List of laser types

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This list of laser types includes lasers categorized according to their laser medium . Listed are gas lasers , dye lasers , solid state lasers and their respective subcategories such. B. Laser diodes (semiconductor lasers), metal vapor lasers and excimer lasers . Free-electron lasers are not listed as they are not actually lasers (not an active laser medium and therefore no reduction in population inversion through stimulated emission ).

General overview

Lasers are mostly categorized according to their laser medium. In general, the categorization follows the thermodynamic aggregate states of the laser medium. These are then further broken down into more specific types of states. For example, gaseous media can be distinguished on the basis of their ionization and solids according to their conductivity or other properties. The following graphic gives a rough overview of a common categorization:


Rough classification of laser types
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
laser
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
gas
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
dye
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Ions
 
Metal vapor
 
neutral
non-metal
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Solid
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
semiconductor
 
Color center
 
Spiked
dielectric

The following graphic contains an overview of the wavelengths of commercially available lasers. Laser types with discrete laser lines are shown above and tunable lasers below the wavelength bar. The color indicates the type of laser material:

Commercial laser lines.de.svg

List of laser types

The following table contains the most common names, the type, the laser medium, the most important wavelengths (a range means that the laser can be tuned over this range), whether ( ) or not ( ) pulse operation and continuous wave operation (cw) are used or not . efficiently possible, the typical designs and pump sources and a selection of the most common areas of application. For the sake of clarity and frequency, lasers with gases that are neutral at room temperature are only given as gas and lasers with doped non-metal materials of the solid state , all others are specified in more detail. The design indicates the form in which the laser medium or the entire resonator can be built: YesNo

  • flowed - the gas or dye is continuously changed
  • closed - the gas or dye is sealed in the resonator
  • Crystal - The solid is in the form of a crystal block
  • Fiber - The solid is as fiberglass ago
  • Slab - The device is implemented as a slab laser (plates)
Surname other names Type Laser medium ( nm ) Pulse / cw Designs Pump source Miscellaneous and use
Carbon monoxide laser CO laser gas Carbon monoxide 4800 to 8300 Yes/Yes streamed, closed Glow discharge , electron beam Material processing, laser spectroscopy
Carbon dioxide laser CO 2 laser gas Carbon dioxide , nitrogen 10600 Yes/Yes streamed, closed, slab Glow discharge, electron beam Material processing
Nitrogen laser N 2 laser gas nitrogen 337.1 Yes/No closed Gas discharge Pump source , laser spectroscopy
Ruby laser - Solid Chromium ions in ruby 694.3 Yes/No crystal Flash tube first laser, hardly used anymore
Titanium: sapphire laser TiS, TiSa, Ti: Sa Solid Titanium ions in sapphire 700 to 1000 Yes/Yes crystal green cw laser ultrashort pulses, laser spectroscopy
Helium-neon laser HeNe gas Neon and helium 632.8 / 1152.3 / 3392.2 No/Yes closed Gas discharge first cw laser, hardly used anymore
Argon ion laser Ar + laser Ion gas Argon ions 514.5 / 457.9 / 488/351 Yes/Yes closed Gas discharge Pump source, laser shows, medicine
Helium-cadmium laser HeCd laser Metal vapor Cadmium gas and helium 325/442 Yes/Yes closed ? Material science, medical technology
Copper vapor laser - Metal vapor Copper gas 510.6 / 578.2 Yes/No closed Gas discharge Laser shows, pump source, medicine
Gold vapor laser - Metal vapor Gold gas 627.8 Yes/No closed Gas discharge Pump source, medicine
Lead vapor laser - Metal vapor Lead gas 723 Yes/No closed Gas discharge only proof of concept
Nd: YAG laser Neodymium YAG laser Solid Neodymium ions in yttrium aluminum garnet 1064 Yes/Yes crystal Gas discharge tube , laser diode (808 nm) Material processing, pump source, medicine
Nd: YVO4 laser Neodymium Vanadate Laser Solid Neodymium ions in yttrium - vanadate crystal lattice 914/1064/1342 No/Yes crystal Flash lamp, laser diode (801 - 821 nm) Material processing, spectroscopy , medicine
Yb: YAG laser Ytterbium YAG laser Solid Ytterbium ions in yttrium aluminum garnet 1030 Yes/Yes crystal Gas discharge tube , laser diodes Material processing, pump source, medicine
Ho: YAG laser Holmium YAG laser Solid Holmium ions in yttrium aluminum garnet 2100 Yes/Yes crystal Gas discharge tube , laser diodes Material processing, pump source, medicine
He: YAG laser Erbium YAG laser Solid Erbium ions in yttrium aluminum garnet 1540/2940 Yes/Yes crystal Gas discharge tube , laser diodes Material processing, pump source, medicine
He: glass laser Erbium glass laser Solid Erbium ions in various types of glass 1540 Yes/Yes Crystal, fiber Gas discharge tube , laser diodes Material processing, pump source, medicine
Nd: glass laser Neodymium glass laser Solid Neodymium ions in various types of glass 1062 Yes/Yes Crystal, fiber Xe flash tube , laser diodes Material processing, pump source, medicine
XeCl excimer laser 308 nm excimer laser Excimer Xenon chloride 308 Yes/No closed Gas discharge Pump source, medicine
ArF excimer laser - Excimer Argon fluoride 193 Yes/No closed Gas discharge Photolithography , pump source, medicine
KrF excimer laser - Excimer Krypton fluoride 248 Yes/No closed Gas discharge Photolithography , pump source, medicine
XeF excimer laser - Excimer Xenon fluoride 351 Yes/No closed Gas discharge Pump source, medicine
Oxygen ion laser O 3+ laser Ion gas Oxygen ions 559 Yes/No closed Gas discharge ?
Indium gallium nitride laser InGaN laser diode semiconductor Indium gallium nitride 370 ... 405 * .. 530 Yes/Yes crystal Direct current * Blu-ray , spectroscopy
Aluminum gallium arsenide laser AlGaAs laser diode semiconductor Aluminum gallium arsenide 730 ... 785 * ... 850 Yes/Yes crystal Direct current * CD-ROM drives
Dye laser Dye laser dye Stilbenes , coumarins , rhodamines many, tunable Yes/Yes flowed (cw), closed (pulse) other lasers (Nd: YAG, diodes), flash lamps Spectroscopy and dye lasers can be tuned over a wide range

further reading

  • F. Kneubühl, M. Sigrist: Laser . 7th edition. Vieweg + Teubner, Wiesbaden 2008, ISBN 978-3-8351-0145-6 .
  • Bahaa EA Saleh, Malvin Carl Teich: Fundamentals of Photonics . 2nd Edition. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim 2008, ISBN 978-3-527-40677-7 .
  • Laser in the Encyclopedia of Laser Physics and Technology (Engl.)

Individual evidence

  1. Yttrium vanadate laser (YVO4) with Nd doping. (No longer available online.) In: weber-stempel.de. July 10, 2012, archived from the original on February 1, 2016 ; accessed on February 1, 2016 (German). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.weber-stempel.de