Oberlandstrasse (Berlin)

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Oberlandstrasse
coat of arms
Street in Berlin
Oberlandstrasse
View to Germaniastrasse
Basic data
place Berlin
District Tempelhof
Created around 1909
Connecting roads
Silbersteinstrasse (east) ,
Germaniastrasse (west)
Cross streets (Selection)
Schaffhausener Strasse,
Bacharacher Strasse
use
User groups Pedestrian traffic , bicycle traffic , car traffic , public transport
Technical specifications
Street length 1420 meters
View from the eponymous Tempelhofer Oberland ( Teltow ) with the already existing national monument on the Kreuzberg to the Unterland ( glacial valley ). Oil painting by Johann Heinrich Hintze , 1829

The Oberlandstraße is a street in the Berlin district of Tempelhof . It continues the streets Alt-Tempelhof and Germaniastraße to the east and connects Tempelhof with the district of Neukölln , the former Rixdorf.

The western part of the street belongs to the Tempelhof-Ost industrial area. Industrial monuments such as the Gillette factory buildings or the UFA film studios characterize this part of the street. In the eastern part, the ensemble of buildings of the Bärensiedlung , which was built around the Oberlandgarten and Germaniagarten between 1929 and 1931, is a protected building and garden monument . The name Oberlandstraße recalls the historical distinction between Tempelhofer Oberland and Unterland .

The Tempelhof Oberland

In front of the city ​​wall of Berlin (red line above right) 1842. In the southern half of the map section the Oberland, the northern half lies in the glacial valley . The Teltowhang runs roughly across the center of the picture. Today's Tempelhof Airport is located southwest of the Hasenheide and Oberlandstraße is on the southern edge of the section

The street is named after the Tempelhofer Oberland , which referred to the part of the Tempelhofer Feldmark that lay on the Teltow plateau . The Oberland with the Tempelhof Field and the Tempelhof Mountain , today's Kreuzberg in Viktoria Park , carried the designation to distinguish it from Tempelhof lowlands , the north of Teltow slope in approximately 15 meters to deeper Berlin glacial valley was and up to the Berlin city wall at Halle Gate stretched . In 1846, for example, population censuses differentiated:

  • Tempelhof, village and estate, with
    • Tempelhofer Berg and Tempelhofer Feld
    • Tempelhofer Unterland (Etablissement Am Hallischen Tor).

The entire former Unterland (later also called Tempelhofer Vorstadt ) has belonged to Berlin since 1861 and to the newly formed Kreuzberg district since the founding of Greater Berlin in 1920 . The name change from Tempelhofer Berg (also known as the Runder Weinberg ) in Kreuzberg took place in 1821 with the construction of the national monument by Karl Friedrich Schinkel on the mountaintop to commemorate the battles of the Wars of Liberation . With the spin-off of the Unterland, the distinction between Oberland and Unterland became obsolete for Tempelhof. While the Unterland left no traces of name in today's Berlin, the Oberlandstrasse and the small Oberlandpark are reminiscent of the former geographic-political division.

For the remaining Feldmark in Oberland particular Tempelhof included field with the former Tempelhof airport south of the Hasenheide and the parade ground - Paradestraße - the barracks at the General-Pape-Straße in the west, the large field . In the 18th century, the field mark was largely used as arable land. Before it was largely leveled, the Oberland had the flat, wavy surface structure typical of the Teltow, which is still visible today in smaller green areas such as Franckepark or the Old Park at Tempelhof Town Hall.

Course and federal road R

Map section with the Oberlandstrasse

Oberlandstrasse has been named after her since 1909. It is part of the former central Berlin west-east connection from Schöneberger Sachsendamm via Tempelhof and Neukölln to Grenzallee. Parallel to the former Tempelhof Airport on the southern edge of the old Tempelhofer Feld and the route of the Ringbahn , Oberlandstraße runs to the border to Neukölln on Eschersheimer Straße, where it continues as Silbersteinstraße to the east towards Hermannstraße . About halfway the Oberlandstrasse bridges the Neukölln-Mittenwald railway .

From 1969 it was part of the federal highway R , which led from the Bösebrücke border crossing point in the Wedding district to Neukölln Silbersteinstraße as a kind of replacement motorway .

With the completion of the Tempelhof section of the A 100 city motorway in 1981, the newly built junction  21 Oberlandstraße became the end point of the motorway. The inclusion of all traffic between the autobahn and the Neukölln district to the east led to an extremely high volume of traffic on Oberlandstrasse. Only the short connection to Germaniastraße with the former Tempelhof chemical factory was west of the driveway.

As a result of the extension of the A 100 to Neukölln in 2000, the traffic density has decreased drastically and there is a speed limit of 30  km / h in the residential part of the street . The road was given a two-sided cycle path on a western section .

Development into an industrial location

Oberlandstrasse in the city map from 1925

In 1913, the first commercial buildings were erected in the then largely undeveloped Oberlandstraße with two neighboring recording studios for the still young film industry - visible from afar over the Tempelhofer Feld. Only on the east side of the street, bordering Neukölln, were there six rental houses.

After a larger industrial complex had already been built in 1892 with the Stahlbahnwerke Freudenstein locomotive and wagon factory in Germaniastraße on the east edge of Tempelhof, the optical institute C. P. Goertz AG had a branch established at Oberlandstraße 36-64 from 1916. During the First World War a. a. Made periscopes for submarines. From 1921 to 1926 automobiles were manufactured in the factory, first for Dinos Automobilwerke AG , then for Aktiengesellschaft für Automobilbau AG (AGA) . The property then came into the possession of Lux-Werke GmbH, which until 1988, finally under the company name Elektrolux GmbH , mainly manufactured vacuum cleaners. In 2007, the Kroymanns car dealership opened on the site of the building demolished in the early 1990s , and closed two years later after bankruptcy. Today (2020) there is a sales office of Volkswagen Automobile Berlin GmbH there .

In 1918/1919 a two-story factory building was built for Norddeutsche Kühlerfabrik AG (NKF) at Oberlandstrasse 65. After the bankruptcy of NKF, the pharmaceutical company Albert Mendel AG acquired the property in 1931 . Since the end of operations (around 1996) of the Tempelhof chemical factory , which took over the factory site in 1933, the building has been used by various commercial tenants.

In 1922 a new factory was built for the Tempelhof razor blade factory Otto Roth AG at Oberlandstrasse 7-18. After the takeover by the American Gillette Company in 1926, a new factory building was built in 1936/37 on the south side of Oberlandstrasse (No. 75-84), where Gillette razors are still manufactured today. The former production facility at Oberlandstrasse 7-18 was largely demolished around the year 2000. Today there are various retail stores here.

With Eduard Linnhoff's machine factory and boiler shop, another factory was built around 1925 at Oberlandstrasse 19-21. Steam boilers, industrial plants and road construction machines were manufactured here until the 1950s.

The branch of the biscuit factory Bahlsen occupies a large area on the south side of Oberlandstrasse . Their modern production facility was built in 1966 on a part of the former outdoor area of ​​the UFA studios.

Industrial monuments

Gillette

Gillette Porter's House
Main building with entrance portal

Gillette's Berlin branch at Oberlandstrasse 75–84 was built in 1936/1937 according to plans by the architect Paul Renner . The central building complex is a storey building 135 m long on the street side and 60 m deep on the rear, which encloses a 90 m × 45 m large shed hall. To the northeast of the multi-storey building is a combined porter and changing building. A separate community hall, which had a capacity of 1000 people and was used as a canteen, no longer exists.

The street front of the main building is dominated by a central entrance building as a representative portal zone extending over two floors. There is also a massive sandstone pillar portico in front of it.

The layout of the central porch with portal and representative outside staircase clearly expresses the signature of the National Socialist building ideology, with simplified, monumentally exaggerated classicist architectural forms that make the factory appear as a “temple of work”. In contrast, the original company logo Roth Büchner GmbH was businesslike and very modern in sans serif Futura - font designed as illuminated letters line. Today there is the signature of the company Gillette, which in 1926 took over the majority of shares in Roth-Büchner GmbH - at that time the largest German razor blade manufacturer.

A third floor was added to the main building in 1984 and 1992, which significantly changed it. Instead of a row of windows there is now a continuous ribbon of windows.

UFA film studios

Studio 1 of UFA from 1933 to 1935, today: Berliner Union-Film
Recording studio 2

The former UFA film studios (today: Berliner Union-Film ) are located at Oberlandstrasse 26–35. Today's recording studio 2 from 1913 essentially goes back to the planning of the industrial architect Bruno Buch for the Projektions-Aktien-Gesellschaft Union (Pagu). Buch also came up with the design for the second studio building, no longer in existence, for what was then Literaria Film by film pioneer Alfred Duskes , also from 1913.

In 1913 the magazine Filmbühne compared the glass studio buildings of Buch with two "gigantic birdcages" and wrote:

“On the southern edge of the Tempelhofer Feld, where the military desert previously crossed the tracks of the Ringbahn into a bourgeois desert, new life is now beginning to stir. [...] There are two high, very large halls that are completely enclosed by glass walls and also have a glass roof. The light can flood in here freely from all sides [...]. "

- Quoted from Michael Thiele

The increased demands on the sound film led from 1931 to extensive renovations of the glass studio houses under the direction of the architect Otto Kohtz . Today's Studio 1 dates from 1933–1935 and was also designed by Kohtz.

On the opposite side of Oberlandstraße there was a large Ufa outdoor area that was used for setting sets and large-scale productions. Films like Anna Boleyn and The Golem, How He Came Into The World were shot there. From the beginning of the 1960s to the end of the 1990s, the ZDF also operated its Berlin state studio here, until a ZDF archive, also located here, fell victim to the flames on August 22, 1999 after a fire . Much of the historical film material of high documentary value was irrevocably destroyed.

Chemical factory Tempelhof

Chemical factory Tempelhof, building from 1918 to 1923

The office and factory building of the former Norddeutsche Kühlerfabrik AG , which was built between 1918–1923 according to plans by the architect Jean Krämer , is also a listed building. The factory with house numbers 52-65 is the only building on the short western section of Oberlandstrasse and is directly adjacent to the motorway exit. The huge lettering Chemische Fabrik Tempelhof is emblazoned on the house , even though the chemical factory , now under the name CT Arzneimittel , moved its headquarters to the Reinickendorf district in 1997. Today, various smaller businesses and businesses share the buildings, which were rebuilt after heavy bomb hits and partial destruction after the Second World War.

In 1932, the Kühlerfabrik had sold the site and the buildings to Albert-Mendel-Aktiengesellschaft (AMAG), which had emerged from the drug wholesaler founded in 1917 by the pharmacist Albert Mendel. 1932 was renamed the successful company as a chemical plant Albert Mendel AG and 1933 after the Nazis forced exit of the two Jewish directors Albert and Hermann Mendel Goldberg chemical plant Tempelhof Aktiengesellschaft. After further name changes, whereby the component Chemische Fabrik Tempelhof was retained, the company has been called CT Arzneimittel GmbH since 1987 .

Product history has been written since 1922 by Tussamag - cough syrup , which is still offered by CT today under the same name . "The galenic combination preparation in syrup form against whooping cough , larynx and bronchial catarrh", as it was called in company advertising at the end of the 1920s, owes its compound name to the Latin tussis = 'cough' and the company abbreviation AMAG . In 1931 the advertisers wrote in the style of the time: "If you have a cough and hoarseness, Tussamag helps at any time."

Residential area

Island location

Corner house on Oberlandstrasse / Eschersheimer Strasse

On the south side of Oberlandstrasse, to the east of the Neukölln-Mittenwalder Railway, large residential areas replace the industrial buildings and extend along the side streets that begin here to the Autobahn route or Gottlieb-Dunkel-Strasse :

  • The 1930s bear settlement up to Bacharacher Strasse,
  • between Bacharacher Strasse and Holzmannstrasse is a relaxed settlement with single-family houses, public facilities and a church
  • and further to the district border to Neukölln on Eschersheimer Straße a residential block development from the 1950s, the Oberlandpark and a school.

On the opposite north side of Oberlandstrasse, after the UFA studios and up to the district border, smaller businesses and hypermarkets such as Lidl follow . Only on the corner of Eschersheimer Straße are there five residential buildings on this side that - significantly older than the settlements - have the charm of Wilhelminian style buildings , such as the corner house at Oberlandstraße 1 in particular.

Nestled between Oberlandstrasse, Ringbahn , Autobahn , Gottlieb-Dunkel-Strasse and the former gynecological clinic in Neukölln on Mariendorfer Weg and in Eschersheimer Strasse, which is currently being converted into a new residential area, the district has had a similarly closed island location since the autobahn was built, for example the Rote Island in Schöneberg. However, there is no infrastructure here with typical neighborhood features of bars and shops, as has emerged on the Rote Insel and similar Berlin island locations.

Bear settlement

description

Bear settlement from 1929 to 1931, interior
Interior of the bear settlement
Bear settlement, exterior on Schaffhausener Strasse
Well in the bear settlement

The architectural monument Bärensiedlung around the Oberlandgarten and the Germaniagarten , with its courtyards, green spaces and fountains as a whole, is also protected as a garden monument . The three- and four-story apartment blocks were built in the years 1929–1931 according to plans by Gustav Hochhaus and extend along the entire length in a block between the side streets, just interrupted by the entrances to the loosened garden and street park-like interior areas, around which two inner horseshoe-shaped blocks are grouped. Four large passages, which at the time were required by the fire police , are provided with slender central pillars on which four male and four female sculptures are attached. The works of art are supposed to symbolize work and home and are "made by the ceramic factory Steinzeugfabrik Velten-Vordamm according to designs by the sculptors Hans Lehmann-Borges, Gildenhall, Felix Kupsch and Heinrich Giesecke, Berlin."

The green areas with trees, bushes and meadows were created by the garden architect and gardening inspector Richard Thieme , who, among other things, designed the Wilmersdorf park . The residential complex owes its name to the bear fountain with a bear sculpture designed by the artist Peter Lipmann-Wulf and built by the Mutz-Gildenhall ceramics factory. Another fountain , the fairy tale fountain , goes back to plans by Hans Lehmann-Borges and Gustav Hochhaus. Both ornamental fountains are out of order.

The complex has almost 900 residential and only a few commercial units. The building owner of the settlement was the non-profit AG housing company Heimstätten-Siedlung Berlin-Wilmersdorf . The settlement was originally equipped with four heating centers with fourteen boilers with a heating surface of 41 m² to supply the central heating with hot water. The hot water supply was provided by eight boilers, each with a heating surface of 21 m² and 14  boilers . Quote: "In addition to the house interest tax mortgage, the building project was subsidized with an additional mortgage in order to lower rents." In 1930 the monthly rent was a discount of 15 Marks for heating and hot water costs  for an apartment

  • with 1½ rooms of about 50 m² living space 58 marks,
  • with 2 rooms of about 55 m² living space 63 marks,
  • with 2½ rooms of 66 m² living space 75 marks.

The state owned Stadt und Land Wohnbauten GmbH sold the estate in 2003. According to the list of monuments, the individual sub-assemblies on the streets Oberlandstraße 96-101, Bacharacher Straße 2 and 48, Germaniagarten 1–28, Oberlandgarten 1–26, and Schaffhausener Straße 1 and 51 are under protection.

Background: rededication of industrial to residential area

The areas of today's residential areas east of the Neukölln-Mittenwald railway were originally designated as an industrial area and were rededicated on the dispensing route . The engineer Alfred Wedemeyer wrote in 1930 in the Deutsche Bauzeitung :

Plastic in the bear settlement

“The area delimited by Oberland-, Bacharacher-, Germania- and Schaffhausener Straße in the Tempelhof district and acquired by the Heimstättensiedlung Berlin-Wilmersdorf Gemeinnützige Aktiengesellschaft for residential purposes was in the industrial area. The removal from this area and the designation as a purely residential area was achieved through dispensation. The following considerations were decisive for this: The proximity of the central airport makes an extension of the industrial area south of the Oberlandstrasse appear inexpedient because of the high chimneys and other high-rise buildings. Since the Oberlandstraße is heavily used by traffic and therefore sidings are no longer built by the railway company, the site is unfavorable for industrial purposes. In addition, the Tempelhof district office has approved the removal of the two cross streets and their addition to the building land due to the more favorable use of the site and the two roads to the north and south. "

Oberlandpark and development program

In the strip east of the Bärensiedlung there are individually designed single-family houses with larger gardens, a local senior citizen's leisure home and a local daycare center . The Serbian Orthodox Church of the Resurrection of Christ (Protestant Zinzendorf Church until 2008) in Holzmannstrasse is the only church in the entire district. The church, built in 1956, bore the name of the Earl of Zinzendorf , the founder of the Moravian Brethren . On Rohrbeckstrasse, which runs parallel to Oberlandstrasse, a narrow strip runs along the deep bed , a 1640 m² green area close to the apartment .

Ikarus sculpture by Volkmar Haase , 1983, Holzmannstrasse in front of the Marianne Cohn School ; Stripes with single family houses in the background

The following strip between Holzmannstrasse and Nackenheimer Weg is divided into two parts. The Marianne Cohn School for mentally handicapped children is located on the corner of Holzmannstrasse . The name of the school is reminiscent of the welfare worker Marianne Cohn , who sacrificed her life to save 32 Jewish children from deportation to a concentration camp . The stainless steel sculpture Ikarus by Volkmar Haase , which the Berlin sculptor had created for the new building, rises up in front of the modern school . The 2.30 m high work of art from 1983 bears the three-line inscription Der Schwung des Aufwindes - which includes the fall - Icarus.

South of the school is the 5135 m² Oberlandpark , which, with a bridged depression and slightly hilly structure, gives an impression of the flat, undulating ground of the Oberland or Teltow, although not as clearly as the two parks at Tempelhof Town Hall. In the second part of the middle strip of the separating park, there is a residential block development, which continues in the entire last strip from Nackenheimer Weg to Eschersheimer Straße on the district border with Neukölln. The apartment blocks come from the development programs after the Second World War , primarily from the years 1954–1955. Metal signs on many houses show the Berlin bear and the inscription Aufbauprogramm Berlin 1954 or Aufbauprogramm Berlin 1955 ( picture ). Similar to the Bärensiedlung, this area is loosely structured and interspersed with green areas.

Personalities

The East Prussian sculptor Otto Drengwitz (1906–1997) lived for a short time around 1950 at Germaniagarten 18. From 1933 until his arrest in 1939, the trade unionist and SPD politician Erich Flatau (1879–1946) lived at Oberlandgarten 7. At a bus stop Hatun Sürücü fell victim to an " honor killing " on February 7, 2005 at the Oberlandgarten . The death of the young Germans of Kurdish origin caused horror across the country and sparked an intense debate about forced marriages and values ​​of Muslim families living in Germany.

Plastic in the bear settlement

literature

  • Matthias Heisig: From AMAG to ct - The career of a cough syrup. In: District Office Tempelhof of Berlin (ed.): From iron to pralines, Tempelhof and its industry. Book accompanying the exhibition. 2000, OCLC 248037720 , pp. 55-58.
  • Ilja Mieck : From the reform period to the revolution (1806–1847) . In: Wolfgang Ribbe (ed.): History of Berlin, first volume . Verlag CH Beck, Munich, 1987, ISBN 3-406-31591-7 , p. 486.
  • Michael Thiele: From “Schnutschaber” to “Mach 3” - The Gillette factory in Tempelhof . In: District Office Tempelhof of Berlin (ed.): From iron to pralines, Tempelhof and its industry. Book accompanying the exhibition. 2000, OCLC 248037720 , pp. 59-64, cited at p. 63.
  • Michael Thiele: Ufa - The film factory in Oberlandstrasse . In: ibid. Pp. 31-48; Quote from the Filmbühne p. 31.
  • Matthias Heisig: Dust, Ice and Stars - The Electrolux Factory . In: ibid. Pp. 25-30.
  • Alfred Wedemeyer: A large housing estate in Berlin . In: Deutsche Bauzeitung , vol. 64 (1930) No. 93/94, pp. 639–644.

Web links

Commons : Oberlandstraße (Berlin)  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. Ilja Mieck: From the reform time…. P. 486.
  2. Papestrasse history trail. District Office Tempelhof-Schöneberg, 2006, DNB 984204806 , booklet, p. 5.
  3. Michael Thiele: From the "Schnutenschaber" ... , p. 63.
  4. Entry in the Berlin State Monument List
  5. Marion Hilliges: The Moving View - The Roth-Büchner Razor Blade Factory in Photographs by Max Krajewsky (1937), in: Kunsttexte.de 1/2017 p. 4.
  6. Michael Thiele: Ufa ..., p. 31.
  7. August 22 . In: Berlin monthly magazine ( Luisenstädtischer Bildungsverein ) . Issue 11, 1999, ISSN  0944-5560 , p. 105 ( luise-berlin.de ).
  8. Time burned . In: Der Tagesspiegel , May 21, 2005.
  9. Entry in the Berlin State Monument List
  10. Matthias Heisig: From AMAG to ct ... , p. 55.
  11. Former gynecological clinic - a residential area is now being built where there was once a wrap. In: Berliner Morgenpost , December 21, 2016
  12. ^ A b c A. Wedemeyer: A large housing estate in Berlin. Architect Reg.-Builder G. Hochhaus, Berlin. With 14 illustrations after photos by M. Krajewsky, Charlottenburg . In: Deutsche Bauzeitung . 1930
  13. Berlin State Monument List: asComplete system , asGarden monument
  14. Brief description of Volkmar Haase.  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives ) According to this illustration, the sculpture dates from 1982, according to the text on the artwork itself from 1983.@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.berlinatnight.de
  15. Harry Nehls: An artist of soft tones. The sculptor Otto Drengwitz . In: Berlin monthly magazine ( Luisenstädtischer Bildungsverein ) . Issue 4, 2001, ISSN  0944-5560 , p. 35-42 ( luise-berlin.de ).
  16. Erich Flatau . ( Memento from October 4, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) SPD Berlin; Short biography

Coordinates: 52 ° 27 ′ 52 ″  N , 13 ° 24 ′ 50 ″  E