Bower Reichsstrasse 36

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South side of the bower, 2021. Clearly visible: the curtain arches of the windows on the upper floor.

The bower national route 36 , also mirror Moorish House called, in the historic precincts of Neustadt the city of Braunschweig is received from only nine bowers of the city that the devastation of the Second World War, the time and the reconstruction have survived. Originally there were around 150 kemenaten in the five soft images of Braunschweig, all of which were created between the 12th and 14th centuries. As early as 1926 Paul Jonas Meier and Karl Steinacker couldonly 84 existing documents can be found; most were destroyed during World War II. The majority of the 137 that remained at the end of the war or the ruins of the others were destroyed in the following decades during rubble clearance and for reconstruction, so that today only nine are preserved.

The origins of the bower at Reichsstraße 36 go back to the 13th century.

history

Excursus: Braunschweiger Kemenaten

Reconstruction attempt (interactive): Location of the 9 bowerbones still existing today (red circles) and the known, no longer existing (status: 2nd half of the 13th century).

The "Braunschweiger Kemenate" can be described as an independent building type . The number of around 150 in the city is evidence of the above-average number of late medieval buildings. Since kemenaten were made exclusively of stone, they were reserved for wealthy citizens and aristocrats who not only lived in these buildings, but also used the structure to store valuable goods and for protection due to the high level of effort and costs involved before city ​​fires and wars.

Kemenaten have been documented in Braunschweig since 1300, but they are probably older. They belong to the high medieval residential development in northern Germany . Previous buildings with only one storey have been archaeologically proven in the city for the period around 1100. The kemenaten usually had a cellar and had two storeys with only one room each and an almost square or rectangular floor plan . The eaves height was between 6 and 7 m, the edge length between 6 and 10 m and the enclosed area between 45 and 90 m². The maximum wall thickness was 1.5 m at the foundation base , which was between 2.80 and 3 m deep. The entrance was inside on the ground floor of the half-timbered front building, but there was occasionally an outside staircase. The ground floor was often about 70 cm above ground level.

The building materials used were red-brown Braunschweiger Rogenstein from Nussberg and yellowish Elm limestone from the immediate vicinity of the city. According to Fricke, the use of Rogenstein means that the building was only used in the 13th / 14th centuries. Century could have originated. The walls were plastered . The windows were mostly narrow and divided by one or two narrow pillars. As with the portals , their plastic jewelry was rather simple.

The bowers were never free as a single building, but have always been part of a combined building complex consisting of a front building, traufständig built facing the street and usually half-timber, was and the actual bower, made of stone, back thereafter. Kemenaten were therefore not visible from the street. They were located in the rear area of ​​the inner courtyard on one of its long sides and over time had been built into adjacent buildings or integrated into later built ones, so that they had often lost their independent building character.

In 1914 E. Brauer described them for the first time in his (unpublished) dissertation Die Kemnaten [sic!] Braunschweigs . In 1926, Paul Jonas Meier and Karl Steinacker listed 84 properties in The Architectural and Art Monuments of the City of Braunschweig . In 1936 followed by a new work by Steinacker, who assumed a total of 124 buildings of this type, of which 77 were "recognizable" at the time. Most of them were in the old town . Steinacker listed 48 there, 22 in Hagen , 14 in Neustadt , 2 in Altewiek and 1 in Sack .

In the fall of 1954, Hans-Adolf Schultz was only able to find 32 kemenaten that were still "recognizable" as such.

Building description

Floor plans and elevations
State around 1915

The two-story massive building at Reichsstraße 36 later had the insurance number 1305. It is made of Rogenstein and has a wall thickness of one meter. It had a deep front building made of Gothic half-timbered houses. The two large arched windows on the ground floor were not installed until 1878. An outside staircase was removed in the same year. The two windows on the upper floor, on the other hand, have curtain arches and thus date from around 1520.

Unusual for Braunschweig kemenaten, the one at Reichsstrasse 36 has no cellar. Another noteworthy circumstance is the lack of a beamed ceiling to separate the storeys - as is otherwise usual in the kemenaten there . Instead, the bower on the ground floor has two ogival cross vaults without transverse arches . This construction is very rare and the bower at Reichsstrasse 36 is the only one in which it has been preserved. Due to the groin vault, the interior is reminiscent of a chapel , which is why the name “chapel” has been used for this bower since the 18th century. However, there is no evidence that the room was ever actually used for religious purposes.

The eaves half-timbered front building came from the 15th century and was partially rebuilt in the 18th century. It had two storeys and a large gateway to the inner courtyard, as well as windows on both sides that were as big as the gateway. Up to 1940 the bower and half-timbered front building were used by the Braunschweiger Gaststättenverband , the Braunschweiger Innkeeper Association and the operator of the inn "Prinzenhof". The “house of innkeepers” was housed in the half-timbered house. At the back of the bower there was a beer garden with numerous trees . From 1942 until it was destroyed by the British bombing on October 15, 1944 , the ensemble was owned by the HL Weihe company .

The front building, like most of the near and far surroundings of the bower, was destroyed by Allied bombing raids, especially on October 15, 1944. In its place, a new HL Weihe bed shop was built in the 1950s, directly adjacent to the bower to the west.

literature

Web links

Commons : Kemenate Reichsstraße  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b c Philip Christian Ribbentrop : Description of the city of Braunschweig. Volume 1, Johann Christoph Meyer, Braunschweig 1789, p. 61.
  2. ↑ a b Udo Gebauhr: Introduction. In: Elmar Arnhold: The Braunschweiger Kemenate. Stone works from the 12th to 14th centuries in Braunschweig. P. 8.
  3. ↑ a b c d Hartmut Rötting: Stone houses in Braunschweig. P. 186.
  4. ↑ Udo Gebauhr: Introduction. In: Elmar Arnhold: The Braunschweiger Kemenate. Stone works from the 12th to 14th centuries in Braunschweig. P. 7.
  5. ↑ a b c d H. A. Schultz: The last Braunschweiger Kemnaten. P. 6.
  6. ^ A b Paul Jonas Meier, Karl Steinacker: The architectural and art monuments of the city of Braunschweig. P. 58.
  7. ↑ a b c d H. A. Schultz: The last Braunschweiger Kemnaten. P. 7.
  8. ↑ Elmar Arnhold: Foreword by the author. In: Elmar Arnhold: The Braunschweiger Kemenate. Stone works from the 12th to 14th centuries in Braunschweig. P. 9.
  9. ^ Elmar Arnhold: stone works and kemenaten. S. 214. In: Medieval metropolis Braunschweig. Architecture and urban architecture from the 11th to 15th centuries.
  10. ^ Rudolf Fricke: The community center in Braunschweig. P. 18.
  11. ↑ Udo Gebauhr: Introduction. In: Elmar Arnhold: The Braunschweiger Kemenate. Stone works from the 12th to 14th centuries in Braunschweig. P. 9.
  12. ^ Paul Jonas Meier, Karl Steinacker: The architectural and art monuments of the city of Braunschweig. P. 55.
  13. ^ Paul Jonas Meier, Karl Steinacker: The architectural and art monuments of the city of Braunschweig. P. 61.
  14. ↑ E. Brauer: The Kemnaten [sic!] Braunschweigs. Dissertation, Braunschweig 1914.
  15. ^ Paul Jonas Meier, Karl Steinacker: The architectural and art monuments of the city of Braunschweig. 2., ext. Ed., Pp. 52-63.
  16. ^ HA Schultz: The last Braunschweiger Kemenaten. P. 13.
  17. ↑ Wolfgang Kimpflinger: Monument topography Federal Republic of Germany. Architectural monuments in Lower Saxony. Volume 1.1 .: City of Braunschweig , part 1, p. 182.
  18. ^ A b Rudolf Fricke: The town house in Braunschweig. P. 47.
  19. ^ Elmar Arnhold: The Braunschweiger Kemenate. Stone works from the 12th to 14th centuries in Braunschweig. P. 63.
  20. ^ Elmar Arnhold: The Braunschweiger Kemenate. Stone works from the 12th to 14th centuries in Braunschweig. P. 65.
  21. ^ Braunschweig address book for 1940. Adapted from official sources. III. Department, 126th edition, printing and publishing house Joh. Heinr. Meyer, Braunschweig 1940, p. 249.
  22. ^ Braunschweig address book for 1936. Edited from official sources. III. Department, 122nd edition, printing and publishing house Joh. Heinr. Meyer, Braunschweig 1936, p. 191.
  23. ↑ Andreas Döring : Wirth! Another two quarters of the room! Braunschweig restaurants & Braunschweig beer back then. Michael Kuhle, Braunschweig 1997, ISBN 3-923696-84-1 , p. 45.
  24. ↑ Andreas Döring: Wirth! Another two quarters of the room! Braunschweig restaurants & Braunschweig beer back then. P. 46 (photo).

Remarks

  1. ↑ The discrepancy between the 84 kemenaten that Meier and Steinacker documented in 1926 and the 137 mentioned by Gebauhr that were known after the end of the Second World War is explained by the fact that most of the kemenaten were "invisible from the street" and only then were visible The fact that the half-timbered front houses had burned down, while the walls / ruins of the stone chambers mostly still stood. It was not until the fires that the “hidden” bunkers were exposed again.

Coordinates: 52 ° 16 ′ 2.9 ″  N , 10 ° 31 ′ 19.6 ″  E