Sanatoriums in Berlin-Buch
Among hospitals in Berlin-Buch several are hospitals and homes in the Berlin district Berlin-Buch summarized that from 1898 to 1930 under the direction of Berlin architects and city building advice Ludwig Hoffmann developed. The complex included two lung sanatoriums , a retirement and nursing home and two psychiatric clinics . Hoffmann also built various individual buildings: a center for lighting, heating and water supply for the sanatoriums, several residential buildings, administration buildings and an institution cemetery . The last project was the construction of a housing estate for the hospital staff. The site has been in the process of being converted into a residential area since 2012.
history
The magistrate of Berlin bought Gut Buch in 1898. Originally, sewage fields for sewage irrigation were to be created on the areas around the town . Shortly after the purchase, however, it was decided to use the area for health care as there was no space for new hospital facilities in the city center. The extensive construction projects were approved by the Berlin city council, which, however, demanded savings on several projects. The entire complex has been under ensemble protection since 1977 . In addition, most of the buildings are protected as individual monuments and centrally located green areas are protected as garden monuments .
Home for breast patients
As the first sanatorium on the site north of Alt-Buch , the lung hospital was built under the name “Heimstätte für Brustkranke”. According to the plans, 150 male tuberculosis patients should be admitted and cared for here. This disease spread massively in the cities around 1900, especially in the lower social classes, and isolation of those affected and extensive treatments with reclining cures away from the city in the fresh air brought good healing results. The home for breast patients was the first sanatorium to be built for this purpose, and there were other treatment centers in former mansions that were owned by the city.
The planning for this building complex lasted from 1899 to 1901 and the construction time until 1903. In addition to Ludwig Hoffmann, the sculptor August Vogel and the painter Franz Naager were particularly involved in the construction. Already during the planning phase, the city council called for the "submission of a simplified facade design and the resulting reduced costs." ( Hoffmann )
The hospital is a T-shaped building with three wings , which was to be modeled on a neo-baroque castle. The front faces south. A narrow wing, which was planned as a kitchen wing, is attached to the rear of the raised central building. The main building is elongated, with several lying halls in front of the sick rooms in the rear part. The central part and the side buildings on both sides protrude a little from the overall building. In addition to the optics, this also serves to improve the distribution of sunlight and fresh air, as reclining halls were also planned here. The middle risalit is slightly higher and has a hipped mansard roof. In addition to the main building, the lung sanatorium includes a porter's house , a civil servants' residence and other lounge halls; the entire complex is located in a park landscape.
Under the name “Waldhaus Buch”, the building continued to serve as a lung clinic for a long time. In 1965 two low-rise buildings were added. The entire facility is under monument protection. Today the building is empty and is to be restored in the future on behalf of the Senate Administration.
Clinic campus CW Hufeland
At the same time as the planning of the home for breast patients was also the first of the two asylums as III. Urban insane asylum planned and built. The planning ran from 1899 to 1905, and the building was built from 1900 to 1907. Ignatius Taschner , Georg Wrba and August Vogel were involved as sculptors . As with the lung clinic, the city council called for extensive savings. Ludwig Hoffmann countered this demand with the opinion that a friendly impression of the building was necessary:
“The insane doctors attach the greatest importance to the fact that the facades of these gigantic buildings are somewhat structured and animated. This is done here in the most modest way and to the extent that it is desired by the psychiatrists. "
After the committee consultation, the demands became more cautious and Hoffmann was only suggested to work towards savings in the execution of the buildings.
The insane asylum is a complex of several architecturally coordinated buildings that are symmetrically laid out on the site in the form of a cross. The central axis is formed by various functional buildings, starting with a gatehouse. Other buildings on this axis include the central administration building, a workshop building, a bathhouse, a kitchen, and a morgue. To the right and left of this axis are the nursing homes, separated by gender, as well as several residential buildings for the staff and other functional buildings such as a chapel and the custody house, which is a little apart. The complex is completed by the symmetrically designed garden. Ludwig Hoffmann describes the complex, the inspiration of which goes back to the Renaissance castles in the Danish cities of Frederiksborg and Rosenborg .
“Surfaces made of red hand-painted stones with white joints and white-painted windows make a lively, friendly impression, which is reinforced by the protruding numerous oriels from the surfaces and the pulling up of the gables in front of the dark roofs behind. By planting such architectures on the side of the bay window, a pleasant, cozy effect can also be achieved. "
Through the “euthanasia” program of the National Socialists in the Third Reich , the so-called Action T4 , the inmates of the facility were systematically killed, so the facility was no longer used as a sanatorium and was abandoned. After 1945 there were numerous conversions and renovation works in the complex that were supposed to adapt the building for a different use. Most of the buildings were used as hospitals, and part of the complex was empty for a long time. After 1990 the facility was run as the “Local Area CW Hufeland” of the Buch Clinic of the Charité Berlin and “ Clinic Campus CW Hufeland”. In the 2010s there was a specialist clinic for pulmonary medicine and thoracic surgery ( Evangelical Lung Clinic Berlin ), a rheumatism clinic, a forensic-psychiatric clinic with an area for the penal system as well as the education center for professions in the health sector Berlin-Brandenburg eV and the medical area II of the European College of Liberal Arts .
The new construction of the HELIOS Clinic Berlin-Buch in the immediate vicinity promises a new use of the vacant buildings , which will make the settlement in the complex attractive for new users.
Old people home
The plans for the old people's home in Buch, an institution for hospitalites, as a retirement home took place from 1902 to 1905, the construction period itself stretched from 1905 to 1909. Ignatius Taschner was involved in the design as a sculptor. In 1904 the city council demanded not only cost savings but also specific changes to the building. This mainly included the higher four-story buildings suggested by the decreed Walter Kyllmann , which in his opinion should save further costs. Ludwig Hoffmann rejected this proposal both for aesthetic reasons and for security reasons:
"If you ask for something like that, you have to get a more reckless architect."
According to Hoffmann's own words, this statement had caused bad blood and the city council insisted on taller buildings, until Hoffmann had to point out the building regulations for the Berlin suburbs and the fact that taller buildings are not necessarily cheaper. For him, the required changes threw the overall concept of the system upside down.
“Apart from the costs, the character of the building would also change. We now have the impression of cozy German country houses, while on the other side we come to an Italian style. Now the character of the buildings is exactly the same as that of the people: You cannot change the character by hanging over a different coat. "
With the support of the city councilor Friedrich Körte , also an architect, Hoffmann was able to convince the meeting, but the total costs were limited and the number of dormitories reduced. The old people home was laid out as a facility for 1500 residents and accordingly consists of several building complexes. These are arranged around four central green areas, with several large residential buildings being laid out parallel to the central axis and several smaller buildings at right angles to it. The central axis was formed by a gatehouse, a large administration building, the farm building and other residential buildings. The buildings are largely simply furnished as two-story houses with plastering and high hipped mansard roofs with additional attics. The central farm building has a limestone facade with sculptures. Somewhat out of the way from the overall complex there is an infection house and a mourning house in the south. A water tower (no longer in its original form today) is optically integrated.
The complex has been largely empty since the 2000s and many buildings are in a condition that requires renovation. It is planned to use some of the buildings as a geriatric center in Medical Area III of the Charité Berlin.
Convalescent home
In 1907, planning began for another insane asylum, the IV Urban Insane Asylum in Berlin, in Berlin-Buch. Planning took place until 1911 and construction took place from 1909 to 1914. After completion, the site was not used as an asylum, but as a convalescent home for children. Ignatius Taschner , Josef Rauch and Georg Wrba were involved as sculptors . Like the other facilities, this complex was equipped with extensive gardens. The entire complex is symmetrical along a main axis given by the central administration building. The kitchen building stands on the main axis and on both sides several houses with patient rooms, each of which is laid out around its own square. In the front area there are elongated individual buildings and in the rear there is a closed system with three wings each. Finally, there is an entertainment center on both sides and several individual buildings as well as the patient building for restless patients.
The total of 34 buildings are all two-story and have plastered facades. Different emphasis, bay windows, open column areas and different roof designs should create a varied picture.
“In detail, the different degrees of emphasis brought about by a more or less prominence of individual components and by other developments of their roofs, the different types of use of closed, flat and more or less open components up to open columned halls, the introduction of individual rounded components and various other treatments many very different effects that other impressions could be achieved with the 34 buildings even on a uniform basis. "
The central parts of the buildings were emphasized by columns, gables and ornaments. The central area of the administration building, which serves as the entrance area, has a clearly protruding and raised central projection, which is emphasized by its own gable and by Ionic column reliefs. The green areas were equipped with fountains and pavilions and planted with linden trees.
In the GDR, the convalescent home became part of the “Buch Clinic”. In 1956/1957 the Franz Volhard Clinic was built on the site by Franz Ehrlich . After 1990, the Helios Klinikum Berlin moved into this building and set up Medical Area I. With the completion of a new building, it has moved out again and further use is open. According to a master plan from 2001 (Machleidt & Partner), a mixed use is planned, which provides for residential areas, commercial and service businesses. The renovation work for the conversion of the complex, marketed as the Ludwig-Hoffmann-Quartier , was only partially completed in 2017.
Healing and care facility in Buch
The healing and care facility in Buch was the second lung sanatorium that was created in Buch based on designs by Ludwig Hoffmann. The planning for this building took place in the years 1913/1914, the construction had already started and was canceled due to the First World War . After the inflationary years , construction resumed in 1925 and the hospital was completed in 1929. The construction management in 1928/1929 took over Hoffmann's successor in office, Martin Wagner .
Originally, the healing and care facility was designed for 1,000 breast patients and should have similar dimensions to the other healing institutions in Buch. Before the war-related construction freeze, the director's house and three patient pavilions were built. After the resumption in 1925, these buildings were easily completed with a plastered facade and the complex was supplemented by an administration building and several farmhouses. In 1934 the hospital facility was renamed in honor of the physician and honorary citizen of Berlin Ernst Ludwig Heim in Dr.-Heim-Tbc-Krankenhaus . During the GDR era, the facility served as a pulmonary clinic for tuberculosis patients until 1976 . The department was then converted into a clinic for lung, heart and vascular diseases , and the cardiological clinic was added in 1977 .
After the fall of the Wall , all medical facilities moved out and the buildings stood empty for a long time. The planned re-use of the Dr. Heim as a technology park was abandoned as not feasible. Instead, the listed ensemble has been developed into a residential area since 2012.
More buildings
Central for lighting, heating and water supply for the institutions in Buch
The center for lighting, heating and water supply for the institutions in Buch was built as an operations center on Schwanebecker Chaussee in the vicinity of the insane asylum and was planned in 1903 and built between 1904 and 1906. It includes a machine house, a boiler house, a bakery, a laundry room, a pumping station, a coal bunker, a fire department depot and a waterworks . Architecturally, the buildings were kept simple, but optically coordinated with the neighboring institution through the use of bricks in stone surrounds. Opposite the head office, Hoffmann built a two-story house for the employees, also as a brick building. The building has two entrances, the stairwells are formed and thus protrude from the facade.
"In addition to fulfilling the practical requirements, I tried to echo the neighboring, large, brick-built hospital complex in order to achieve inexpensive assemblies in the, albeit simpler, architectural design."
In the 2000s the facility was used by an industrial park. Some of the buildings have changed considerably since they were built.
Administration building with fire extinguishing shed
The administration building in the immediate vicinity of the operations center was built at the same time as the convalescent home and completed in 1912. It is architecturally adapted to this. This is a two-storey building with a living area and a spacious shed for vehicles and fire extinguishers. The entrance area emerges as a risalit with its own gable and is optically divided into three axes by four smooth columns, the building as a whole is designed as a plastered construction. Today it is used as an office building.
Central pharmacy
The central pharmacy of the Heilstätten in Buch was built between 1905 and 1907 as a combination of a residential building with apartments for the pharmacist and his employees and a pharmacy. It is a simply designed, two-story plastered building with a hipped roof. In the area of the pharmacy entrance, the corner was set back and equipped with a staircase, the entrance door to the living area is on the other side of the building. During the Second World War , the building was partially destroyed, after the war it was extended and structurally changed. It still serves as a residential building today.
Post office building
The post office was built in 1909 and 1910 with the help of Ignatius Taschner. It is a simple two-storey plastered building with a hipped roof, with one wall of the house being raised as a portal by ornaments. Today the building houses the Sparkasse Buch (since 1984) and was renovated at the end of the 1990s.
Shepherd's House
The house of the head shepherd of the Buch farmhouse is not directly part of the sanatorium in Buch, but the style of the building is clearly based on the home for breast patients opposite. It was created around 1908, although the dating is not certain due to the lack of it in the building construction reports of the time. The house has a ground floor and an attic and is simply plastered. Today the listed building is empty.
Institution cemetery book
The Buch institutional cemetery was laid out in 1908, and planning for this site lasted about two years. The site was equipped with simple wooden buildings, with a cemetery chapel in the center, the appearance of which is not documented. The chapel burned down in 1949 and was replaced by a new building in 1954. Of the original building stock, only a wooden structure at the entrance to the cemetery remains today. Since the actual cemetery at the Buch castle chapel was too small with the increasing number of inhabitants, citizens of the rural community of Buch were also buried. With the merger in 1920 to form Greater Berlin, Buch became part of the Pankow administrative district and the institutional cemetery became one of the Pankow municipal cemeteries .
2. Municipal central cemetery
In 1913 and 1914, Ludwig Hoffmann planned the construction of the 2nd municipal central cemetery for Berlin in the suburb of Buch, as the north cemetery . From 1914 the work was interrupted due to the war and was not completed until 1925 due to inflation. The site itself, however, was never used as a cemetery for its original purpose, but first served the Kaiser Wilhelm Society as an institute for brain research, later the Academy of Sciences of the GDR and is now the seat of the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC Buch) and the Robert-Rössle-Klinik as part of the Helios-Klinikum Berlin.
The entrance building is a wide gateway with two storeys in the middle. It is a plastered building with a hipped roof. Behind this building there is an economic building on the left with exposed side projections. The central building was a funeral chapel, modeled on the Villa Rotonda of the Italian architect Andrea Palladio in Vicenza . The building consisted of a central domed structure over the main hall to which smaller ancillary rooms were attached on all four sides. Externally, the chapel was on all four sides by the same design potalartige risalits with own gables equipped. The entrance area was pulled forward a little and designed as a column with Doric columns . The entire chapel was demolished in the 1950s, the other buildings are part of the institutes mentioned.
Housing estate book
Between 1919 and 1922, Ludwig Hoffmann built a housing estate along today's Siedlungstraße for the employees of the municipal sanatoriums in Berlin-Buch. Individual semi-detached houses on Karower Chaussee and Lindenberger Weg complement the settlement.
There are a total of 56 houses, divided into 5 semi-detached houses and 6 terraced houses, in which mainly two and three-room apartments were furnished. Each apartment received its own entrance and a small kitchen garden, and several stables for small livestock were set up in the settlement. The buildings are designed as relatively simple plastered structures and are slightly offset from one another. The gable and roof design in particular offer visual variety. The final buildings are built across the rest of the houses and thus represent the end of the settlement visually.
During the Second World War, three houses were destroyed and a semi-detached house on Karower Chaussee fell victim to a new department store building in 1975. The entire complex is now a listed building and the majority of the houses are privately owned. In addition to a settlement project in Berlin-Wedding , the settlement in Buch is the oldest public residential complex in Berlin.
Conversion
Most of the buildings are no longer suitable for a modern clinic. That is why most healthcare facilities were looking for new branches between 2009 and 2011. Initial plans by the clinic company Helios to set up its corporate headquarters there were not implemented. The state of Berlin tried to find a buyer for the entire site, but this turned out to be difficult because of the size of 28 hectares and 30 buildings as well as the urban peripheral location. After unsuccessful tenders, the Senate Administration approached the project development company Situs, which had already overseen the Ludwig Park clinic construction project in Buch . Finally, under the leadership of the Situs management, the Ludwig Hoffmann Quartier Objektgesellschaft mbH & Co KG was founded, which was supposed to carry out the conversion of the sanatorium premises. In March 2012, the company bought the area after a design and utilization concept had been agreed with the city administration.
Then the property company, which in turn commissioned the Situs company, began with parcelling, exterior design and development and the marketing of individual buildings and areas with a total of 31 different construction and conversion projects took place. Property developers, investors and self-using companies are to create a new district with a residential focus (including senior citizens' apartments in the buildings from the 1970s) and individual commercial settlements on the former clinic premises. A Montessori school and a Protestant elementary school have already started their work. A day-care center and a social center are planned. The property company remains responsible for coordinating the building owners involved during the construction phase.
The fabric of the buildings was good despite the vacancy. The development work was completed by the beginning of 2014, during which practically the entire electrical, water and sewage infrastructure was renewed and a data line network was installed. Damage areas were only repaired on the road network. The investments in this construction phase amounted to around 15 million euros.
The conversion of the first six patient houses into 210 apartments began in the third quarter of 2012 and should be completed in the course of 2014. In addition to renewed building technology, the interior renovation was mainly limited to adding some of the long corridors to the living space and installing new staircases to provide access. The room layout of the former sickroom was largely retained. Due to monument protection requirements, balconies with shallow depths were added to the building envelope on the side facing away from the street. Window, roof and facade renovations were closely based on the original condition of the construction period.
In the final expansion of the entire former clinic site, which should be completed in 2017, more than 500 apartments with a gross floor area of around 125,000 square meters are expected, around 110,000 of which will be in listed buildings. The residential complex is marketed under the name Ludwig Hoffmann Quartier . The costs for all builders together are estimated to be around 250 million euros. It is still unclear how the central culture hall will be used.
literature
- Horst-Peter Wolff, Arno Kalinich: On the history of the hospital city Berlin-Buch . Mabuse Verlag, 2006. ISBN 3-938304-42-1
- Dörte Döhl: Ludwig Hoffmann - Buildings for Berlin 1896-1924 . Ernst Wasmuth, 2004.
- Ludwig Hoffmann (published by Wolfgang Schächer ): Memoirs of an architect . The buildings and art monuments of Berlin supplement 10, Gebr. Mann Verlag, Berlin 1983.
- Architects and Engineers Association of Berlin: Berlin and its Buildings - Part VII, Volume A: Hospitals . Ernst & Son, Berlin 1997.
- Federal Institute for Building, Urban and Spatial Research (Ed.): Conversion of non-residential buildings into residential properties - Documentation of the case studies, 2015, PDF version
Web links
- Sanatorium and nursing home Berlin-Buch - Memorial T4
- Historical pictures from the hospital in Berlin Buch. GDR era around 1960
- Berlin book - hospital tradition
- Ludwig-Hoffmann-Quartier - history
- Evangelical Lung Clinic Berlin
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c from Hoffmann: Memoirs of an Architect
- ↑ a b from the minutes of the city council meeting on January 23, 1902; after Döhl 2004
- ↑ from new buildings of the city of Berlin , vol. 7
- ^ The areas in Berlin-Buch. berlin-buch.com, accessed on September 23, 2013 .
- ↑ from Hoffmann: The work of recovery in book