Coronation of Elizabeth II
The coronation of Elizabeth II. Queen of the United Kingdom , Canada , Australia , New Zealand , South Africa , Pakistan and British Ceylon on 2 June 1953 in the Westminster Abbey in London instead. However , Elisabeth was proclaimed queen a year earlier on February 6, 1952, after her father George VI. had passed away. The reasons for this were the tradition of not holding ceremonies during the period of mourning after the death of a monarch and the elaborate preparations for the ceremony. During the service , Elisabeth took the oath that she would rule the peoples according to their respective laws and customs, was anointed with holy oil , received the insignia and was crowned queen. The service and the coronation were performed by then Archbishop of Canterbury , Geoffrey Fisher .
On the occasion of the coronation, ceremonies were organized at the Commonwealth Realm and the Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal , an honorary medal , was awarded. It was the first coronation of a British monarch who in television was transmitted. In addition, a documentary was made with A Queen Is Crowned .
Preparations
The coronation was preceded by 14 months of planning. The first meeting of the Coronation Commission took place in April 1952 under the chairmanship of Philip, Duke of Edinburgh , the Queen's husband. There was also the Coronation Joint Committee and the Coronation Executive Committee . Both were presided over by the Duke of Norfolk . The decorative preparations were directed by David Eccles , then Minister for the Arts.
In June 1952, the Coronation Commission announced that the coronation would not take place until a year later, on June 2, 1953. After Queen Mary's death on March 24, 1953, the plans and the date of the coronation were not postponed at the request of the deceased.
Elizabeth II commissioned the British fashion designer Norman Hartnell to dress all members of the royal family and to design their dress. Hartnell presented the Queen with nine different dresses, who in the end decided on one that contains the national flowers of all Commonwealth countries.
To get used to the wearing and weight of a crown, Elizabeth wore the Imperial State Crown during everyday life.
Elizabeth personally attended coronation rehearsals at Westminster Abbey on May 22nd and 29th. Otherwise the Duke of Norfolk represented the Queen at rehearsals.
coronation
The coronation ceremony of Elizabeth II followed a similar pattern as the coronations of the kings and queens before her and was accordingly carried out in Westminster Abbey and with the participation of the peerage and clergy . For the new queen, however, several parts of the ceremony were markedly different. The Queen's Coronation was the first to be televised and was also the first major international event to be broadcast. There has been considerable debate within the UK Cabinet on the matter, with Prime Minister Winston Churchill against the idea. But Elizabeth turned down her Prime Minister's advice on the matter, insisting that the event take place on television cameras. The event was also filmed in color, separately from the BBC's black and white television broadcast. Millions of people in Britain saw the coronation live while to ensure that Canadians can see the same day the event, recording the ceremony with was English Electric Canberra of Royal Air Force over the Atlantic flown so that they by the Canadian Broadcasting could be broadcast. These were the first non-stop flights between the UK and mainland Canada. In Goose Bay , Labrador , the film was taken over by a Royal Canadian Air Force fighter jet , a CF-100 , for the next leg of the trip to Montreal . A total of three such seasons were carried out as the coronation progressed.
procession
Along a route of sailors, soldiers, airmen and women from across the British Empire and the Commonwealth, guests and officials passed in procession before about three million spectators gathered in the streets of London. For those unable to attend, more than 200 microphones were stationed along the way and in Westminster Abbey, with 750 commentators broadcasting coverage in 39 languages. More than twenty million viewers around the world watched the coverage.
The procession included foreign nobles and heads of state traveling to Westminster Abbey in various carriages. The first royal carriage left Buckingham Palace and drove down the Mall , which was full of flag-waving and cheering crowds. The Irish State Coach followed, with Queen Elizabeth , the Queen Mother. Queen Elizabeth II drove from Buckingham Palace through London via Trafalgar Square towards Westminster Abbey in the Gold State Coach. On the shoulders of her dress the Queen wore the Robe of State, a 5.5-meter-long, hand-woven silk velvet coat lined with Canadian ermine and worn by the support of the queen virgins - Lady Jane Vane Tempest , Lady Anne Coke , Lady Moyra Hamilton , Lady Mary Baillie-Hamilton , Lady Jane Heathcote-Drummond-Willoughby , Lady Rosemary Spencer-Churchill and the Duchess of Devonshire .
The retreat followed in an eight kilometer route through Whitehall , Trafalgar Square, Pall Mall , Hyde Park Corner , Marble Arch , Oxford Circus and finally down the Mall to Buckingham Palace. 10,000 police forces from the Commonwealth and Empire marched in a procession that was 3.2 kilometers long and took 45 minutes. Another 15,800 lined the route. The parade was led by Colonel Burrows of the War Department and four regimental bands. Then came the colonial contingents, then troops from the Commonwealth of Nations, followed by the Royal Air Force , the British Army , the Royal Navy, and finally the Household Brigade . Behind the marching troops was a carriage procession led by the rulers of the British Protectorates , including the Queen of Tonga , the Commonwealth Prime Ministers, the Princes and Princesses, and the Queen Mother. It was followed by senior members of the British armed forces on horseback in front of the Gold State Coach, who was escorted by the Yeomen of the Guard and the Household Cavalry. This was followed by the Queen's Aides-de-Camp.
Guests
After Westminster Abbey had been closed for coronation preparations since the Queen's accession, it was opened at 6 a.m. on coronation day for the approximately 8,000 invited guests from the Commonwealth of Nations . More prominent figures such as members of the royal family and foreign royalty, heads of state, members of parliaments arrived after 8:30 a.m. Tonga's Queen Salote Tupou III. was also a guest and was especially noticed for her friendly behavior while driving an open car through London in the rain. General George Marshall , US Secretary of State who implemented the Marshall Plan , was named chairman of the US delegation to the coronation and attended the ceremony with his wife, Katherine.
Guests who sat on stools could purchase their chairs after the ceremony.
ceremony
Preceding the Queen to Westminster Abbey was St. Edward's Crown, which was carried to Westminster Abbey by the Lord High Steward of England and the Viscount Cunningham of Hyndhope, while the Archbishop and Bishops of the Church of England on the Great West Door Waiting for the queen's arrival. When the Queen arrived around 11:00 a.m., she found that the friction between her robes and the carpet was preventing her from moving forward. She told the Archbishop of Canterbury, Geoffrey Fisher, get me going! ( Eng. Get me started! ) When Elisabeth prayed and then sat on the Chair of Estate south of the altar, the bishops carried the religious utensils - the Bible , paten and chalice - and handed over the peers who held the coronation insignia them to the Archbishop of Canterbury, who in turn passed them on to the Dean of Westminster , Alan Campbell Don , to put them on the altar.
After standing in front of the King Edward's Chair, the Queen turned, followed by Fisher, along with the Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain (Lord Viscount Simonds ), Lord Great Chamberlain of England (the Marquis of Cholmondeley), and the Earl Marshal of the United Kingdom (the Duke of Norfolk ), all led by the Garter Principal King of Arms ( George Bellew ), asked the audience separately in each direction: “Sirs, I am here, Queen Elizabeth, your undoubted Queen. So, all of you who have come today to do your homage and service, are you ready to do the same? ”The crowd would reply“ God save Queen Elizabeth ”each time, to each of which the Queen would curtsick in return .
Elisabeth, back on the Chair of Estate , swore the coronation oath taken by the Archbishop of Canterbury. In the long oath, the Queen swore to rule each of her countries according to their respective laws and customs, to measure law and justice with grace, to uphold Protestantism in the United Kingdom, and to protect the Church of England and to preserve its bishops and clergy. She went to the altar and said, “The things that I have promised here I will do and keep. So help me God. ”From him, the President of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland , James Pitt-Watson , took the Bible and handed it back to the Queen, saying,“ Our gracious Queen, May your Majesty always be upon the law and that Respect the gospel. God as the rule for the whole life and government of Christian princes, we introduce you to this book, the most precious that this world grants. Here is the wisdom. This is the royal law. These are the living oracles of God. ”Elizabeth returned the book to Pitt-Watson, who returned it to the Dean of Westminster.
Then the sacrament service was held with prayers from the clergy and Elizabeth, and Fisher asked, “Oh God, grant your servant Elizabeth, our Queen, the spirit of wisdom and government that she is wholeheartedly devoted to you. With her heart she can govern so wisely that your church can be safe and continue Christian devotion in peace. ”Before reading various excerpts from the first letter of Peter , psalms and the gospel of Matthew , Elizabeth was anointed as Zadok the priest was sung. The Queen's jewelry and crimson cloak have been removed by the Earl of Ancaster and the Mistress of the Robes , the Duchess of Devonshire . She wore only a plain white linen dress, also designed by Hartnell to completely cover the coronation gown. Fisher, assisted by the Dean of Westminster, made a cross on the Queen's forehead with holy oil. The oil was made from the same base that had been used in her father's coronation.
From the altar the dean handed the spurs to the Lord Great Chamberlain , which were given to the queen and then placed back on the altar. The state sword was then given to Elisabeth, who, after a prayer by Fisher, placed it on the altar herself, and the peer who had held it before took it back after paying a sum of 100 shillings. The Queen was then with the Armills (bangles), Stole Royal , Robe Royal and Sovereign's Orb , followed by the ring of the Queen, the scepter of the ruler with the cross and the scepter equipped the ruler. With the first two insignia on and in her right hand and the latter in her left hand, Queen Elizabeth was crowned by the Archbishop of Canterbury, with the crowd shouting " God Save the Queen " three times the moment the Edwardian crown touched the monarch's head. Then 21 gun salutes were fired from the Tower of London .
With the blessing, Elizabeth ascended to the throne and the Archbishop of Canterbury and all the bishops offered their allegiance to her. Then, while the choir sang, the Queen's husband, as well as Prince Henry , Duke of Gloucester and Prince Edward , Duke of Kent, advanced to the Queen to show their personal homage and loyalty. When the last Duke finished this job, the congregation shouted, “God, Queen Elizabeth. Long live Queen Elizabeth. May the Queen live forever! ”After Elisabeth had removed her regal robes , she knelt and took communion with her.
Now she wore the imperial state crown and held the scepter with the cross and the ball and as the assembled guests sang God Save the Queen , Elisabeth left Westminster Abbey through the nave and apse , the Great West Door.
music
Although many had assumed that the Master of the Queen's Musick , Arnold Bax , would be the chairman of the music for the coronation, it was decided instead to appoint the abbey's organist and master of choristers, William McKie . McKie was also responsible for the music for the royal wedding in 1947. McKie convened an advisory committee with Arnold Bax and Ernest Bullock , who was responsible for the music for the previous coronation.
When it came to the choice of music, tradition dictated that Handel's Zadok the Priest and Parry's Ich was Glad be among the hymns. Other choral works were from the 16th century Always look forward to the Lord and Samuel Sebastian Wesley's You will keep him in perfect peace . Another tradition was for new works to be commissioned by the leading composers of the day: Ralph Vaughan Williams composed a new motet O Taste and See, William Walton composed a setting for the Te Deum, and the Canadian composer Healey Willan wrote the Hymn O Lord our Governor . Four new orchestral pieces were planned. Edward Elgar's Pomp and Circumstance March No. 1 in D was played just before Bax's march at the end of the ceremony. One innovation, at the suggestion of Vaughan Williams, was the inclusion of a song sung by the entire community. This proved controversial and was not included in the program until the Queen had been consulted and advocated. Vaughan Williams wrote an intricate arrangement of the traditional Scottish metrical psalm Old 100th , which included military trumpet fanfares and was sung for the pre-supper offertory .
The choir for the coronation was a combination of the choirs at Westminster Abbey, St Paul's Cathedral , Chapel Royal and St George's Chapel in Windsor.
Celebrations and monuments
Coronation ceremonies have taken place wherever the queen rules. The Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal has also been presented to thousands and commemorative coins have been issued in Canada, New Zealand, South Africa and the United Kingdom . Three million bronze coronation medallions have been ordered by the Government of Canada and distributed to school children across the country by the Royal Canadian Mint. The obverse showed Elisabeth's image and vice versa the royal cipher above the word CANADA, all of which were circumscribed by ELIZABETH II REGINA CORONATA MCMLIII .
As with the coronation of George VI were acorns from oak trees in Windsor Great Park , near Windsor Castle planted shipped in the Commonwealth and in parks, school playgrounds, cemeteries and private gardens to Royal Oaks or Coronation Oaks to become.
In London, the Queen held a coronation dinner for which the Coronation Chicken recipe was developed. Street parties were also held across the UK. The coronation tournament was held at Hampden Park in Glasgow in May . Two weeks before the coronation, the children's literature magazine Collins Magazine was renamed The Young Elizabethan . The news that Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay had reached the summit of Mount Everest arrived in Britain on Elizabeth's Coronation Day; the New Zealand, American and British media called it "a coronation gift for the new queen".
Military tattoos , horse races, parades and fireworks were held in Canada. The country's governor-general Vincent Massey proclaimed the day a national holiday, presiding over celebrations on Parliament Hill in Ottawa , where the Queen's coronation speech was broadcast and her personal royal standard was blown out of the Peace Tower. A public concert was later held on Parliament Hill and the Governor General hosted a ball in Rideau Hall . In Newfoundland , 90,000 boxes of candy were distributed to children, some of which were discarded by the Royal Canadian Air Force. A multicultural show was held at Exhibition Place in Toronto . Square dancing and exhibitions took place in the provinces and in Vancouver the Chinese community performed a public lion dance. In the Korean Peninsula, Canadian soldiers serving in the Korean War celebrated the day by firing red, white and blue bowls of smoke at the enemy and drinking rum rations.
Individual evidence
- ↑ Bousfield, Arthur; Toffoli, Gary (2002). Fifty Years the Queen. Toronto: Dundurn Press. P. 74. ISBN 978-1-55002-360-2 .
- ^ Pauline Thomas: Queen Elizabeth II's Coronation Gown .
- ↑ McDowell, Colin (1985). A Hundred Years of Royal Style. London: Muller, Blond & White. P. 70. ISBN 978-0-584-11071-5 .
- ^ The Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II on 2nd June 1953 .
- ^ British Experimental Color System .
- ↑ a b CBC Archives .
- ↑ Christopher McCreery: Commemorative Medals of The Queen's Reign in Canada, 1952–2012 . Dundurn. May 19, 2012.
- ↑ a b c 1953: Queen Elizabeth takes coronation oath . June 2, 1953.
- ↑ Arlott, John and others (1953) Elizabeth Crowned Queen, Odhams Press Limited (pp. 15-25)
- ↑ Wayback Machine . 2nd December 2013.
- ^ Thompson, Rachel Yarnell (2014). Marshall: A Statesman Shaped in the Crucible of War. Leesburg, Virginia: George C. Marshall International Center. ISBN 978-0-615-92903-3 .
- ↑ Diamond Jubilee Photo Galleries - novascotia.ca .
- ^ The Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II on 2nd June 1953 .
- Jump up ↑ The Form and Order of Service that is to be performed and the Ceremonies that are to be observed in the Coronation of Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II in the Abbey Church of St. Peter, Westminster, on Tuesday, the second day of June, 1953 . An Anglican Liturgical Library. Retrieved December 15, 2009.
- ↑ Archived copy ( memento of the original from July 8, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Wayback Machine . November 21, 2008.
- ^ 2 of British Team Conquer Everest .
