Garden monument maintenance

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

As garden monuments is called the intellectual, technical, technical and artistic measures for endowment and maintenance of cultural monuments in the area of garden design are necessary. Garden monument maintenance also includes the assessment of the monument quality based on the criteria specified in the laws (according to many state monument protection laws, for example, the property must belong to a closed era), as well as the cultural-historical classification of the garden monuments .

There are many overlaps in garden monument preservation with archaeological monument preservation and building and art monument preservation . The preservation of garden monuments also makes use of its own procedures and applies special measures that are determined by the peculiarities of plant, i.e. living, objects and the changing structures of nature.

“The historical garden is a building that consists primarily of plants, ie living material, and is therefore transitory and renewable. Its appearance is the result of a constant play of forces between seasonal change, natural development and natural decay on the one hand and the artistic and technical will on the other hand, which aims to lend its condition duration. "

- Article 2 of the Florence Charter
Restored rose garden of the New Residence in Bamberg

Area of ​​responsibility

Objects of the garden monument preservation are not only gardens, but all objects in the undeveloped space (open space), which fulfill the requirements of a monument in terms of monument preservation and consist of plants or contain plant elements. In the latter case, this also includes non-vegetable components.

Not only the well-known feudal gardens and parks, but also public and private facilities from subsequent times (even from the post-war period , as this is increasingly considered to be a closed epoch), regardless of the design direction, what purpose and use they had, and themselves can be worthy of monument when they have previously or currently only gained little publicity.

The area of ​​responsibility can range from the historically significant individual tree (e.g. a dancing linden tree ), the preservation of an avenue, a baroque or landscape garden, a cemetery, etc., to the preservation of cultural landscapes (e.g. Dessau-Wörlitz Garden Realm ).

Legal bases

Germany

The basis and framework for the protection, maintenance and maintenance and restoration measures of garden monuments are the statutory orders, orders, permits and requirements. In Germany, these are the state monument protection laws, since in Germany monument protection according to the Basic Law falls under the cultural sovereignty of the states. The state laws are designed differently in each federal state, but in the meantime (that wasn't always the case!) They all contain a regulation that also includes horticultural facilities as objects of monument protection worthy of protection. This is partly because garden works of art are listed as a separate category in the text of the law, in other laws they are pro forma as buildings and are thus included.

In principle, there are two systems for protection:

  • Either the law basically places all objects that meet the criteria defined in the law under protection as monuments. Monument lists then only have an informal character.
  • Or only the objects that are listed in separate monument lists are protected as monuments. This gives the owner, who has to adhere to the requirements, legal security, because he only has to look up the list. The creation and constant updating, however, requires a lot of effort. This system is currently disadvantageous for the area of ​​garden monuments, because there are considerable deficits in recording.

Great Britain

In England, historical gardens are listed by English Heritage in accordance with the National Heritage Act of 1983 in a list of historical parks and gardens of special interest in Categories I, II * and II, CADW does the same in Wales. There is no list for Northern Ireland. Criteria are historical significance, rarity and the quality of the landscaping. No conservation is planned for gardens typical of the time, so the gardens of farmhouses or workers' houses are not systematically documented or conserved. Some British open air museums , like St Fagans in Wales, endeavor to showcase the look of the gardens of the common people. However, these are recreated gardens of relocated houses, not originals. Paul McCartney's childhood home in Liverpool , a terraced house with a small garden, now belongs to the National Trust, but because of its historical importance, not to preserve a typical workers' house with a garden.

In England there is no legal basis for protecting gardens. The municipalities can designate a piece of land as green space ( zoning ), but they have no influence on how it is designed.

The National Council for the Conservation of Plants and Gardens is also involved in the preservation of monuments, but is primarily concerned with the conservation of historic ornamental plants. In 2001 the National Trust managed approximately 150 km 2 in the form of 200 gardens and 69 landscape parks.

Administration and implementation

This article or paragraph presents the situation in Germany . Help us to describe the situation in other countries.

Germany

Official monument preservation

A distinction is made between specialist authorities and administrative authorities. The departments for the preservation of garden monuments of the monuments authorities are technically responsible, they contribute their scientific and technical expertise, advise the monument protection authorities responsible for the administrative and legal implementation and provide financial support.

Bear settlement garden monument in Berlin-Tempelhof

In Germany, the tasks of maintaining garden monuments are officially taken over by the state monument offices or subdivisions of the relevant authority.

In part, this authority takes over the ongoing maintenance of the facilities, especially in the case of publicly owned objects. This can also include long-term planning to restore what is almost historical. In the case of privately owned objects, the Basic Law applies: property obliges . However, this principle has its limits in economic reasonableness. Private garden monument owners are supported by public grants. Nonetheless, monuments are often destroyed if the preservation was no longer economically viable for the owner. The public sector also has less and less funds at its disposal.

Implementation deficit

Garden monument preservation has only been established as a separate specialist field of monument preservation for a few decades. A major problem (not only) in the preservation of garden monuments is still the considerable deficit in implementation. Laws are of no use if they are not implemented in practice. Often not even all the listed horticultural facilities have been recorded and placed under protection, let alone their history, remaining stock, necessary protective measures, etc. examined.

The causes are varied. On the one hand, it is due to the fact that there are still too few qualified personnel trained in garden monument preservation, especially in the so-called “lower monument protection authorities” - mostly the districts. And if there are specialist staff, then the specialist area has insufficient financial resources due to the financial situation of the “public sector”. Second, the knowledge of the existence and history of some gardens that are only regionally or locally significant and the public awareness of their monumental value (and thus the pressure to monitor politics) is not yet very pronounced, albeit growing.

Third, there are often strong conflicting economic interests. Undeveloped green spaces are often endangered by various building projects. If a municipality is then on the one hand the planning agency and the approval authority for a building project that generates tax money, but on the other hand it is also a monument protection authority, it is often subject to the preservation of garden monuments. In Baden-Württemberg there has been no independent specialist authority since the administrative reform, but this is combined at the level of the government districts with the higher monument protection authority or the objection authority. The primarily preserving specialist mandate thus merges with the weighing task under monument protection law, which makes conflicts of interest possible.

It is often overlooked that garden monument maintenance not only costs, but also creates not a few jobs and brings in money, e.g. B. for craftsmen, caring gardeners, in the tourism industry, etc. Garden monuments also have the function of a recreational area for the general public and are one of the increasingly important "soft factors" of the quality of life for the settlement of companies and residents.

Foundations and associations

Also because of these implementation deficits, private foundations have been set up in several German federal states for the field of garden monument preservation for several years, which endeavor to either publicly owned or private garden monuments.

Examples of supra-local foundations for garden monument maintenance tasks in Germany:

  • German Foundation for Monument Protection (nationwide). The annual open monument day coordinated by the German Foundation for Monument Protection was held on September 10, 2006 under the nationwide motto “Lawn, roses and borders. Historic Gardens and Parks ” . The German Foundation for Monument Protection continues to administer several fiduciary foundations that are dedicated to the preservation of garden monuments, such as the nationally sponsoring Community Foundation for Historical Gardens.
  • Prussian Palaces and Gardens Foundation Berlin-Brandenburg , Garden Directorate
  • Historic Churchyards and Cemeteries Foundation in Berlin Brandenburg
  • Weimar Classic Foundation, Department of Garden Monument Preservation
  • DessauWörlitz Foundation
  • Fürst-Pückler-Park Bad Muskau Foundation
  • Fürst-Pückler-Museum Park and Branitz Castle Foundation
  • Thuringian Palaces and Gardens Foundation
  • Historical Gardens Foundation in Lower Saxony
  • Historical hanging garden foundation - a very special kind of guard monument! www.haengegarten.de
  • VGH Foundation , Hanover (active in Lower Saxony and Bremen)

There are also local, regional and nationwide non-profit associations that are specifically involved in this field. The associations that operate supra-regionally in Germany with a focus on garden monument preservation include, for example:

  • German Society for Garden Art and Landscape Culture (DGGL), Working Group on Historic Gardens
  • Lower Saxony Society for the Preservation of Historic Gardens V.
  • Garden Dreams - Historic Parks in Saxony-Anhalt V. (this model project explicitly strives for a synergy of garden monument preservation and tourism marketing)

Some other existing associations are mainly aimed at tourist marketing or the general promotion of interest in historical gardens.

Great Britain

Funds for the preservation of garden monuments come from the National Trust, the Country Stewardship Scheme and, for certain projects, from lottery funds (awarded by the Lottery Commission ).

Overlap

There may be overlaps with the preservation of historical monuments and the preservation of historical monuments (archaeological preservation of monuments), as well as nature conservation .

Building and art monument maintenance

Buildings and figurines in gardens, cemeteries, etc. require the involvement of building and art monument maintenance.

Garden archeology

Pompeii, modeled on the peristyle garden of the Vetti House, around 1900

For the research of gardens from prehistoric times, the garden archeology was developed, which falls back on the methods of the soil monument preservation. supplemented by and adapted to the special requirements of research into organic materials. In particular, pollen analysis , dendrochronology and the radiocarbon method are used here. The original pathways and their layer structure or the water supply of a well, the locations of greenhouses, pavilions, trees, etc. in a historical garden can also be determined by excavations . Non-destructive methods of archaeological prospection can be useful for the discovery of buried garden structures and mapping . These include aerial archeology , measurements of ferro- and electromagnetics as well as georadar .

Examples of gardens in which garden archaeological methods were used:

Nature and environmental protection

This article or paragraph presents the situation in Germany . Help us to describe the situation in other countries.

Felled avenue west of Großgründlach Castle near Nuremberg, replaced by winter linden trees, photo taken on October 9, 2004

Garden monument maintenance inevitably often has points of contact with nature conservation, but has a different purpose than this. For example, a historical park can be a natural monument as well as a cultural monument. Sometimes the two terms are confused with each other. The confusion of laypeople also stems from official names (such as in Germany nature park or natural monument ). The protection of natural monuments is the task of nature conservation under German law. Sometimes this can lead to conflicts (e.g. the restoration of a historical structure may require the removal of valuable flora from a nature conservation perspective), but not infrequently also advantages (e.g. if an avenue was not destroyed because it was placed under protection as a natural monument). However, it is not expedient and not permissible to refrain from being placed under protection under monument law because a protection status under nature conservation law already exists.

For several years there has been a discussion in Germany as to whether a new monument protection category should be introduced for large-scale cultural landscapes, based on the nature conservation terms national park and nature park as well as the designation given by ICOMOS for "cultural landscapes of outstanding international importance".

history

The work of many garden designers has been partially or largely lost because the owners redesigned the facilities or did not maintain them. For example, many of Russell Page's gardens are poorly or poorly preserved. Other facilities have been placed under monument protection or are being preserved by foundations in a more or less original condition (“ Karl Foerster Memorial” by the German Foundation for Monument Protection , Mien Ruys Foundation in the Netherlands). Other garden designers spoke out against "freezing" their gardens on a certain stand, for example Christopher Lloyd and Great Dixter . Lloyd vehemently opposed the National Trust landscaping.

Since the beginning of the 1980s, attempts have been made to preserve, restore (e.g. Lost Gardens of Heligan ) or recreate them. In addition to the mostly poor source situation - there are often no plant lists and a generic "time-typical" planting has to be used - here, as with buildings, the problem arises as to which version of a garden should be reconstructed. Often only selected parts are brought into a "historical" form, as part of a largely modern garden.

UNESCO

On May 21, 1981 in Florence the International Committee for Historic Gardens ICOMOS - IFLA decided on the Charter of Historic Gardens (Charter of Florence) as a further decisive step towards establishing cross-sectional garden monument maintenance:

“Historical gardens are one of the elements of cultural heritage, the continuation of which naturally requires a great deal of constant care by qualified people. Appropriate teaching methods must ensure the training of these specialists, namely historians, architects, landscape architects, gardeners and botanists. "

- (Charter of Florence, Art. 24)

Germany

The great wave of redesigning landscaping destroyed innumerable formal gardens of the Renaissance and Baroque . Individual gardens or at least elements survived, e.g. B. because conservative owners did not want to participate in the new fashion or could not implement it for financial reasons, or because they were forgotten after changing residence. Sometimes the recognition of ancestors' creative achievement or practicality was also a motive. For example, Friedrich Ludwig Sckell several times only converted parts of baroque gardens away from the castle into landscape gardens and left some avenues and other geometric structures (example: Nymphenburg Palace in Munich).

Essentially, the beginnings of German garden monument preservation (and also nature conservation) lie in the homeland protection movement at the end of the 19th century, the ideas of which found influence in legislation. During this time various organizations were founded, e.g. B. the German Society for Garden Art , and the German Federation of Heimatschutz , which made monument protection their task. As early as 1892, the Association of German Garden Artists called for changes to old parks and gardens to be prevented because they were evidence of a historical era. In 1902 in Prussia and Hesse , and in 1909 in Bremen, the law on the protection of architectural monuments and street and landscape images was passed. In 1910, on the 11th Day for the Preservation of Monuments in Gdańsk, historical gardens and monuments were given equal importance for the first time, regardless of style, size and owner.

The preservation of historical parks after the expropriations in the course of the revolution after the First World War gained particular importance . During this time, the state garden administrations of today's federal states emerged from the court garden administrations, whereby at least the state gardens were looked after in terms of monument conservation. The founder of the scientific garden monument preservation was in the 1920s Georg Potente , garden director in Potsdam- Sanssouci .

In 1928 Paul Clemen , professor for art history in Bonn and former Rhenish provincial curator, explicitly recognized the preservation of garden monuments as part of the preservation of monuments at the Day for Monument Preservation and Heritage Protection .

Many gardens in Germany were badly damaged in the Second World War. Many gardens in East and West Germany that had survived the war, however, were destroyed in the post-war decades by road construction, the division of land, etc. In 1963 the German Society for Garden Art and Landscape Management (DGGL) founded the Working Group on Historical Gardens .

The Schwetzingen resolution was drawn up in the European Monument Protection Year 1975 . In the GDR, a department for garden monument preservation was established at the Institute for Monument Preservation of the GDR this year . In 1978 a department for garden monument maintenance was created in West Berlin by the Senator for Building and Housing, which was later attached to the Senate Department for Urban Development and Environmental Protection and which is now part of the State Monument Office. On April 8, 1992, a garden monument preservation working group within the Association of State Monument Preservators in the Federal Republic of Germany was founded in Berlin .

Today the concept of the garden monument is anchored - in different ways - in all monument protection laws of the federal states. However, in some federal states, especially at the municipal level, there is a lack of practical institutionalization and implementation (provision of financial and specialist resources).

The nestor of the German garden monument preservation is Dieter Hennebo .

Great Britain

As early as 1828, the Whitmore-Jones family laid out a garden in Chastleton House, built in 1612 in the Cotswolds , which mimicked a Jacobean layout. This was gradually forgotten, and as a result the garden was considered an original. It was only after the National Trust took over the facility and extensive archive studies that it was recognized that it was not an original facility. In 1974, a Roy Strong exhibit on disappearing country houses at the Victoria and Albert Museum sparked public interest in historical gardens as well. This was followed in 1979 by an exhibition on garden history (John Harris: The Garden: A Celebration of a Thousand Years of British Gardening ).

Montacute House , an Elizabethan house that the National Trust took over in 1931, was one of the first large gardens designed by this Quango . In 1989 the Trust looked after 110 gardens and employed around 350 gardeners; In 2001 there were 450 gardeners. He is now also training gardeners, but can no longer do without the help of numerous volunteers.

Gardens modeled after the period were laid out, for example, in Moseley Old Hall in Wolverhampton , in order to give the building a "contemporary setting". Bede's World in Newcastle presents recreated early medieval gardens.

In Great Britain there are also associations that are dedicated to collecting and maintaining old garden tools , such as the "Old Lawnmower Club" founded in 1990.

Netherlands

The Nederlandse Tuinstichting preserves the work of Dutch gardeners and maintains a photo archive of gardens. Important Dutch gardens are recorded in a database.

Procedures and measures

Park maintenance

An important planning tool for garden monument maintenance is the creation of a so-called park maintenance system .

"A park maintenance work is an instrument for analysis, for documentation, for listed maintenance, for the preservation and restoration of historical gardens."

- Meyer, 2000, p. 56, in: DGGL Working Group on Historical Gardens; Historic parks and gardens - Park maintenance in accordance with historical monuments

So in this planning work:

  • all available prior information about the property is collected and evaluated,
  • all future plans presented in a detailed technical concept.

Inventory

The inventory of garden monuments, d. H. Their recording in inventories , lists of monuments or databases is also the basis of garden monument maintenance. Only in this way can cultural monuments be defined if they have not already been defined by a generally applicable provision in the monument protection law of a federal state. Unfortunately, works of garden art have long been neglected in the preservation of monuments. There is a very large number of potentially monumental garden art objects. As a result, inventory deficits still exist in many countries today. The first approaches to a systematic inventory for the entire area of ​​Germany provided the German Heimatbund with its project "Recording the historical gardens and parks in the Federal Republic of Germany" (first edition published in 1985). Since then there have been further data collection projects in various federal states.

Historical research

  • Explore archival sources: identify and view plans , views, descriptions, etc. of the historical garden in archives
  • Make current measurements
  • If necessary, make photogrammetric (rectified) aerial photographs, false color photographs, stereo images.
  • Investigations on the property to research the original inventory, e.g. B. through tree age determinations, recognition of grafts or historical cut surfaces on hedges and avenue trees
  • Analysis on the object to research areas of historical redesign (earlier style phases)
  • Art historical methods ( dating , question of function, study of sources ...)
  • Reality or material history (for buildings, paths: types of material, formats ...) to limit the period of the investment phases
  • Investigation of the historical aspects of the building (comparisons with other systems for function recognition) to enable the reconstruction
  • Scientific analysis (chemical and physical composition of soil layers and path structures, detection of diseases in plants, plant sociological recordings , genetic analyzes to determine the variety, dendrochronology to determine the age (e.g. C14 method ), thermoluminescence dating , ...)
  • If necessary, archaeological investigation (search for remains of seeds, pollen analysis , geophysical prospection )

activities

Garden of Het Loo , a new creation of a destroyed complex, very detailed based on existing sources, but with the destruction of later conditions (landscape garden)
Garden of Villandry Castle , originally a Renaissance garden , idealized by Joachim Carvallo "restoration" based on a changed state from the 19th century, with the destruction of the later changes; hence basically also a new creation

The measures that are necessary for the creation and maintenance of garden monuments are very diverse. General monument preservation measures are dealt with in the monument preservation article. In principle, they also apply to the preservation of garden monuments. However, the vegetable material in the gardens means that the relevance of the individual measures in the preservation of garden monuments is partly different from that in the preservation of architectural monuments. The boundaries between the measures are fluid and depend in each individual case on the scope of consideration.

  • Controlling functions and uses in a compatible manner: Many garden monuments are used intensively for leisure activities, e.g. B. Cultural and sporting events. The garden monument maintenance should control and, if necessary, limit this so that overuse and damage is prevented.
  • Allow to age: no or only very little intervention (so-called “controlled decay” or “dying with dignity”) is sometimes used on old trees, which also have great ecological value.
  • Maintenance : Normal maintenance work, such as regular and professional cutting, possibly using historical methods, keeping a body of water clean.
  • Preservation : "Freezing" the current state, stopping aging. This is not possible with living plants.
  • Repair , overhaul : renewal of used and damaged parts of the monument, e.g. B. individual replanting in hedges or avenues.
  • Renovation , restoration : extensive renovation that goes beyond repairs.
  • Reconstruction: Restoration of a lost appearance of parts of a garden or entire gardens without original material on the basis of written and pictorial sources and, if available, results of garden research. Reconstructed objects are considered new creations and initially have no claim to monument protection , but over time they can gain a monument value. An example of a new creation is the Eichstätter Bastion Garden as the successor to the " Hortus Eystettensis " in Eichstätt . A controversial example of a reconstruction is the restoration of the garden of Het Loo from 1970, on the occasion of its 300th anniversary in 1984.
  • Anastilosis (only applies to structures): reassembling collapsed horticultural structures with original material.
  • Relocation : Relocation of a garden monument or part of it from its original location to another location. Before the total loss occurs, this is the second worst solution to preservation. As a rule, this affects structural parts such as fountains, pavilions, etc. In contrast to buildings, plants are constantly changing and can often be replanted. In order to preserve the status of a monument, the preservation of the original plant is only important in special cases. Of course, moving a complete garden complex is hardly possible; in any case, the often extremely important visual relationships with the surrounding area ( point de vue ) would be lost. Large tree transplantation of a tree or an avenue is conceivable .

See also

literature

in alphabetical order

  • Clemens Bornhauser (Red.): Historical Gardens & Landscapes, Preservation & Development. Conference report . vdf, Zurich 2006. ISBN 3-7281-3019-2 .
  • Ellen Brandenburger: On the history and theory of garden monument preservation. Comparative analyzes using examples in Bamberg, Brühl and Großsedlitz = writings from the Faculty of Humanities and Cultural Studies of the Otto Friedrich University of Bamberg 6th University of Bamberg Press, Bamberg 2011. ISBN 978-3-86309-033-3 (At the same time: Dissertation at the University of Bamberg (with Achim Hubel ) online in 2009 ).
  • Sylvia Butenschön (Ed.): Garden History Research Colloquium 2008. Compilation of the conference contributions = gray series of the Institute for Urban and Regional Planning 17th University Press of the TU, Berlin 2008, ISBN 978-3-7983-2100-7 , doi: 10.14279 / depositonce- 2056 .
  • Erik A. de Jong, Erika Schmidt, Brigitt Sigel (eds.): The garden - a place of change. Perspectives for the preservation of monuments = publications of the Institute for the Preservation of Monuments at the Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich 26. vdf - Hochschil-Verlag at the ETH, Zürich 2006. ISBN 3-7281-3033-8 .
  • German Society for Garden Art and Landscape Management (DGGL) (Hrsg.): Working group for historical gardens of the German Society for Garden Art and Landscape Care eV (= text series of the German Society for garden art and landscape care, issue 4, ZDB ID 1396880-4 ). DGGL, Berlin 1990.
  • Dieter Hennebo (ed.): Garden monument maintenance. Basics of the preservation of historical gardens and green spaces . Ulmer, Stuttgart 1985. ISBN 3-8001-5046-8
  • Frank Peter Hesse: Stadtpark, Volkspark and much more: The preservation of monuments in public green spaces . In: Die Gartenkunst  27 (1/2015), pp. 59–76.
  • Detlef Karg : On the growth and decay of gardens - a contribution to the relationship between garden monument maintenance and monument maintenance. In: The preservation of monuments . Vol. 54, No. 1, 1996, pp. 15-23.
  • Nikolaus Kraft: The historical garden as a cultural monument. Legal issues relating to the protection of cultural property in selected European legal systems = series of publications by the Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for European Law 9. Manzsche Verlag- und Universitätsbuchhandlung, Vienna 2002. ISBN 3-214-11279-1
  • Petra Martin, Karen Schmitt (Red.): “… Start a new Heidelberg debate”? Reconstruction and garden monument maintenance. Documentation of the symposium in Heidelberg on April 17, 2008, jointly organized by the Garden Monument Preservation Working Group of the Association of State Monument Preservationists in the Federal Republic of Germany with the Institute for European Art History of the Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg = reports on research and practice of monument preservation in Germany 15. Michael Imhof, Petersberg 2008, ISBN 978-3-86568-450-9 .
  • Ursel Amrei Mosbauer: Conservation, restoration and reconstruction of historical gardens and squares. Problems with the implementation of garden monument preservation from theory in practice . Munich 2003. (Dissertation at the Technical University of Munich 2004 online ).
  • Michael Rohde, Rainer Schomann (ed.): Historical gardens today. On the 80th birthday of Professor Dr. Dieter Hennebo . 2nd Edition. Edition Leipzig, Leipzig 2004, ISBN 3-361-00567-1
  • Erika Schmidt: Specific problems of the preservation of garden monuments . In: Die Gartenkunst 5 (2/1993), pp. 283–292.
  • Birgitt Sigel: “Everything received becomes a testimony to talk”. The garden monument measured with the yard's yardstick . In: Die Gartenkunst 5 (2/1993), pp. 273–282.
  • Dieter Wieland : Historical parks and gardens = series of publications of the German National Committee for Monument Protection 45. Bonn 1993. ISBN 3-922153-00-3
  • Clemens Alexander Wimmer : The creative in the preservation of monuments. In: Die Gartenkunst 19 (2/2007), pp. 363–373.
  • FLL / DGGL : Technical report: "Maintenance of historical gardens - Part 1 : Plants and vegetation areas". Bonn 2006. ISBN 3-934484-95-6 .

Magazines in alphabetical order

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Register of Historic Parks and Gardens of Special Interest in England, http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/professional/protection/process/national-heritage-list-for-england/
  2. ↑ Mike Calnan: Rooted in history - growing forever? In: Fiona Reynolds (Ed.): Rooted in History. Studies in Garden Conservation. London, The National Trust 2001, p. 5
  3. ↑ Mike Calnan: Rooted in history - growing forever? In: Fiona Reynolds (Ed.): Rooted in History. Studies in Garden Conservation. London, The National Trust 2001, pp. 4-5
  4. ↑ http://www.nccpg.com/
  5. ↑ Mike Calnan: Rooted in history - growing forever? In: Fiona Reynolds (Ed.): Rooted in History. Studies in Garden Conservation. London, The National Trust 2001, p. 3
  6. ↑ German Society for Garden Art and Landscape Culture ( Memento of the original from July 18, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (DGGL), Working Group on Historical Gardens @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.dggl.org
  7. ^ Christopher Richard John Currie: Garden archeology. Practical handbooks in Archeology 17. York, Council for British Archeology 2005. ISBN 1-902771-48-6
  8. ^ Wilhelmina Mary Feemster Jashemski: The Gardens of Pompeii: Herculaneum and the Villas destroyed by Vesuvius. Caratzas Bros. 1993; Wilhelmina Feemster Jashemski: A Pompeian Herbal: Ancient and Modern Medicinal Plants. Austin, University of Texas Press 1999, ISBN 0-292-74060-3
  9. ^ Marina Schinz, Gabrielle van Zuylen: The Gardens of Russell Page. Francis Lincoln, London 2008
  10. ↑ For England s. Fiona Reynolds (Ed.): Rooted in History. Studies in Garden Conservation. London, The National Trust 2001
  11. ^ Katie Fretwell: Case Study 2, Chastleton House. In: Fiona Reynolds (Ed.): Rooted in History. Studies in Garden Conservation. London, The National Trust 2001, p. 18
  12. ^ Roy Strong, Marcus Binney, John Harris: The Destruction of the Country House. London, Thames and Hudson 1974
  13. ^ John Sales: Learning by experience. In: Fiona Reynolds (Ed.): Rooted in History. Studies in Garden Conservation. London, The National Trust 2001, p. 21
  14. ↑ Celia Haddon, Book of Designer Gardens. Norwich, Jarrold 1989, 14
  15. ↑ Katie Frewell, putting on the show. In: Fiona Reynolds: Rooted in history - growing forever? In: Fiona Reynolds (Ed.): Rooted in History. Studies in Garden Conservation. London, The National Trust 2001, p. 172
  16. ↑ Mike Calnan: Why conserve? In: Fiona Reynolds (Ed.): Rooted in History. Studies in Garden Conservation. P. 194
  17. ↑ Mike Calnan: Rooted in history - growing forever? In: Fiona Reynolds (Ed.): Rooted in History. Studies in Garden Conservation. London, The National Trust 2001, p. 7
  18. ↑ http://www.oldlawnmowerclub.co.uk/mowinfo/mowhist.htm
  19. ↑ http://library.wur.nl/WebQuery/tuin
  20. ^ Norbert Buthmann: Geophysical prospection and garden archeology - a concept . In: Die Gartenkunst  27 (2/2015), pp. 231–244.