Coronation of British monarchs

The coronation of the British monarch is a ceremony by the Church of England and the Anglican Communion, with almost a thousand years of tradition, in which the monarch is instituted and crowned by the head of the church, the Archbishop of Canterbury , in a sacrament service . It traditionally takes place in Westminster Abbey in London .

Usually it takes place a few months after the death of the previous monarch, because it is perceived as a happy event and should therefore not take place during the mourning period for the previous incumbent and thus presumably close relatives. For example, Elizabeth II was crowned on June 2, 1953, but she already took the throne on February 6, 1952, the anniversary of the death of her father George VI. , climbed.

history

The coronation of King George IV in 1821. View over the “theater” to the high altar during the recognition.

The timing of the coronation varies throughout British history. The first Norman monarch, William the Conqueror , was crowned on December 25, 1066, the day of his accession to the throne, with most of his successors being crowned within a few weeks or days of taking office. Since Edward I was on the ninth crusade at the time of his succession to the throne in 1272 , he was crowned shortly after his return in 1274. Similarly, Edward II's coronation was delayed by his intervention in Scotland in 1307. Henry VI. was only a few months old when he took office in 1422 and was therefore not crowned until seven years later; he officially took over government affairs only in 1437, when he was considered mature enough. Under the Hanoverian monarchs in the late 18th and 19th centuries, it was considered appropriate to extend the mourning period to a few months. Beginning with George IV , every monarch passed at least one year between taking office and being coronated. An exception to this is George VI. whose predecessor did not die, but abdicated .

Because of the length of time that often elapsed between assuming office and coronation, some monarchs were never crowned. Edward V and Jane Gray were deposed in 1483 and 1553, respectively, before they could be officially crowned. Edward VIII also abdicated uncrowned in 1936 because the usual year of mourning had not yet ended at the time of his abdication .

The locations for the coronation varied. The Anglo-Saxon kings were crowned in Bath , Kingston upon Thames , Oxford , London and Winchester . After all, since Harald II , the last Anglo-Saxon monarch, all coronations have been performed in Westminster Abbey. An exception was the first coronation of Henry III. After the sudden death of King Johann Ohneland , the succession of his nine-year-old son to the throne was not secured because of the First Barons' War . This was therefore crowned on October 28, 1216 in a provisional ceremony in Gloucester Cathedral by the bishops of Winchester, Worcester and Exeter, since London was in the hands of the rebels allied with France and the Archbishop of Canterbury was out of the country. After the end of the Civil War, the young king was crowned a second time on May 17, 1220 in Westminster by the Archbishop of Canterbury to further consolidate his rule. Two centuries later, Henry VI. also crowned twice: once as King of England in London in 1429 and the second time as King of France in Paris in 1431.

During the English Civil War, Oliver Cromwell rejected the crown, but in 1657 gave himself the title of Lord Protector in a coronation-like ceremony .

The English Coronation Music always had a special meaning. Numerous contemporary composers such as Purcell , Handel , Elgar and many others wrote commissioned works and made the respective coronation a gala concert.

Involved

The Archbishop of Canterbury, who by protocol before all clergy and laity with the exception of the narrow royal family ranks, traditionally leads the coronation; in the event of his absence, however, this task can also be taken over by another bishop .

Indeed, there have been a few such exceptions. William I was crowned by the Archbishop of York because the Archbishop of Canterbury had been excommunicated by the Pope. Eduard II. And Heinrich III. were crowned by the Bishop of Winchester because the Archbishop of Canterbury was not in England at the time. Mary I , a Catholic , refused to be crowned by the Protestant Archbishop of Canterbury; the ceremony was instead performed by the Bishop of Winchester. When Elizabeth I was crowned, the Archbishop of Canterbury was indispensable, so the Bishop of Carlisle took on this role. When Jacob II was finally deposed and by Wilhelm III. and Mary II was replaced, the Archbishop of Canterbury refused to recognize the new heads of state and was therefore represented by the Bishop of London .

So almost always when the Archbishop of Canterbury was unable to attend the ceremony, his place was taken by a leading cleric . There is a certain hierarchy here: the Archbishop of York is second in order, the Bishop of London third, the Bishop of Durham fourth, and the Bishop of Winchester fifth. Based on established claims, the Bishop of Bath and Wells and the Bishop of Durham have accompanied the king to be crowned during his stay in the abbey church since 1189 . In the case of Elizabeth I, the Bishop of Carlisle, who had no special priority, took over the ceremony; the higher-ranking Catholic prelates contradicted the basic religious attitude of the Protestant queen. The episcopal accompaniment of a royal consort is not regulated in the traditional way, but is determined by the queen.

Traditionally present at the ceremony are the Great Officers of State ( civil servants who either inherit their office or are appointed by the king / queen). The posts of Lord High Steward and Lord High Constable (two of these Great Officers of State) have not been consistently filled since the 15th and 16th centuries, but they are brought back to life for coronations. The Lord Chamberlain dresses the monarch in his robe, with the help of the Master of the Robes (for a king) or the Mistress of the Robes (for a queen) together with her assistant, the Groom of the Robes .

The barons of the Cinque Ports also attend the ceremony. Formally speaking, the barons are members of the House of Commons and represent the Cinque Ports. Reforms in the 19th century, however, integrated the Cinque Ports into a system of electoral districts that has since spread across the nation. At later coronations, aldermen were selected from among the ranks of the city councils to attend the coronation. It was originally the task of the barons to carry a canopy over the monarch during the festive procession from Westminster Hall to the abbey and back . At all other coronations since 1821 the barons were present, but did not wear a canopy. Since the 17th century, four knights of the Order of the Garter have been wearing a canopy to anoint the monarch.

King George V and Queen Mary in their parliamentary robes

Many dignitaries have some privileges regarding the coronation ceremony. Disputes about such privileges are resolved by a specially established Court of Claims . The Lord High Steward traditionally presides over it. This post was held in 1952, for example, by the Lord President of the Council , who is another of the Great Officers of State. That same year, the Court of Claims upheld the Dean of Westminster's motion to instruct the Queen of proper conduct during the ceremony and the motion of the Prince-Bishop of Durham and the Prince-Bishop of Bath and Wells to step alongside the Queen when entering. The first demonstrable intervention of the Court of Claims was in 1377 for the coronation of Richard II. During the Tudor period, the lineage of the Lords High Steward was mixed with that of the royal family, so Henry VIII began the tradition that still exists today, only temporarily Appoint steward for the coronation; some councilors are at his side, who take on the actual work.

The guests at the coronation ceremony also include a number of guests from the political arena. These include all members of the UK Cabinet, the Prime Ministers , the opposition leaders , all Governors General and Prime Ministers of the Commonwealth Realms , all Heads of State of the other independent nations in the Commonwealth of Nations and all Heads of Government of the British Crown Colonies . Dignitaries and representatives from other nations are usually invited as well. Ruling monarchs of friendly countries do not take part in the coronation, but usually send their crown princes or crown princesses.

Clothing and official costumes

Robe of an earl

Different participants in the ceremony wear special official costumes, uniforms or robes. A peer's robe consists of a purple cloak made of velvet and a cloak made of ermine fur . Strips of sealskin on the mantle indicate the status of the peer. A duke wears four stripes, a marquess three and a half, an earl three, a viscount two and a half, and a baron or lord of parliament two. Royal dukes wear six ermine strips, ermine on the front of the cloak and a long train. The ranks of the female peers are not indicated by strips of sealskin, but by the length of the train and the width of the ermine braid at the end. For a duchess the train is two yards , for a marchioness one and three quarters of a yard, for a countess one and a half yard, for a viscountess one and a quarter yard and for a baroness or lady one yard. These robes are all used exclusively for coronations.

Peers wear tiaras, much like the royal family. These tiaras display heraldic symbols based on rank or association with the monarch. The diadem of the aspirant to the throne shows four crosses alternating with four lilies, surrounded by an arch. In the same way, but without the bow, are the tiaras for the other children and relatives of the monarch. The diadems of the children of heir apparent show four lilies, two crosses and two strawberry leaves. The children of the monarch's sons and brothers carry four crosses and four strawberry leaves. The aforementioned tiaras are worn instead of all tiaras that otherwise express the status of a peer. The diadem of a duke shows eight strawberry leaves, that of a marquess four strawberry leaves alternating with four raised silver balls, that of an earl eight strawberry leaves alternating with eight raised silver balls, that of a viscount sixteen silver balls, and that of a baron six silver balls. The tiaras of female peers are essentially identical.

Norroy King of Arms 1902

In addition to the monarch, only the three Kings of Arms are allowed to wear crowns. These are the High Representatives of the Coat of Arms , the heraldic authority of England , Wales and Northern Ireland ( Scotland has a separate authority, the Court of the Lord Lyon ). The Garter Principal King of Arms , the highest of the King of Arms, wears a gold crown, the Clarenceaux King of Arms (responsible for southern England) and the Norroy and Ulster King of Arms (responsible for northern England and Northern Ireland) wear silver gold-plated crowns. The crowns are not set with jewels and are not decorated in any way.

Place of action

The coronation chair

Westminster Abbey 1685. Fixtures for the coronation of James II.

In the high choir of Westminster Abbey, more precisely below the crossing, the floor is raised by scaffolding to the level of the high choir, so that three steps have to be taken from the choir stalls. This area is called "theater". Exactly below the crossing stands the throne on a pedestal raised by five steps, to the left of it and two steps lower stands the throne of a possible queen. Further in the center of the high choir stands the King Edward's Chair ( King Edward's chair ). On the right, above the grave of Queen Anne of Cleves , is the box of honor of the Royal Family, the Royal Box , in front of it stands the state chair of the monarch's estate and to the right of that of a possible queen. A kneeling bench in front of them. In front of the high altar with the regalia there are also one or two knee benches and seats for attending the service.

On the monarch (south) side are the Great Officers of State, the bearers of swords, regalia, and other important offices during the liturgy. In the south transept the royal princes and the male nobility. On the opposite side (north) are the bishops and clergy of the participating churches - primarily the English state church. In the north transept the female nobility. The most distinguished guests of honor sit in the choir stalls to the west and - behind the choir screen - other guests of honor sit. In the eastern part - the high altar - the clergy involved take their places. On the crossing pillars stand the heraldic kings, the Mayor of London and several other important personalities.

Parts of the coronation liturgy

The parts of the coronation liturgy varied over the centuries and adapted to the respective requirements. Since the Reformation in English and since the “ Glorious Revolution ” roughly the same, only the ceremonial parts have decreased.

Coronation procession 1685

Originally there was a coronation of five or four main parts:

(until 1608) The day before: Line-up and procession of the coronation procession from the Tower of London to the Palace of Westminster

I. Line-up and procession of the coronation procession from Westminster Hall to Westminster Abbey. (Only within Westminster Abbey since 1821)

II. Coronation Liturgy (see below)

III. Return procession of the coronation procession from the Abbey to Westminster Hall

IV. Coronation Banquet

These parts have been gathered together since the splendid and expensive coronation of King George IV in 1821 and were not repeated until 1953. Officially, they have not been abolished, they just have not taken place.

The coronation of 1953 followed the following scheme:

1. Entry procession

2. Recognition

3rd oath

4. Presentation of the Bible

5. Liturgy of the Word (Readings & Gospel)

6. Anointing

7. Clothing and presentation of the shelves

8. Coronation

9. Establishment

10. Homage

11. Worship service

12th communion

13. Te Deum Laudamus

14. Changing clothes

15th procession

Entry procession

Recognition and oath

As soon as the monarch sits on the Chair of Estate , the crown jewels are handed over by their bearers to the Dean of Westminster, who places them on the high altar. All participants in the procession now take their designated places.

Now the Garter Principal King of Arms, Archbishop of Canterbury, Lord Chancellor , Lord Great Chamberlain , Lord High Constable and Earl Marshal walk to the east, south, west and north sides of the church, respectively. The monarch steps on the left side of the coronation chair and looks into the respective side. In every direction, the archbishop can now confirm the monarch's recognition with the words: “Your masters, I hereby show you (NN), your undisputed king. We have come together here to do our homage and our service, are you willing to do this? ”“ God save the King / Queen (NN) ”. The monarch bows gratefully and once before the respective group / side. Fanfares ring out.

After everyone has given their consent to the monarch, the archbishop turns to the monarch, who is back in the state chair, to take the oath. The wording varied over the years; At the coronation of Elizabeth II , the dialogue between the Queen and the Archbishop was as follows:

Archbishop of Canterbury : “Solemnly promise and swear to the peoples of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Canada , Australia , New Zealand , the Union of South Africa , Pakistan and Ceylon , and those of their own lands and other territories belonging to them governing their respective laws and customs? "

The Queen : "I solemnly promise to do that."

Archbishop of Canterbury : "Will you do everything in your power to work right and justice with grace to be applied in all of our courts?"

The Queen : "I will."

Archbishop of Canterbury : "Will you with the greatest strength upholding the laws of God and the true profession of the gospel? Will you with the greatest strength upholding the Protestant religion by law in the United Kingdom? Become the institution and doctrine of the Church of England To protect and maintain worship, discipline and government inviolably, as it is by law in England? Will you protect the bishops and clergy of England and the churches, who are bound by their duties here, all those rights and duties that to be granted to them and to each one of them according to the law?

The Queen : “I promise to do all of that. I will carry out and receive everything that I have promised here. So help me God. "

Then the monarch goes to the high altar, kneels down and promises to keep the oath on the holy Bible with God's help. Now the Lord Chamberlain of the Household comes , also kneels before the monarch and holds out the parchment with the coronation oath to the kneeling monarch. He puts his name above the oath; it is the only written contract between him and his people.

Presentation of the Bible

This part of the coronation (attested since 1689) was between the coronation and the blessing up to and including 1953, but it was moved here because the monarch takes his oath of office on this very Bible. Thus the presentation was better placed here in the logic of the liturgy.

So after the taking of the oath is over, the archbishop brings the Bible to the monarch and says, “Here is wisdom. This is the royal law. These are the living words of God. ”Also a novelty at the coronation of Elizabeth II, the Bible was brought jointly by the Archbishop and the moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland and given by the latter. After the Bible was returned, the word service was resumed and again interrupted after the profession of faith .

Anointing

This is followed by the calling down of the Holy Spirit through the hymn Veni creator spiritus . The most famous and oldest still played coronation music Zadok the Priest by Georg Friedrich Händel follows. The monarch takes off the purple robe and all jewelry on the last piece, puts on an alb , a simple white robe made of linen , which symbolizes the baptismal robe , and goes to King Edward's throne . This medieval chair has a shaft in the foot into which the stone of Scone is built for the ceremony . This stone, also known as the “stone of destiny”, was used for Scottish coronations before Edward I brought it to England. Since then it has been part of every coronation at Westminster Abbey. For centuries the stone with the chair was kept at Westminster Abbey between the coronations, but it was returned to Scotland in 1996. There it is exhibited in Edinburgh Castle .

When the monarch has set in that chair, a canopy for the duration of is anointing of four Knights of the Garter held over his head. This part of the coronation is considered so sacred that it was not televised in 1953. The Dean of Westminster pours consecrated oil from an ampoule / vial in the shape of an eagle into a spoon; the Archbishop of Canterbury then anoints the monarch on the hands, chest and head. The finely crafted spoon used to pour the oil is the only part of the medieval crown jewels that survived the Commonwealth of England . The archbishop ends the ceremony with a blessing.

Clothing and presentation of the crown jewels (regalia)

Then the monarch is dressed in the colobium sindonis and the supertunica . The colobium sindonis is a white, simple, sleeveless evening dress that is worn under the supertunica. The supertunica is a long cloak that reaches to the feet and is made of gold-colored silk . It is derived from the uniform of the imperial functionaries of the Byzantine Empire . The Lord Great Chamberlain now presents the spurs that stand for chivalry. They are no longer put on, but brought back to the altar. The Archbishop of Canterbury, supported by other bishops, presented the monarch with the jeweled state sword . The monarch rises from the coronation chair and offers it at the high altar. The Lord Great Chamberlain solves the sword for 100 silver shillings from the altar and carries it from that point blank before the monarch. The monarch changes his clothes again. This time he puts on the Robe Royal and the Stole Royal , both made of golden silk and adorned with many emblems. Traditionally, the Lord Chamberlain closes the buckle here. The archbishop then does not present the monarch with some crown jewels without blessing the pieces at the high altar before handing them over. The Crown Jewels are brought to the Archbishop by the Dean of Westminster. First, he gives him the orb , a hollow golden ball, which is staffed with some protruding and half protruding stones. A cross is attached to the orb, which symbolizes the rulership of Jesus Christ over the world. After the monarch has received it, he returns the imperial orb to the dean, who places it back on the altar. Next, the monarch receives a ring , often referred to as the wedding ring of England. Now follow the bracelets , which symbolize the bond between him and his people. This is followed by a white linen glove by a representative of the Duchy of Lancaster for the right hand. The Scepter with the Dove , which takes its name from the dove depicted, which represents the Holy Spirit, and the Scepter with the Cross , which holds the Cullinan I , the largest sharpened Contains diamonds in the world are presented to the monarch.

coronation

King George V shortly after his coronation, mistakenly with the Imperial State Crown. Painting by John Henry Frederick Bacon .

Now the archbishop asks at the high altar to bless the crown. The Garter King of Arms gives a sign with his staff, and pages then carry the crowns entrusted to them to the respective peers. All rise. Now the archbishop, accompanied by all high clergymen, the banners and crosses, strides from the high altar to the coronation chair.

While the monarch holds the two sceptres, the Archbishop of Canterbury crowns the monarch with the St. Edward's crown , which is brought to him by the Dean of Westminster. Then all those present shout three times “God save the King / Queen” and the peers put on their crowns / tiaras. A trumpet tush sounds and a salute is shot in front of the Tower of London . The choir sings "Be strong and good courage". There is a solemn blessing by the archbishop, first for the monarch and then for the entire people.

During the coronation of George VI. In 1937 the dean presented the crown to the then Archbishop Lang either the wrong way round, or the archbishop no longer knew exactly which side of the crown was facing forward. He twisted and turned it for a while, then placed it the right way round on the king's head.

The end: crown , scepter and The Sovereign's Orb ( Orb of the British monarch) is (paid by each new ruler here: Elizabeth I of England )

Investiture and feudal oath

A centuries-old ritual follows, the installation of the new monarch into his kingdom. The monarch takes his place on the throne as the Great Officers of State and the most important bishops of the country place him on the raised throne chair in the middle of the theater (see above). This is followed by the words of institution by the Archbishop, which have remained unchanged since the coronation of William the Conqueror .

This is followed by the monarch's personal homage by the clergy and the nobility in the form of an oath. First, the archbishops and bishops are the first to swear their feudal oath, in that the first or most senior - the Archbishop of Canterbury - kneels before the monarch and with the words: “I, (NN), Archbishop of Canterbury, will be faithful and honest and I will show you, our ruler, king (queen) of this kingdom and defender of the faith, faithfulness and truth, as well as your heirs and successors according to the law. So help me God. ”Take their oath. The archbishop then touches the crown and moves to the right side of the throne. All other clergymen kneel in their place.

The nobility now follows. Each peer used to pay homage individually, but Edward VII cut the ceremony short. After the clergy, the members of the royal family now pay their respects by stepping forward one by one, kneeling at the monarch's feet and taking the pledge of fief with their hands in the monarch's hands: "I, (NN), Prince, Duke (or Marquess, Earl, Viscount, Baron, Lord) of N., will be your liege-man with body and soul and with earthly reverence; and I will show you faithfulness and truth in life and in death, against every kind of people. So help me God. ”They kiss the monarch's left cheek, touch the crown and go back to their seat.

The peers are headed by the top peer of the respective rank: for the Dukes the Duke of Norfolk , for the Marquesses the Marquess of Winchester , for the Earls the Earl of Shrewsbury , for the Viscounts the Viscount Hereford and for the Barons Baron de Ros . They too speak the formula of the oath, but only kiss the hand of the monarch and return to their place after touching the crown. At the end of the homage fanfares sound and the entire crowd of lords shout: God save the king. Long live the king. May the king reign forever.

If there is a Queen Consort , she is crowned in a very simple ceremony immediately after the homage. However, a Queen Regnants's husband, often called the Prince Consort (Prince Consort or Consort of the Queen), is not specially crowned. The queen consort is also installed on a throne two steps lower, but not honored with a feudal oath.

Continuation of the service

The mass, which was previously interrupted for the actual coronation act, is continued. The monarch and his partner go to the high altar, put down their shelves and hand them over to the responsible porters. Now they offer their prescribed gifts. One of the innovations of the coronation of 1953 was the design of the offertory (song for bringing gifts) as a song that was sung by the choir and the congregation. For this, Ralph Vaughan Williams created a monumental arrangement of the chorale " All people that on earth do dwell ", a metric version of Psalm 100 with the melody The Old 100th attributed to Louis Bourgeois . This is followed by the sacrament liturgy according to the Book of Common Prayer . The communion that under both was served, received in 1953, the tradition accordingly, only the celebrant bishops and the Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh. After receiving communion, the monarch receives the regalia back and returns to his throne. After the blessing, the service ends with the solemn Te Deum .

Changing clothes

The monarch then exits the coronation site and enters, followed by the bearers of the Sword of State, the Sword of Spiritual Justice, the Sword of Temporal Justice, and the Sword of Mercy (sword of grace), which has a blunt point, the St. Edwards Chapel (directly behind the high altar). The crown and sceptres worn by the monarch, as well as all other imperial insignia, are placed on the altar in front of the shrine of Edward the Confessor. The monarch takes off the robe royal and now wears the purple robe, which is reminiscent of the purple robes of the Roman conquerors. It consists of an ermine cloak and a purple velvet train. The monarch then wears the Imperial State Crown , takes the scepter with the cross and the orb and leaves the chapel.

Solemn procession - procession

Meanwhile, the solemn departure of all the dignitaries from the abbey begins. Little by little, in the order of their use or tasks, they step to the west door. After a solemn trumpet signal, the crowned ruler now leaves the St. Edward Chapel and also walks to the west door, while everyone present sings the royal anthem.

Special features of the coronation celebrations in 1953

The coronation of Elizabeth II in 1953 was broadcast for eleven hours on the BBC and is considered the first international live broadcast in Europe thanks to the direct takeover by German and French broadcasters. The BBC's request for TV cameras inside Westminster Abbey was initially rejected because the Queen herself feared the enormous number of live viewers via the new medium, who could follow closely if mistakes were made. When this decision was made public in November 1952, most British newspapers, with the exception of the Times , launched an intensive campaign against it, the pressure of which allowed television broadcasting inside the church. The television cameras were hidden inside the wooden stands, which were temporarily installed in the abbey for the occasion, in order to increase the existing number of seats from around 2000 to well over 7000. They filmed through peep slits. In a test with an OB van ahead of the crafty BBC producer began a wide-angle lens, it that with a low of detail image on a then small tube monitor the concerns of the royal Preparatory Commission could dissipate. It was then determined that the cameras would have to be at least 30 feet (approx. 10 m) away from the action, but not which lenses could be used. During the live broadcast, close-ups were sometimes broadcast with telephoto lenses. In addition to the black and white live television broadcast , the entire ceremony was recorded by independent film companies in the best cinema quality on color and black and white film material. Since the coronation and, above all, the associated anointing is a sacramental act, the cameras were not allowed to show these events directly; There are no pictorial documents of the anointing of Queen Elizabeth. The number of viewers in the UK was estimated at twenty million over the one million television sets that existed. The broadcast of the coronation greatly increased public interest in the new medium of television and is considered to be the first in which the number of television viewers exceeded the number of radio listeners.

outlook

A future coronation has been controversial in the UK for some time. The Prince of Wales declared that he favored a multi-cultural celebration as a “protector” ( Fidei defensor ) of all religions. An Anglican service in Westminster Abbey would contradict this. Roy Strong , High Stewart of Westminster Abbey and author of a book on the history of the coronation, brings up a revival of the coronation banquet as a tribute to other religions. The current Earl Marshal, who is responsible for the implementation, already spoke in 2004 of holding the service at a shorter time.

literature

Percy Ernst Schramm : History of the English royalty in the light of the coronation. Böhlau, Weimar 1937.
Roy Strong: Coronation. From the 8th to the 21st Century. Harper Perenninal, London et al. 2006, ISBN 0-00-716055-0 .

Web links

Individual evidence

^ HW Ridgeway: Henry III (1207-1272). In: Henry Colin Gray Matthew, Brian Harrison (Eds.): Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , from the earliest times to the year 2000 (ODNB). Oxford University Press, Oxford 2004, ISBN 0-19-861411-X , ( oxforddnb.com license required ), as of 2004

↑ All People That on Earth Do Dwell (hymnary.org)

↑ Old Hundredth (hymnary.org)

^ Daily Mail October 26, 2006

↑ www.coronation.me.uk ( Memento of the original dated December 9, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2

[1] HW Ridgeway: Henry III (1207-1272). In: Henry Colin Gray Matthew, Brian Harrison (Eds.): Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , from the earliest times to the year 2000 (ODNB). Oxford University Press, Oxford 2004, ISBN 0-19-861411-X , ( oxforddnb.com license required ), as of 2004

[2] All People That on Earth Do Dwell (hymnary.org)

[3] Old Hundredth (hymnary.org)

[4] Daily Mail October 26, 2006