Oleśnica Mała

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Oleśnica Mała
Oleśnica Mała does not have a coat of arms
Oleśnica Mała (Poland)
Oleśnica Mała
Oleśnica Mała
Basic data
State : Poland
Voivodeship : Lower Silesia
Powiat : Oława
Gmina : Oława
Geographic location : 50 ° 51 '  N , 17 ° 17'  E Coordinates: 50 ° 50 '30 "  N , 17 ° 16' 35"  E
Residents : 510 ()
Telephone code : (+48) 71
License plate : DOA
Economy and Transport
Street : A4 motorway
Next international airport : Wroclaw



Klein Öls Castle

Oleśnica Mała (German Klein Öls) is a village in the municipality of Oława in the Lower Silesian Voivodeship in the Powiat Oławski in Poland . It is located about twelve kilometers south of Oława ( Ohlau ) and sixteen kilometers west of Brzeg ( Brieg ).

history

Interior of the palace chapel
Inner courtyard with utility wing
Mausoleum of Count Yorck von Wartenburg in the Klein Öls palace gardens

"Olesniz" was first mentioned in 1189 in a document from Bishop Siroslaus II of Wroclaw . The spelling “Olesnic villa” has been handed down as early as 1173. For 1193 the name form "Villa Olesnic" and 1226 "Olesnicz" is documented. The hunting lodge was built by Duke Boleslaw of Silesia , who founded the line of the Silesian Piasts . His son and successor Heinrich I was persuaded by his wife Hedwig von Andechs , who came from Bavaria , to donate the hunting lodge to the Knights Templar . The settlement took place before 1227 probably with Templars from the Kommende Süpplingenburg near Braunschweig. At the same time, Duke Heinrich I released the Templars from the obligation to submit tithes . The eight-pointed star of the Templars in the hunting lodge and in the church of Owczary (until 1945: Tempelfeld ) reminds of the role of the Templars in this area.

The dukes, like the Templars, promoted the further expansion of colonization in Silesia . They also contributed to the founding of the German law villages Günthersdorf, Kallen, Brosewitz, Klosdorf, Jauer and Tempelfeld, whereby the Templars were used as landlords for these villages. When the Knights Templar was dissolved in 1312, the coming of Klein Öls fell to the Order of St. John . The Komtur von Klein Öls received permission from Duke Ludwig I of Ohlau in 1377 to found a village with the name "die Oelsen", the place name of which subsequently changed to "Klein Öls". In 1438 Klein Öls suffered a Hussite incursion and in 1474 Polish mercenaries ravaged the village. The then destroyed Johanniterkommende was subsequently rebuilt. In 1675, Klein Öls, together with the Duchy of Ohlau , fell to the Crown of Bohemia as a settled fiefdom , which the Habsburgs had held since 1526 . At this time the influences of the Reformation in Silesia became apparent . The castle was expanded around 1600. During the Thirty Years War , Klein Öls was largely destroyed on August 9, 1642. The relics collection of the Maltese also fell victim to the war. In the "Urbarium of 1678 of the high knightly Commenda Klein-Oelß" the new building of the knight's seat was described as follows:

“It is a square building on two gaden, everything built of stone and covered with shingles. ... with rooms, chambers, cakes, vaults, cellars and other similar occasions anitzo well provided. The Schloss Kirchen stands in the square of the castle against the rising sun, is half vaulted over the large altar and the other help is paneled and covered with shingles ... "" Directly above the church over the Schloss Platz is the third floor or Castle building towards the downstairs and in the corner towards noon a tower with a border or an outer upper walkway and a meal transparent ... "

The same document shows that the villages of Marienau, Hermsdorf, Bosewitz, Günthersdorf, Polish-Breile, Jauer, Kloßdorf, Tempelfeld, Jenkwitz, Niehmen and Kallen belong to the Kommende Klein Öls . In 1706 the newly built Kommende, the Dominium and the village fell victim to a large fire, from which only eight houses were spared. In 1711 the reconstruction was completed. The destroyed monastery church was rebuilt in a new place in the southern wing of the monastery.

After the First Silesian War in 1742, Klein Öls came to Prussia along with most of Silesia . The Prussian reforms also included the edict of secularization of 1810. It said: "All monasteries, cathedral and other monasteries, balles and comers will from now on be regarded as state goods." For the Maltese comers in Klein Öls, this meant expropriation of their possession by the Prussian state. The castle and property were now administered by a Prussian commissioner.

For his services in the Wars of Liberation , which were also fought on Silesian soil, King Friedrich Wilhelm III. in 1814 General Yorck, together with the addition of "von Wartenburg", gave the former Klein Öls coming. As a result, the Counts Yorck von Wartenburg became patron saints of the churches in the parish of Klein Öls and thus played a decisive role in determining church events in Klein Öls.

From 1815, Klein Öls belonged to the district of Ohlau , with which it remained connected until 1945. In 1874 the district of Klein Öls was founded, to which the rural communities Günthersdorf, Kallen, Klein Oels and Tempelfeld as well as the manor district of Klein Oels belonged. Industrialization also brought the modernization of agriculture with it. Nevertheless, Klein Öls, which had 298 inhabitants in 1910, retained its rural character. By 1939 the population had risen to 524.

The Yorcks von Wartenburg, among them Count Peter Yorck von Wartenburg , Count Paul Yorck von Wartenburg and Irene Yorck von Wartenburg , all born and raised on Gut Klein-Öls, joined the resistance against National Socialism and paid for their participation in the assassination attempt against Hitler with their lives or were deported to concentration camps. At the end of the war in 1945, evidence of the history of the castle and the place was lost from the castle archive.

At the beginning of 1945 the Red Army captured Klein Öl. In April 1945 she placed it under the administration of the People's Republic of Poland (from April 1945 "Województwo dolnośląskie", from 1946 "wrocławskie"). Subsequently, Klein Öls was renamed Oleśnica Mała , its residents were expelled and Poles were settled in their place , some of whom had been expelled from eastern Poland by the Soviet Union .

Before the end of the war, the “York Collection” consisted of around 120,000 volumes, including many first editions. Paul von Wartenburg had moved the most valuable ones to the orangery of Warmbrunn Palace , from where around 800 volumes could be evacuated at the end of January / beginning of February 1945. After the end of the war, large parts of the books that remained in Klein-Oels ended up in libraries in Breslau, Warsaw and Krakow. One to two thousand volumes looted by a Soviet trophy commission were in seven libraries in Russia in 2020. In 2012, the Russian Ministry of Culture and the German Federal State Cultural Foundation published a catalog with around eight hundred books from the Klein Ölser Library, which are kept in the Moscow “Library for Foreign Literature” and in the St. Petersburg Public Library .

The castle had suffered from the effects of the war and was nationalized by the Polish government. Since 1955 it has been used by the Polish Research Institute for the cultivation and acclimatization of plants. It was renovated between 1973 and 1977. A blackboard in the palace courtyard in front of the library today reminds of the former owner Yorck von Wartenburg, as does the mausoleum in the palace gardens.

Attractions

Personalities

literature

Web links

Commons : Oleśnica Mała  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ mapa.szukacz.pl, Oleśnica Mała - Informacje dodatkowe
  2. ↑ Klein Oels district
  3. ↑ After 1945 Paul Neugebauer, former archivist of the castle, made a special contribution to the reconstruction of the history of Klein Öls.
  4. ^ Wartenburg, Paul Graf Yorck von . Information from the German Loss of Cultural Property Foundation , requested on February 27, 2020
  5. ↑ hundreds prey books in FAZ of 26 November 2012 Page 29