In: Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte 25 (1928), pp. 256–270, esp. P. 262.
    Hans Schneider : The question of authenticity of Breve Leos X. from February 3, 1518 to Gabriele della Volta . A contribution to the Luther trial . In: Archiv für Diplomatik 43 (1997), pp. 455-488, especially p. 481.
  8. ↑ (we send = brother Johann van Essen back to his Vicar Johann Staupitz, which is to take care of him for a reasonable for his health site) "fratrem Johannem de Essendia remittimus ad Vicarium suum Johannem Stupiz, qui ei de loco suae valetudini proportionato provideat “, Entry dated November 27, 1518, Rome; General Archive of the Augustinian Order Rome (Dd 13 register of the designated General Gabriele della Volta (Venetus), p. 44).
  9. ↑ a b Letter from Martin Luther to Georg Spalatin of July 22 or 23, 1523: "Joannes Nesse (sic!), Nondum triginta annorum". In: Wilhelm Martin Leberecht de Wette (arrangement): Dr. Martin Luther's letters, missions and concerns , vol. II. G. Reimer, Berlin 1826, no. DXI, p. 360f ( Google Books ) = WA.Br 3, no. 635, p. 115.
  10. ↑ Cyriacus Spangenberg, Carl Rühlemann, Rudolf Leers (ed.): Mansfeldische Chronica , Vol. IV. Association for History and Antiquities of the County of Mansfeld, Eisleben 1913/16 = Mansfelder Blätter 31/32 (1918), pp. 241–366, especially p. 341.
    S. Bräuer, M. Kobuch (edit.): Thomas Müntzer Briefwechsel , p. 147, note 2.
  11. ^ A b Author identified by Walther Köhler : [Review] Thomas Müntzers Briefwechsel . In: Historische Zeitschrift 145 (1931/32), p. 389.
  12. ↑ Nicolaas Baechem Edmondanus came from Egmont, was prior of the Carmelites, scholastic professor and inquisitor in Leuven and wrote against the publication of the Greek New Testament in 1516 by Erasmus of Rotterdam .
  13. ↑ Or Adrianus Arnoldi; see. Peter G. Bietenholz, Thomas Brian Deutscher (Eds.): Contemporaries of Erasmus . A biographical register of the Renaissance and Reformation. Volume I: AE. University of Toronto Press, Toronto / Buffalo / London 1985, ISBN 0-8020-2507-2 , pp. 10 ( limited preview in Google Book search). ; also "Adrian Herbouts" (confused with the pensioner (syndic) of the city of Antwerp with a similar name († 1546)).
  14. ^ Letter from Martin Luther to Lambert Thorn dated January 19, 1524 ( digitized copy of Georg Rörer's copy ; Thuringian University and State Library Jena (Ms. Bos. Q. 25a, sheets 90v – 92v)); W. M. L. de Wette (arrangement): Dr. Martin Luther's letters , vol. II, no. DLXXVI, pp. 462-466 ​​( Google Books ) = WA.Br 3, no. 707, pp. 237-239.
  15. ↑ P. Fredericq (Ed.): Corpus documentorum , Vol. V, No. 731, pp. 360–362; Dick Akerboom, Marcel Gielis: "A New Song Shall Begin Here ...". The Martyrdom of Luther's Followers among Antwerp's Augustinians on July I, 1523 and Luther's Response . In: Johan Leemans (Ed.): More than a memory. The discourse of martyrdom . Peeters, Löwen 2005, pp. 243-270, especially p. 248 ( Google Books ; limited preview).
  16. ^ Letter from Erasmus of Rotterdam to Karl von Utenhove of July 1, 1529. In: Percy Stafford Allen (ed.): Opus epistolarum Des. Erasmi Roterodami , Vol. VIII 1529-1530 . Oxford University Press, Oxford 1934, Ep. 2188, pp. 209-216, especially p. 211 ( digitized in the Internet Archive).
  17. ^ Joachim Schäfer: Johannes van Esschen . Ecumenical Lexicon of Saints , November 18, 2014, accessed on February 21, 2018.
personal data
SURNAME Esschen, Johannes van
BRIEF DESCRIPTION first martyr of the Reformation
DATE OF BIRTH around 1485
DATE OF DEATH July 1, 1523
Place of death Brussels