Moritz Schiff

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Moritz Schiff, around 1895
Moritz Schiff, 1876

Josef Moritz Schiff (born January 28, 1823 in Frankfurt am Main , † October 6, 1896 in Geneva ) was a German comparative anatomist , zoologist and physiologist . He is the brother of the chemist Hugo Schiff and the father of the Romanist and Hispanicist Mario Schiff and the chemist Robert Schiff .

Life

Schiff, the son of a Jewish businessman, was originally supposed to be a textile merchant, but instead began training at the Senckenberg Institute in Frankfurt in the late 1830s . He then studied natural sciences and medicine from 1840 in Heidelberg , Berlin and finally in Göttingen , where he also received his doctorate in 1844. He then went to Paris to study physiology with François Magendie and François Achille Longet (1811–1871) and botany and zoology (especially ornithology ) at the Jardin des Plantes . After his return to Frankfurt he became director of the ornithological part of the Zoological Museum. In 1848 he served as a doctor in the revolutionary Baden troops .

From 1854 to 1863 Schiff was Professor of Comparative Anatomy at the University of Bern . He had previously tried to do his habilitation as a private lecturer in zoology in Göttingen, but had been turned down because of “dangerous activities” in his youth. From 1863 to 1876 he was professor of physiology at the Istituto di Studii superiori in Florence , then at the University of Geneva . In 1892 he was elected a member of the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina . In 1895 he was accepted as a corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences in Saint Petersburg .

Act

Moritz Schiff is considered to be one of the most important biological researchers of the 19th century. He made his first major contribution to medical science in 1856 when he demonstrated that removal of the thyroid gland in dogs was fatal. He later found that the death of the test animal could be prevented by receiving a thyroid transplant or injections of thyroid extract. Schiff had sheep thyroid glands delivered by the local butcher, milled them and used them to successfully treat patients who had previously been operated on for a goiter .

Ship was the first to the influence of the cerebral cortex in the bloodstream firm, described the effect of the vagus nerve on cardiac function and found that bile acids an enterohepatic circulation subject.

Schiff faced massive criticism for his animal experiments . He had to give up his laboratory in Florence and flee to Switzerland when he was brought to justice for his animal experiments. In this trial he delivered an eloquent defense speech about the necessity and moral justification for animal testing. Schiff started using anesthetics for his laboratory animals early on .

Fonts (selection)

  • Studies on the physiology of the nervous system with consideration of the pathology. J. Rütten, Frankfurt am Main 1855 ( online ).
  • On the role of pancratic juice and bile in the absorption of fats. Meidinger Sohn & Comp., Frankfurt am Main 1857 ( online ).
  • Textbook of Human Physiology - Part I. Muscle and Nerve Physiology. M. Schauenburg, Lahr 1858/59 ( online ).
  • Studies on the sugar formation in the liver and the influence of the nervous system on the generation of diabetes. Verlag der Stahel'schen Buch- und Kunsthandlung, Würzburg 1859 ( online ).
  • On the function of the spleen. In: Swiss Journal of Medicine. Vol. 1 (1862), pp. 201-247, 397-422 ( online ).
  • Leçons sur la physiologie de la digestion faites au Muséum d'histoire Naturelle de Florence. Redigées by Dr Emile Lévier. Herman Loescher, Florence / Turin 1867 ( online ).
  • Moritz Schiff's Collected Contributions to Physiology. 4 volumes. B. Benda, Lausanne 1894–1898 (online: Vol. 1 , Vol. 2 , Vol. 3 , Vol. 4 ).

literature

  • Georges Canguilhem : Études d'histoire et de philosophie des sciences. Vrin, Paris 2002, pp. 288-293.
  • Jean Jacques Dreifuss: Moritz Schiff and thyroid transplantation: an aspect of the beginnings of experimental endocrinology. In: Revue médicale de la suisse romande . Vol. 104 (1984), No. 12, pp. 957-965.
  • Jean Jacques Dreifuss: Moritz Schiff et la vivisection. In: Gesnerus . Vol. 42 (1985), Vol. 3-4, pp. 289-303.
  • Jean Jacques Dreifuss: L'arrivée de la physiologie expérimentale à Genève (1876). In: Revue médicale de la suisse romande . 2008, issue 4, pp. 2288-2291.
  • Julius Richard Ewald :  Ship, Moritz . In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Volume 54, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1908, pp. 8-11.
  • Moshe Feinsod: Moritz Schiff (1823-1896): A Physiologist in Exile. In: Rambam Maimonides Medical Journal. Vol. 2 (2011), issue 4 (October 2011), p. E0064, doi: 10.5041 / RMMJ.10064 .
  • Harry Friedenwald: Notes on Moritz Schiff (1823-1896). In: Ders .: The Jews and medicine. Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore 1944, chapter 36.
  • Patrizia Guarnieri: Moritz Schiff (1823-1896). Experimental Physiology and Noble Sentiment in Florence. In: Nicolaas A. Rupke (Ed.): Vivisection in Historical Perspective. Routledge, London / New York 1987, pp. 105-124.
  • Webb Haymaker, Francis Schiller (Eds.): The founders of neurology: One hundred and forty-six biographical sketches by eighty-eight authors. 2nd Edition. Charles C. Thomas, Springfield (Ill.) 1970.
  • Helmut Heintel: Moritz Schiff's failed habilitation attempt at the University of Göttingen in 1855. In: Medizinhistorisches Journal. Vol. 15 (1980), Issue 4, pp. 378-384.
  • August W. Holldorf:  Ship, Josef Moritz. In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 22, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 2005, ISBN 3-428-11203-2 , p. 748 f. ( Digitized version ).
  • Abdelkrim Loucif: Moritz Schiff: La vie et les carnets de laboratoire d'un physiologiste du XIXème siècle. Dissertation, University of Strasbourg, 2003.
  • Adrian Reuben: The biliary cycle of Moritz Schiff. In: Hepatology . Vol. 42 (2005), Edition 2, pp. 500–505.
  • Peter Riedo: The physiologist Moritz Schiff (1823-1896) and the innervation of the heart. Dissertation, University of Zurich, 1971.
  • Jean Starobinski : Le concept de cénesthésie et les idées neuropsychologiques de Moritz Schiff. In: Gesnerus . Vol. 34 (1977), pp. 2-20.
  • Jean Starobinski: Brève histoire de la conscience du corps. In: Revue française de psychanalyse. 1981, No. 2.
  • Federico Vallejo-Manzur, Joseph Varon, Robert Fromm Jr., Peter Baskett: Moritz Schiff and the history of open-chest cardiac massage. In: Resuscitation. Vol. 53 (2002), Edition 1, pp. 3–5.
  • Moritz Schiff (1823-1896). Experimental physiologist. In: Journal of the American Medical Association . Vol. 203 (1968), edition 13 (March 25), pp. 1133 f., Doi: 10.1001 / jama.1968.03140130045013 .
  • John H. Talbott (Ed.): A Biographical History of Medicine. New York and London 1970, pp. 632-634.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Barbara I. Tshisuaka: ship Moritz. In: Werner E. Gerabek , Bernhard D. Haage, Gundolf Keil , Wolfgang Wegner (eds.): Enzyklopädie Medizingeschichte. De Gruyter, Berlin / New York 2005, ISBN 3-11-015714-4 , pp. 1295 f .; here: p. 1295.
  2. ^ Member entry by Moritz Schiff at the German Academy of Natural Scientists Leopoldina , accessed on June 21, 2016.
  3. ^ Foreign members of the Russian Academy of Sciences since 1724. Moritz Schiff. Russian Academy of Sciences, accessed November 8, 2015 .
personal data
SURNAME Ship, Moritz
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Ship, Josef Moritz
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German physiologist
DATE OF BIRTH January 28, 1823
PLACE OF BIRTH Frankfurt am Main
DATE OF DEATH October 6, 1896
Place of death Geneva