Tatar language

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Tatar

Spoken in

Russia
speaker 5,184,610 (2010)
Linguistic
classification
Official status
Official language in Tatarstan
Language codes
ISO 639 -1

dd

ISO 639 -2

did

ISO 639-3

did

Bilingual notice (“Do not lean”) in the Kazan Metro , above in Russian, below in Tatar

The Tatar language (татар теле, татарча) is a Turkic language . However, it is unclear whether languages ​​from another Kipchak group are still included today. The short form is Tatar . Tatar is the official language in the Republic of Tatarstan today .

Today, the name "Tatar" means above all the language of the Volga or Kazan Tatars in Russia and on the peninsula of Crimea , the Crimean Tatar . A wide variety of publications and media appear in Tatar. There are also television and websites in this language.

A prominent researcher of the Tatar language and its dialects was the Soviet scientist Gabdulchaj Achatow (1927-1986).

Main distribution area

The main distribution area of ​​the Tatar language is Russia. There the Tatar language is spoken in the autonomous republics of Tatarstan , Bashkortostan and Chuvashia . Numerous Tatar language groups can also be found widely scattered in Siberia , China, and numerous other countries.

Alternative names

The language name “Tatar” used to be used in the Russian Empire as a collective name for all Turkic languages spoken in the empire . This also wrongly included languages ​​that were linguistically part of another language group. A differentiation of the Turkic languages ​​spoken in Russia only took place in the Soviet Union .

On several occasions the Tartars calling their language as "Tatar Turkish" (Татар Төрекчәсе / Tatar Törekçäse ) to make it clear that their language to language family of Turkic languages heard. In Turkish usage and in Turkish Turkology, mainly only the term "Tatar Turkish" (Turkish Tatar Türkçesi ) is used.

Origin of name

The Tatar language is named after a Mongolian Tatar tribe who came with Genghis Khan's troops from Mongolia to the Volga-Kama region in the 13th century and settled there. In the years that followed, the Mongols absorbed into their Turkish-speaking environment. Eventually their name was passed on to all Turkic-speaking residents of the Golden Horde and their successor empires.

Classification options

Tatar is classified differently. The "Fischer Lexikon Sprachen" (1987) lists Tatar within the Turkic languages ​​as follows:

  • Turkic languages
    • western branch
      • Bulgarian group
      • oghous group
      • Kipchak group
        • Kipchak-Oghuz group
        • Kyptschak-Bulgarian Group (Kyptschaktatarisch)
          • Tatar

In contrast, the "Metzler Lexicon Language" (1993) lists Tatar as described below:

  • Turkic languages
    • Southwest Turkish (Oghusian)
    • Eastern Turkish (Karlukisch)
    • West Turkish (Kipchak)
      • Ural (Kipchak-Bulgarian)
        • Tatar

The current classification is given in the article Turkic languages .

Alphabets

In the period between the 13th century and the 15th century, Old Tatar (the language form Wendt referred to as "Kyptschaktatarisch") was written with an Arabic alphabet . In the 15th century it was replaced by an Eastern Turkish idiom , the Tschagatai , which was also written in Arabic script.

In the middle of the 19th century, a modern written Tatar language was developed, which the Tatars used to write alongside the Chagatai. Such "New Tatar" texts were written in the 19th century in törki, an Arabic script with no fixed spelling rules and a limited range of sounds.

In 1927 an alphabet made of Latin letters was introduced with the Jaalif (" New Turkic Language Alphabet ") developed at the 1926 Turkologists' Congress in Baku .

From 1939 onwards, the customary spelling with Cyrillic letters came into use, which was introduced at the same time as the compulsory Russian lessons .

With Mikhail Gorbachev's reform policy in 1988/89, nationalist Tatars called for the reintroduction of Arabic script at short notice. But this idea was quickly deviated from when the government of Tatarstan decided to open up to the West via Turkey and create a Latin alphabet based on the modern Turkish alphabet. Tatarstan wanted complete independence from Russia in the years 1989–1991 and therefore did not sign a newly drafted union treaty in 1991 that guaranteed the Tatars extensive autonomous self-determination. The Tatar leadership introduced a modified Turkish alphabet in 2001, which, however, met with great resistance from the Russian minority . Nevertheless, in September 2001 this Latin alphabet alone was officially used to spell Tatar. A year later (2002) this Latin alphabet was slightly revised.

However, the Russian Constitutional Court banned this practice in November 2004 on the grounds that a uniform script was necessary for the unity of Russia. Since then, the Latin and Cyrillic alphabets have been used side by side in Tatarstan unofficially. In official publications, the Tatar language is published exclusively in Cyrillic script.

Comparison of the Tatar with the Turkish Latin alphabet

• Tatar : Aa Ää Port Cc Çç Dd Ee Ff Gg Ğğ Hh Xx Iı İi Íí Yy Kk Ll Mn Nn Ññ Oo Öö Pp Qq Rr Ss Şş Tt Uu Üü Vv Ww Yy Currently
• Turkish : Aa Port Cc Çç Dd Ee Ff Gg Ğğ Hh Iı İi Yy Kk Ll Mn Nn Oo Öö Pp Rr Ss Şş Tt Uu Üü Vv Yy Currently
А а Ә ә Б б В в Г г Д д Е е Ё ё
Ж ж Җ җ З з И и Й й К к Л л М м
Н н Ң ң О о Ө ө П п Р р С с Т т
У у Ү ү Ф ф Х х Һ һ Ц ц Ч ч Ш ш
Щ щ Ъ ъ Ы ы Ь ь Э э Ю ю Я я

Dialects

In the 13th century, Tatar was the "official language" of the Western Golden Horde, alongside Comanic. It is strongly structured in dialectal terms. There are widely scattered dialects throughout Russia. The most important and famous among them are:

According to another view, the Tatar language has only three dialects:

  • 1. the western or Mishar dialect
  • 2. the Kazan dialect
  • 3. the Eastern or Western Siberian dialect

The Kazan dialect forms the basis of the Tatar literary language.

See also

literature

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Tatar at Ethnologue
  2. ↑ a b Helmut Glück (Ed.): Metzler Lexikon Sprach. 1993, pp. 630-631.
  3. ^ A b Heinz F. Wendt: Fischer Lexicon Languages. 1987, pp. 328-329.
  4. ↑ Helmut Glück (Ed.): Metzler Lexikon Sprach. 1993, p. 657.
  5. ^ Ingeborg Baldauf : Written reform and correspondence among the Muslim Russian and Soviet Turks (1850-1937). Budapest 1993, ISBN 963-05-6531-5 .
  6. ↑ Tatars have to write Cyrillic. In: Russia News. November 16, 2004.
  7. ^ Heinz F. Wendt: Fischer Lexicon Languages. 1987, p. 329.
  8. ↑ Gabdulchaj Achatow : Tatar dialectology (textbook for students). Kazan 1984. (Tatar language)
  9. ↑ Gabdulchaj Achatow: The dialect of the West Siberian Tatars (monograph). Ufa 1963. (Russian)
  10. ↑ Gabdulchaj Achatow: Tatar dialectology. The average dialect (textbook for students). Ufa 1979. (Russian).

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