List of chemical warfare agents
List of chemical warfare agents that are or were manufactured artificially for the purpose of killing enemy soldiers in the event of war or making them incapable of fighting, dispersing demonstrators or - with a further definition of the term " chemical warfare agent " - cutting off the enemy's food supply (see: defoliants ) to impair the enemy's vision (see: smoke and eye warfare agents ) or to render enemy positions and armored vehicles unusable (see: incendiary agents ). The first missions in World War I , World War II and Vietnam War are explicitly shown . The list does not claim to be complete. An assignment to the individual warfare agent groups is not always clearly possible.
For the exact differentiation of the warfare agent groups: see warfare agent class
Eye warfare agents (white cross)
chemical | code | Common name | Use in the First / Second World War / Vietnam |
Toxicological data LC t50 (mg min m −3 ) / LD 50 (mg m −3 ) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Benzyl bromide | Yes/-/- | LC t50 ( cont .): 6,000 / dermal not fatal | ||
Benzyl iodide | BJ | Yes/-/- | ? | |
bromine | BR | Yes/-/- | LC Lo (Inh.): 1000 ppm / LD Lo (oral): 14 mg kg −3 | |
Bromoacetone | B, BA | B-fabric | Yes/-/- | LC t50 ( cont .): 3,000–4,000 / dermal not fatal |
Bromoacetophenone | ||||
Bromobenzyl cyanide (bromophenylacetonitrile) | BBC, CA | Carnite, CA fabric, Camite F | Yes/-/- | LC t50 ( cont .): 8,000–11,000 / dermal not fatal LC (cont.):> 11,600 (mouse) / 100 mg kg −3 (rat, oral) |
Ethyl bromoacetate | EBA | Yes/-/- | unknown, carcinogenic | |
Xylyl bromide , xylylene bromide | Lilac gas, T-cloth, elder gas | Yes/-/- | LC t50 ( cont .): 6,000 / dermal not fatal | |
Chloroacetophenone | CN | Tear gas | -/-/Yes | LC t50 ( cont .): 7,000-14,000 / dermally not fatal |
Chloroacetone | Tonite, A fabric | Yes/-/- | LC t50 ( cont .): 3,000 / dermal not fatal | |
Bromomethyl ethyl ketone | Yes/-/- | |||
Iodoacetone | Yes/-/- | |||
2-chlorobenzylidenemalonic acid dinitrile | CS | Tear gas, CS gas | -/-/Yes | LC t50 ( cont .): 61,000 |
Dibenzoxazepine | CR | Tear gas | LC t50 ( cont .): 80,000–100,000 / dermally non-fatal, carcinogenic in mice | |
Oleoresin Capsicum or Capsaicin u. Derivatives |
OC | pepper spray | ||
Ethyl iodoacetate | SK | Yes/-/- | ||
Methyl sulfuric acid chloride | Villanite | Yes/-/- | ||
Monochloromethyl chloroformate | Yes/-/- | |||
Di chloromethyl chloroformate | Yes/-/- | |||
Ethyl sulfuric acid chloride | Yes/-/- | |||
Thiophosgene | Yes/-/- | |||
o- nitrobenzyl chloride | Sneeze powder |
Nasal and throat warfare agents (blue cross)
chemical | code | Common name | Use in the First / Second World War / Vietnam |
Toxicological data LC t50 (mg min m −3 ) / LD 50 (mg m −3 ) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Arsine oil | A oil | Yes/-/- | ||
Mixture of diphenylamine chlorarsine and ethyl bromoacetate |
BX | Blind-X | LC t50 ( cont .): 8,800 / dermal not fatal | |
Diphenylarsine chloride | THERE | CLARK 1 | Yes/-/- | LC t50 ( inh .): 15,000 / dermal not fatal |
Diphenylarsine cyanide | DC | CLARK 2 | Yes/-/- | LC t50 ( cont .): 10,000 / dermal not fatal |
Diphenylaminarsine cyanide | DD | CLARK 3 | ||
N -ethyl carbazole and anthracene oil | Anthracene oil | Yes/-/- | ||
10-chloro-9,10-dihydroacridarsine | Excelsior | LC t50 ( cont .): 8,500 / dermal not fatal | ||
10-chloro-5,10-dihydrophenarsazine, diphenylamine chlorarsine | DM | Adamsite | LC t50 ( cont .): 11,000–13,000 / dermal not fatal | |
Triphenylarsine dichloride | TD | |||
o- dianisidine chlorosulfonate | Yes/-/- | |||
p- nitrophenylarsine chloride | Para | Yes/-/- |
Lung warfare agents (Grünkreuz)
chemical | code | Common name | Use in the First / Second World War / Vietnam |
Toxicological data LC t50 (mg min m −3 ) / LD 50 (mg m −3 ) |
---|---|---|---|---|
chlorine | CL | Yes/-/- | LC t50 ( inh .): 20,000 / dermal not fatal | |
Chloropicrine | PS | Knock | Yes/-/- | LC t50 ( cont .): 7,500–15,000 / dermally not fatal |
Chlorine trifluoride | CF | N-substance | ||
Dimethyl sulfate | D. | D fabric | Yes/-/- | |
Carbonyl chloride | CG | Phosgene | Yes/-/- | LC t50 ( cont .): 3,200 / dermal not fatal |
Diphosgene | DP | Pstoff | Yes/-/- | LC t50 ( cont .): 3,200 / dermal not fatal |
Triphosgene | TP | |||
Arsine | SA | Arsin, M 300 | LC t50 ( cont .): 5,000 | |
Propenal | DG | Acrolein | Yes/-/- | |
Perfluoroisobutene | PFIB | LC t50 ( inh .): 320 / dermal not fatal | ||
Perchloromethyl mercaptan | Yes/-/- | LC t50 ( cont ., Mouse) 296 mg 2h −1 m −3 / 0.5 ml kg −1 (guinea pig, dermal) |
||
Phenylcarbylamine chloride | FS | Yes/-/- | ||
Bis (bromomethyl) ether | Bibi | Yes/-/- | ||
Bis (chloromethyl) ether | Cibi | Yes/-/- | ||
Ethylarsine dibromide | Yes/-/- | |||
Cyanoformate ester | Yes/-/- | |||
Phenylarsine dibromide | Yes/-/- | LC t50 ( cont .): 4,800 / dermal not fatal |
Skin warfare agents (yellow cross)
chemical | code | Common name | Use in the First / Second World War / Vietnam |
Toxicological data LC t50 (mg min m −3 ) / LD 50 (mg m −3 ) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Bis (2-chloroethyl) sulfide | HD | Lost , mustard gas , yperite | Yes/-/- | LC t50 ( cont .): 1,650 / LD 50 ( percutaneous ): 7,800 |
Bis (2-chloroethylthio) methane | HK | see. Mustard Gas (Lost) | ||
Bis (2-chloroethylthioethyl) ether | T | Oxol mustard | LC t50 ( cont .): 200-400 | |
1,2-bis (2-chloroethylthio) ethane | Q | Sesqui-yperite | LC t50 ( cont .): 1,650-2,250 | |
Bis (2-chloroethyl) ethylamine | HN-1 | Ethyl-S | LC t50 ( cont .): 1,500 / LD 50 (percutaneous): 20,000 | |
Bis (2-chloroethyl) methylamine | HN-2 | Mechlorethamine, chloromethine | LC t50 ( cont .): 3,000 / LD 50 (percutaneous): 12,000 | |
Tris (2-chloroethyl) amine | HN-3 | Trichloromethine | LC t50 ( cont .): 1,500 / LD 50 (percutaneous): 10,000 | |
2-chlorovinylarsine dichloride | L-1 | Lewisite -1 | LC t50 ( cont .): 1,250 / LD 50 (percutaneous): 100,000 | |
Bis (2-chlorovinyl) chlorarsine | L-2 | Lewisite-2 | LC t50 ( cont .): 1,350 / LD 50 (percutaneous): 100,000 | |
Tris (2-chlorovinyl) arsine | L-3 | Lewisite-3 | LC t50 ( cont .): 1,500 / LD 50 (percutaneous): 100,000 | |
Phenylarsine dichloride | PD | Clever | Yes/-/- | LC t50 ( cont .): 2,600 / LD 50 (percutaneous): 100,000 |
Ethyl arsenic dichloride | ED | Thick | Yes/-/- | LC t50 ( cont .): 3,000-5,000 / LD 50 (percutaneous): 100,000 |
Methylarsine dichloride | MD | Medic, Methyl Dick | Yes/-/- | LC t50 ( cont .): 3,000-5,000 / LD 50 (percutaneous): 100,000 |
Nettle fabrics (red cross)
chemical | code | Common name | Use in the First / Second World War / Vietnam |
Toxicological data LC t50 (mg min m −3 ) / LD 50 (mg m −3 ) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Dibromophosgene oxime | - / - / - | |||
Dichloroformaldoxime | - / - / - | LC t50 ( cont .): 1,500-3,200 / LD 50 ( percutaneous ): 2,500-9,000 | ||
Phosgene oxime | CX | - / - / - | LC t50 ( cont .): 1,500-3,200 / LD 50 (percutaneous): 2,500-9,000 |
Blood warfare agents
chemical | code | Common name | Use in the First / Second World War / Vietnam |
Toxicological data LC t50 (mg min m −3 ) / LD 50 (mg m −3 ) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Hydrogen cyanide | AC | Hydrocyanic acid (see also Zyklon B ) |
Yes/-/- | LC t50 ( cont .): 2,000-5,000 / LD 50 : 8,000-12,000 |
Arsine | SA | Arsin, M 300 | LC t50 ( cont .): 5,000 | |
Arsenic trichloride | AT | |||
Bromocyanide | CB | Ce fabric | Yes/-/- | LC t50 ( cont .): 2,000 / dermal not fatal |
Cyanogen chloride | CK | T 150 | Yes/-/- | LC t50 ( cont .): 7,000-11,000 |
Methyl cyanoformate | CC | |||
Carbon monoxide | CO | |||
Nitrochloroform methyl isocyanate | CP | Ditrapex (mixture of 1,2-dichloropropane , 1,3-dichloropropene and methyl isothiocyanate ) | LC t50 ( cont .): 1,800-2,000 | |
2-fluoroethanol | FEA | LC t50 ( cont .): 1,500-4,000 | ||
Hydrogen fluoride | HF | LC t50 ( cont .): 1,500-2,300 | ||
Methyl fluoroacetate | MFA | LC t50 ( cont .): 1,500 | ||
Sodium fluoroacetate | NFA | |||
Hydrogen sulfide | NG | Yes/-/- | ||
Nickel tetracarbonyl | ||||
Iron pentacarbonyl |
Nerve agents
chemical | code | Common name | Use in the First / Second World War / Vietnam |
Toxicological data LC t50 (mg min m −3 ) / LD 50 (mg m −3 ) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ethyl dimethylphosphoramidocyanate |
GA | Tabun , Gelan I. | No/-/- | LC t50 ( cont .): 200-400 / LD 50 ( percutaneous ): 1,000-4,000 |
Isopropyl methyl fluorophosphonate | GB | Sarin , Gelan III | No/-/- | LC t100 : 70-100 / LC t50 : 150-180 / IC t50 : 40-55 |
(1,2,2-trimethylpropyl) methanfluor- phosphonate |
GD | Soman ; thickened soman: VR-55 | No/-/- | LC t50 : 70 (inhalation) / LC t50 : 7,500-10,000 (percutaneous) / IC t50 : 25 |
Cyclohexoxymethyl phosphoryl fluoride | GF | Cyclosarin | No/-/- | LC t50 ( cont .): 75-120 / LD 50 (percutaneous): 30-60 |
Phosphonofluorodiisopropyl ester, diisopropyl fluorophosphate | DFP | Gelan II | No/-/- | |
Chlorobenzene sarin, thickened sarin | No/-/- | LC t50 ( cont .): 70 / LD 50 (percutaneous): 350 | ||
(±) -2- N , N -dimethylaminoethyl (dimethylamido) fluorophosphate | GV | GV-11 | No/-/- | LC t50 ( cont .): 35-75 / LD 50 (percutaneous): 25 |
O , O- Diethyl- S - [2-diethylaminoethyl] thiophosphate |
VG | Amiton | No/-/- | LC t50 ( cont .): 80-100 / LD 50 (percutaneous): 35 |
O -ethyl- S - [2-diethylaminoethyl] methylphosphonothiolate |
VM | |||
O - (2-methylpropyl) - S - [2-diethylaminoethyl] methylphosphonothiolate |
VR | RVX | No/-/- | LC t50 ( cont .): 50 / LD 50 (percutaneous): 10 |
O -ethyl- S - [2- [bis (1-methylethyl) amino] ethyl] -ethylphosphonothiolate |
VS | |||
O -ethyl- S - [2-diisopropylaminoethyl] methylphosphonothiolate |
VX | No/-/- | LD 50 : 0.007 mg / kg / LC t50 : 36–45 / IC t50 : 5 | |
Novichok -7 | ||||
Novichok-8 | ||||
Novichok-9 | ||||
Novichok-X |
Psychological warfare agents
chemical | code | Common name | Use in the First / Second World War / Vietnam |
Toxicological data LC t50 (mg min m −3 ) / LD 50 (mg m −3 ) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Lysergic acid diethylamide | LSD | No/-/- | ||
3-quinuclidinyl benzilate | BZ | Benzilic acid ester | no Yes | |
Glycolic acid ester | A15 | Agent 15 | No/-/- | |
Phencyclidine | Agent SN, Sernyl | No no/- | ||
3-methylfentanyl | Kolokol-1 | no no no |
Defoliants / Herbicides
chemical | code | Common name | Use in the First / Second World War / Vietnam |
Toxicological data LC t50 (mg min m −3 ) / LD 50 (mg m −3 ) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1: 1 mixture of 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid |
Agent Orange | no / no / yes | significant poisonous effect due to the 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin content | |
Dimethylarsinic acid | Agent Blue | no / no / yes | ||
2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid ( 2,4,5-T ) or 2,4,5-T- n- butyl ester or 2,4,5-T-isobutyl ester |
Agent Green | no / no / yes | ||
1: 1 mixture of 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid n- butyl ester and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid isobutyl ester |
Agent Pink | no / no / yes | ||
5: 3: 2 mixture of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid n- butyl ester, 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid n- butyl ester and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid isobutyl ester |
Agent Purple | no / no / yes | ||
4: 1 mixture of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid triisopropanolamine salt and picloram triisopropanolamine salt |
Agent White | no / no / yes |
Incendiary agents
chemical | code | Common name | Use in the First / Second World War / Vietnam |
Toxicological data LC t50 (mg min m −3 ) / LD 50 (mg m −3 ) |
---|---|---|---|---|
phosphorus | Yes Yes Yes | White P .: LD Lo 1.4–22 mgkg −1 (human, oral) | ||
Napalm : Gel from fuel oil + thickener (a) Al-soap of Na pthen- and Pa lmitinsäure (n) or (b) (Napalm-B) plastic polymer | no / yes / yes | |||
Thermit : iron (III) oxide and aluminum (granulate mixture) |
Smoke warfare agents
chemical | code | Common name | Use in the First / Second World War / Vietnam |
Toxicological data LC t50 (mg min m −3 ) / LD 50 (mg m −3 ) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Chlorosulfonic acid | ||||
Titanium tetrachloride | ||||
Tin tetrachloride | ||||
60:40 or 50:50 mixture of chlorosulfonic acid and sulfur trioxide |
Mist acid | -/Yes/- | ||
Polychlorinated naphthalenes |
literature
- Achim Th. Schäfer: Lexicon of biological and chemical warfare agents. 2nd edition, Köster, Berlin 2009, ISBN 978-3-89574-515-7 .
Web links
- Michael Höfer: An overview: Chemical warfare agents. (PDF; 484 kB) In: Chemistry in our time . No. 3, 2002, pp. 148-155.
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l DTIG: First combat agents deployed in World War I ( Memento from February 19, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 70 kB)
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k DTIG: Dossier Chemical Warfare Agents ( Memento from February 19, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 127 kB).
- ↑ a b W.B. Deichmann: Toxicology of Drugs and Chemicals . Academic Press, Inc., New York, 1969, p. 645.
- ↑ a b Entry on bromine in the ChemIDplus database of the United States National Library of Medicine (NLM)
- ^ National Defense Research Committee. Office of Scientific Research and Development, Progress Report. Volume ND, Crc-132, August 1942.
- ↑ a b Entry on bromophenylacetonitrile in the ChemIDplus database of the United States National Library of Medicine (NLM)
- ^ National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council. Chemical-Biological Coordination Center, Review. Volume 5, p. 32, 1953.
- ↑ Data sheet ethyl bromoacetate from AlfaAesar, accessed on January 13, 2010 ( PDF )(JavaScript required) . .
- ↑ Entry on dibenzoxazepine. In: Römpp Online . Georg Thieme Verlag, accessed on September 10, 2013.
- ↑ Toxicometric parameter of Industrial Toxic Chemicals Under Single Exposure, Izmerov, NF, et al., Moscow, Center of International Projects, GKNT, p 97 1982.
- ^ National Technical Information Service. Vol. OTS0533569
- ^ Reid Kirby: Paradise Lost: The Psycho Agents. (PDF; 379 kB) The CBW Conventions Bulletin, No. 71, May 2006, p. 2.
- ↑ Chandré Gould, Peter I. Folb, Robert Berold (Eds.): Project Coast: Apartheid's Chemical and Biological Warfare Program. United Nations Publications UNIDIR, 2002, p. 92, ISBN 92-9045-144-0 .
- ^ Pesticide Chemicals Official Compendium. Association of the American Pesticide Control Officials, Inc., 1966, p. 901.
- ↑ poisoning; Toxicology, Symptoms, Treatments, 2nd Edition, Arena, JM, Springfield, IL, CC Thomas, Volume 2, 1970, p. 73.
- ↑ American Heart Journal . Volume 84, 1972, p. 139.