Bulb-Ziest

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Bulb-Ziest
Stachys Sieboldii1.jpg

Tuberous ziest ( Stachys affinis )

Systematics
Euasterids I
Order : Mint family (Lamiales)
Family : Mint family (Lamiaceae)
Subfamily : Lamioideae
Genre : Zieste ( Stachys )
Type : Bulb-Ziest
Scientific name
Stachys affinis
Bunge

The Stachys affinis ( Stachys affinis Bunge , Syn. : Stachys sieboldii . Miq , Stachys tuberifera Naudin ), also Chinese artichoke , Japanese potato , Japanese potato , tuber potato or Stachy called, is a plant in the family Lamiaceae (Lamiaceae). It is originally native to northern China. Outside of China, Japan, India and New Zealand, it is grown in significant quantities in France, Belgium and, most recently, in Switzerland.

description

inflorescence

The Knollen-Ziest grows as a perennial herbaceous plant and reaches heights of 30 to 120 centimeters.

The storage roots, which are about 8 centimeters long and 2 centimeters thick, are used as vegetables and have pearlescent, thin skin and are formed by rhizomes that thicken at the root ends . By medullary primary growth this thicken especially at the internodes , much less to the Nodien (nodes), there arise at irregular intervals "constricted" tubers that are tapered thinner usually on both sides. The bulbs that sprout from March are reminiscent of an intestine, a string of pearls, fat white caterpillars or “Michelin man” . As it grows, the skin is not torn, in contrast to the swamp ziest , where corking occurs due to scarring.

The Opposite the stem arranged leaves are divided into petiole and leaf blade. The petiole is 1 to 3 inches long. The typical nettle-like, rough leaf blade is 3 to 12 inches long and 1.5 to 6 inches wide.

The flowering period extends from July to August. The hermaphrodite flowers are zygomorphic with a double flower envelope . The five green sepals are fused bell-shaped over a length of about 9 millimeters. The five red to purple petals fused into an approximately 9 millimeter long corolla tube.

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 16.

Origin, Taxonomy and History

The original home of the Tuber Ziests are the northern and central Chinese provinces of Nei Monggol , Shaanxi , Shanxi and Xinjiang as well as Myanmar. There it thrives on mountain slopes and on wet to submerged areas at all altitudes up to 3200 meters.

Before the Knollen-Ziest, a similar species, the Swamp-Ziest ( Stachys palustris ) was collected as a vegetable in the wilderness in pre-Christian times . The Upright Ziest or Heide-Ziest ( Stachys recta ) was an important medicinal plant for the Germanic tribes . Drugs of the same kind were previously used in pharmacies under the name "Herba sideritis". The marsh zest was replaced at the end of the 18th century by the cultivation of tuber ziest.

The tuber ziest was introduced by M. Pailleux in his company in Crosnes in 1882 and cultivated in the small French town of Crosne from 1887 (hence the name "Crosne du Japon"). Thereupon the cultivation spread in the house gardens there. It is the only mint in Europe that is cultivated as a vegetable.

The (now outdated) scientific name Stachys Sieboldii honors the German-Dutch Japanese researcher and botanist Philipp Franz von Siebold .

As early as 1909 it was reported in Germany that after “a lot of advertising and screaming”, interest in the Knollen-Ziest waned. So the popularity developed in Switzerland until 1945, after it was introduced at the end of the 19th century. In England, too, Tuber-Ziest can be found in cultivation around 1937, but came to a complete standstill in the 1970s due to virus-contaminated planting material. The Knollen-Ziest is also known for its very strong ability to spread and its very strong growth. That is why it is listed today in the “Handbook of Alien Species in Europe” as an invasive plant for Europe.

This article or the following section is not adequately provided with supporting documents ( e.g. individual evidence ). Information without sufficient evidence could be removed soon. Please help Wikipedia by researching the information and including good evidence.

Since around 1990 the bulbous zest has been grown again and offered at weekly markets and sometimes in retail.

use

Bulb-Ziest

Cultivation and harvest

Knollen-Ziest forms little or no flowers and inferior seeds in the European climate, which is why it is mainly propagated vegetatively (via tubers). The nodules grow best at average daily temperatures of 15 ° C. Knollen-Ziest is a very hardy, hardy herbaceous plant.

In order to facilitate harvesting in advance, a rather sandy soil is chosen. Similar to potatoes, they can be planted early in February, covered with fleece, or not until April (depending on the weather as early as March). A planting depth of 10 cm has proven itself. Keep a distance of 40 cm in the row and place one or groups of up to three tubers. The fleece remains on the culture for about six weeks. Denser stands produce weak plants because of mutual competition. The rows can be piled up to form ridges for easier weed control, faster soil warming and easier harvest. The ridges are best spaced 40 to 50 cm apart. Planting in summer is not advisable because then the roots develop during the hot and dry period. Then there is a lot of watering, while plants that are set early and have good roots are largely independent of watering. The main jobs during growth are weeding and watering in extreme drought. It is fertilized right at the beginning of the cultivation or, in the case of very light soils at risk of leaching, in several doses during the cultivation. If you want to harvest large tubers, fertilization and sufficient water supply are necessary. Knollen-Ziest does not like drought. It is best to fertilize three to four weeks after planting. French recommendations give the following amounts (in kg / ha ) for fertilization  : 250  N , 100  P 2 O 5 , 280  K 2 O and 80  MgO . The amount of nitrogen is divided into several top dressings. Temperatures around 23 ° C are best for the main development of the above-ground plant from May to August. The nodules develop late in the culture. Non-uniform nodules are caused by strongly fluctuating temperatures during the tuber growth. Under no circumstances should the plant be shortened prematurely above ground. You shouldn't start harvesting well before November either. If the plant itself dies in November towards winter, it can still store a lot in the tubers. The growth of tubers is particularly large in the second half of the crop. If the temperatures fluctuate greatly during the formation of the nodules, the nodules are rather misshapen. A planted tuber produces 30 new ones per year under favorable conditions. The harvest can begin from October to November. It lasts until the next year before the new shoots in February. To protect against frost and to make harvesting easier in winter, leaves or straw 15 to 20 cm can be applied. In 1904, Vilmorin already stated 250 to 450 kg / are as harvest quantities for 5–6 kg planted tubers. 1 kg of root tubers correspond to 400–450 individual tubers, depending on their size. The large tubers serve as vegetables, while the small ones are saved for the next planting. Finally, it must be ensured that all nodules are picked up during harvest, because the nodules that remain act like weeds for the subsequent crop. The nodules required for the new crop are sorted out and pounded in a suitable place. For commercial cultivation, however, it is not worthwhile to propagate for more than two to three years because the risk of reduced yields due to plant viruses increases. That is why new virus-free planting material is purchased from meristem culture. Virus-free planting material can produce up to three times the amount.

Diseases and pests

Lice must be controlled because of the virus transmission. Otherwise viruses themselves and root rot should also be mentioned, which can reduce yield. In the replica, Knollen-Ziest should not be grown again after itself. Spider mites also occur in dry years.

use

kitchen

The Knollen-Ziest does not have to be peeled because of its very thin, uncorked skin. At most, the existing skin can be rubbed lightly with a kitchen towel. It is also too small and unwieldy to peel. It is cooked, fried in fat / oil or eaten raw in salads. The rhizome tubers taste like a mixture of artichoke , cauliflower and oat root . In China and Japan, where it has been grown for centuries and can be found on the weekly markets , the tubers are eaten raw, steamed in a wok, pickled in vinegar, or they are eaten with sugar and a special sauce. You can also fry the roots in butter or, as in Italy, in oil. Alternatively, you can caramelize some sugar in butter, then briefly fry the bulbous zest in it, and then cook it under a lid with a little water in 10 minutes.

storage

The tubers begin to wither quickly because of their very thin skin and can therefore only be kept for a few days. When exposed to air, the initially almost white nodules quickly turn brown. In order to always be able to use fresh tubers, the ground is covered with leaves or straw for insulation so that it does not freeze over. This means that fresh tubers can always be harvested. Harvesting in advance is also possible with subsequent short-term driving into moist, clean sand. This means that the nodules can be stored for several months at below 2 ° C. Washed and refrigerated, they can be kept for a week.

Structural formula of stachyosis

ingredients

The tubers contain stachyose , a type of sugar (tetrasaccharide) made up of two molecules of galactose and one molecule each of fructose and glucose . Stachyosis represents 63.5% of the dry matter of the tuber. In addition, the tuber contains 79.2% water, 2.86% protein, 0.11% fat and 0.71% fibers (air-dried) according to König.

swell

  • Xi-wen Li, Ian C. Hedge: Stachys. Stachys Sieboldii Miquel. In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China. Volume 17: Verbenaceae through Solanaceae. Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis 1994, ISBN 0-915279-24-X , p. 181. (Description section)

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Stachys affinis in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
  2. ↑ JC Roecklein, PingSun Leung: A Profile of economic plants. 1987, ISBN 0-88738-167-7 , p. 463.
  3. ↑ a b c d e G. Vogel: Vegetable biographies (17) - Knollenziest. In: Taspo Horticultural Magazine. 12, 1993, pp. 59-60.
  4. ↑ W. Franke: Plagiotrophe foothills tubers - Stachys affinis. In: Crop science: usable plants of the temperate latitudes, subtropics and tropics. 6th, revised edition. 1997, ISBN 3-13-530406-X , pp. 203-204.
  5. ↑ Stachys Sieboldii at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
  6. ↑ Rafaël Govaerts (ed.): Stachys affinis. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved September 14, 2019.
  7. ↑ a b c d L. Bussard: Crosne du Japon. In: Culture Potagère et Culture Maraîchère. 1909, pp. 183-184.
  8. ↑ a b c d H. Settegast among others: The vegetable growing - Stachys. In: Illustrated manual of horticulture. 1909, Section VIII, p. 685.
  9. ↑ a b A. Lugeon: Crosnes. In: La Culture des Legumes. 1945, p. 127.
  10. ↑ a b c d e J. Becker-Dillingen: Der Knollenziest. In: Handbook of the entire vegetable production. 1950, pp. 721-722.
  11. ↑ JY Péron, D. Dubost: Revalorization of lost vegetables: a contribution to preservation of genetic resources. In: ISHS Acta Horticulturae 318: II International Symposium on Specialty and Exotic Vegetable Crops. 1992, p. 685.
  12. ↑ WN by Daisie: Handbook of Alien Species in Europe. 2008, ISBN 978-1-4020-8279-5 .
  13. ↑ a b c d H. L. Vilmorin: Stachys tubéreux. In: Les Plantes Potagères; Description et culture des principaux légumes des climats tempérés. Troisième Édition, 1904, pp. 660–601.
  14. ↑ a b c N. N .: Swiss cultivation trials with Ziest. In: Vegetable growing / Le maraîcher. 1, 1990, p. 103.
  15. ^ A b O. Rhiner, J. Siegrist, D. Woessner: Stachys. In: Der Schweizer Gemüsebau - textbook on field and garden vegetable growing. 1945, p. 146.
  16. ↑ a b N.N .: Revival of the Ziest culture in France. In: vegetables. No. 5, 1981, p. 184.
  17. ↑ a b c d e J. Vercier: Crosne du Japon. In: Culture Potagère. Verlag Hachette, ca.1936, p. 215.
  18. ↑ a b c N.N .: Slakkenhuisje as groente-delicatesse. In: Groenten en Fruit. Dec 19, 2003.
  19. ↑ a b c F. Keller, J. Lüthi, K. Röthlisberger: Stachys. In: 100 vegetables. First edition, 1986, pp. 238-239.
  20. ↑ a b L. Müller among others: Eighth section: Various vegetables - Knollenziest. In: Vegetable growing - A handbook and textbook for horticultural practice. approx. 1937, p. 439.
  21. ↑ G. Vogel et al.: Knollenziest. In: Handbook of special vegetable cultivation. 1996, ISBN 3-8001-5285-1 , pp. 59-60.

Web links

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