Loewe Technology

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Coordinates: 50 ° 14 ′ 0 "  N , 11 ° 20 ′ 6.1"  E

Loewe Technology GmbH

logo
legal form GmbH
founding 1923 as radiofrequency GmbH
Seat Kronach , Germany
management
Number of employees approx. 90 (as of 4/2020)
Branch Consumer electronics
Website www.loewe.tv

Loewe Technology is a German manufacturer of entertainment and communication technology. The original predecessor company Radiofrequenz GmbH was founded in 1923, the year radio was introduced in Germany , by the brothers David Ludwig Loewe (1884–1936) and Siegmund Loewe in Berlin. Thanks to Manfred von Ardenne's employee, Loewe succeeded in laying the foundation for today's well-known television with the first electronic image transmission . The first transmission unit was created in his laboratory in Berlin-Lichterfelde in 1930 from various amplifier tubes and other parts. On August 22, 1931, his Flying Spot Scanner was presented at the 8th Great German Radio Exhibition . Even the New York Times featured the invention on the front page.

In the course of its 90-year history, the company name and legal form changed several times. The headquarters and the production facility are in Kronach, Upper Franconia . Loewe has been producing in Germany since it was founded, making it one of the few remaining television manufacturers based in Europe. In addition to televisions, the range also includes audio products, loudspeaker systems and set-up solutions. Loewe Technologies ceased business operations in July 2019 after insolvency proceedings in self-administration failed. In December 2019, a Cypriot investor took over the business.

history

Founded in 1923 until the end of the Weimar Republic

Loewe headquarters in 1923 in Berlin-Friedenau, Niedstrasse 5
Siegmund Loewe and Manfred von Ardenne, 1928
Share of RM 1000 in radio stock company DS Loewe from April 1930
First Loewe television, 1931

On January 22, 1923, the Loewe brothers founded Radiofrequenz GmbH in the premises of the former mechanical workshop Grüttner & Lütgert Berlin in Berlin-Friedenau , Niedstrasse 5. In October 1923, Loewe-Audion GmbH was founded to manufacture electron tubes . Loewe Radio GmbH soon followed for the production of loudspeakers and resistors. In the spring of 1924,  a plant for the production of individual parts and receivers was built on the Teltow Canal in the Steglitz district ( Lankwitz district , Wiesenweg 10). In the same year, Eudarit-Pressgut GmbH became part of the Loewe Group. The company played a “special role through its technical innovations that had an impact on the development of the entire radio and television industry in Germany”. Siegmund Loewe, who was supported by the autodidact Manfred von Ardenne (1907–1997), was responsible for the technical development success .

The Loewe local receiver OE 333 was produced from 1926 . He was already using the 3NF, a patented multiple tube. In addition to three triode systems, it also contained four resistors and two capacitors , which formed a complete rectifier and amplifier system with an output stage for operating the loudspeaker. The 3NF was thus one of the first integrated circuits . The OE 333 receiver was very successful on the market.

In 1929, television development began at Loewe and, together with Robert Bosch AG (from 1937 GmbH), Zeiss Ikon and the British television pioneer John Logie Baird, the television  company was founded (from October 1939, Fernseh GmbH ) in the Goerzwerk Berlin-Zehlendorf, Goerzallee 299 The Loewe production facilities were bundled in Berlin-Steglitz and in 1930 the Loewe companies were united under the newly founded radio stock corporation DS Loewe . At the Loewe stand at the radio exhibition in Berlin in 1931, Manfred von Ardenne presented his "Flying Spot Scanner" to the world for the first time - this wireless television transmission unit is still the basis of well-known television technology. Between 1925 and 1931, Loewe applied for the most television patents worldwide. In just a few years, Loewe had thus established a “good starting position in the radio equipment industry”.

Under National Socialism

Signet from Körting & Mathiesen approx. 1920

Due to his Jewish descent on his father's side, David Ludwig Loewe was forced by the Nazi regime in 1933 to withdraw from the company's board of directors. He emigrated and a year later he sold his shares to his brother Siegmund Loewe, who remained in Germany. He also had to emigrate in 1938 when Radio AG DS Loewe was “ Aryanized ” and went to the USA. From 1939, Loewe mainly produced radio technology for the Air Force . In order to get rid of the Jewish-looking name of the founders, the company was first renamed Löwe Radio AG in 1940 and, on August 1, 1942, to Opta Radio AG to erase the traces entirely .

The company, located in Leipzig- Stötteritz , Eichstädtstrasse 11 (today Untere Eichstädtstrasse), is based in Dr. Dietz & Ritter (see also Körting radio stations ) manufactured from 1932 broadcast receiver of the brand Körting . As part of the armament of the Wehrmacht , the company built radio technology for the Air Force under license from Telefunken and Lorenz on behalf of the Reich Aviation Ministry (RLM) from 1935 . For this purpose, the company set up a second location not far away at Melscher Strasse 7. Due to differences with the Army Weapons Office , the development and production of military technology in the Melscher Strasse branch was placed under RLM supervision and, on November 1, 1939, was outsourced to the Reich's own Leipzig Funkgerätebau GmbH . The two shareholders and managing directors Dietz and Ritter lost their posts. The technical director Wilhelm Dietz, who was already in conflict with Ritter because of his interference in the technical affairs of the company, left with the severance payment for his 40% stake; he died in July 1944. With the financial means from the outsourcing of his Wehrmacht production, Ritter continued the production of radio receivers as the sole owner of the old factory at Eichstädtstraße 11 (today Untere Eichstädtstraße) under the name "Körting-Radio-Werke Oswald Ritter".

In April 1941, radio equipment manufacturing in Leipzig was incorporated into the Berlin company as Löwe-Radio AG, Leipzig plant . In the same year, Löwe also took over the Berlin Peter Grassmann metal goods factory . From August 1, 1942, the branch was called Opta Radio AG, Leipzig plant, analogous to the parent company. Shortly before the start of the Battle of Berlin , in March 1945 the Berlin production facilities were relocated to Küps near Kronach.

After the Second World War

Address of Loewe Radio GmbH on a shipping box, 1951
Partial view of the Loewe plant in Kronach

As early as 1946, the Opta factories in Küps, Berlin and Leipzig resumed production and manufactured the first post-war devices and tubes. The Loewe brothers returned to Germany.

In 1948 the East German plants left the group of companies. In Upper Franconia, production was relocated from Küps to Kronach, where it is today. In 1949, the West Berlin and West German parts of the company were returned to Siegmund Loewe's property and the company was changed to Loewe-Opta AG .

In 1964, the subsidiary Loewe Opta GmbH was founded. Among other things, the areas of development, production, sales and marketing were bundled in it.

In 1978 Loewe ended in-house radio production. The parent plant in Berlin-Steglitz was closed the following year. In February 1981 Loewe presented Europe's first stereo sound television to the press.

After Philips' holdings in Loewe became known, Philips and the companies affiliated with Philips parted with all of their shares in 1985. This offered the management of Loewe Opta GmbH the opportunity to regain the company's independence.

In 1992, the Loewe Opta GmbH in Kronach belonged to 51.9% of the Management GBR (company leading employees of the GmbH) and 48.1% to Matsushita (Panasonic) ; however, Matsushita separated from its shares again in 1997.

IPO and realignment

Loewe AG was listed on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange on July 7, 1999 at an issue price of EUR 18 under the leadership of Rainer Hecker (CEO) and Burkhard Bamberger (CFO). In 2004 the company experienced an economic crisis. In this situation, the Japanese electronics group Sharp secured almost 29% of the Loewe shares in the course of a capital increase and thus made a significant contribution to the restructuring; In addition, the employees waived a full or half a month's salary. The company recovered and rewarded this commitment of its employees in 2007 with a special bonus payment of almost three million euros.

Loewe, however, came under increasing pressure due to the intensified price war in the industry. In 2012 the company suffered a loss of 44.5 million euros on sales of 250 million euros. On March 1, 2013, Matthias Harsch, until then managing director at the scales manufacturer Bizerba, took over the chairmanship of the Loewe board. He received support on the board from restructuring expert Rolf Rickmeyer. With this occupation, the loss-making company is to be saved and the brand is to be repositioned. In the first quarter of 2013, sales were more than a third lower than in the same quarter of the previous year. and just under 180 of the approximately 1,000 positions have been deleted.

Bankruptcy Proceedings and Rescue Efforts

In July 2013, the Loewe set for itself and its subsidiary Loewe Opta an application for bankruptcy protection after protection proceedings to reorganize to the company within three months and to find new investors. The search was also aimed at a strong partner in Asia in order to hold onto the luxury segment, but also to be able to offer competitive devices for entry into the premium segment. On July 31, 2013 it was announced that Loewe intends to enter into a strategic partnership with the Chinese electronics manufacturer Hisense from Qingdao .

A capital reduction in the ratio of 4: 1 followed in August 2013 and in September the announcement that another 150 jobs would have to be cut to restructure the company. Planned bankruptcy followed on October 1, 2013. The company announced that the Coburg bankruptcy court had approved bankruptcy in self-administration. Business operations will continue and the restructuring process that has been initiated will now concentrate entirely on concluding the investor talks. Alfred Hagebusch, insolvency specialist at the Heidelberg law firm Wellensiek und Partner, became a general representative at Loewe.

In January 2014, Loewe finally announced that a group of German family businesses and managers had found new investors around the former Apple manager and European boss Jan Gesmar-Larsen. However, the group did not want to take over Loewe AG itself, but only wanted to take over most of its assets via an asset deal . At the end of February 2014, however, the group of investors unexpectedly announced their withdrawal from the notarized purchase agreement. With a purchase agreement dated March 21, 2014, the investor Stargate Capital GmbH with partners Mark Hüsges and Boris Levin from Munich finally took over the company. The entire business operations of Loewe AG and Loewe Opta GmbH including production at the Kronach location were thus continued. Of the last around 525 positions, 95 were initially deleted. With the decision to manufacture all new Loewe products in Kronach, however, 50 employees - mostly from the production area - could be taken over by the new company. The purchase price was in the upper single-digit million range. Investments in the mid double-digit million range are planned for the coming years. Since the price was insufficient to satisfy all bankruptcy creditors, no payment was made to the shareholders. The acquisition by Stargate Capital was completed on April 8, 2014.

Following the takeover of the valuable components of Loewe AG and Loewe Opta GmbH by an asset management company founded in Munich in October 2013 and the renaming of this company to Loewe Technologies GmbH and relocation of its headquarters to Kronach, business operations began again. Subsidiaries were represented in France, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands and Great Britain. UHD televisions were developed as new products . From April to December 2014 Loewe sold 52,934 televisions and 4,005 audio devices. Sales from April to December 2014 amounted to 65.4 million euros, around 54 percent of which in Germany. As of December 31, 2014, 364 and 500 workers were employed in February 2017, around 400 of them in Kronach. Loewe completed the expansion of the sales structure in Germany at the beginning of July 2016 and opened additional sales channels in addition to the specialist trade. Markets such as Switzerland and Austria played an important role here. Business should also be boosted in the Benelux countries, Scandinavia, Italy, France, Spain and Great Britain. However, on May 3, 2019, the company announced that it had filed for bankruptcy under self-administration . Production was discontinued on July 1, 2019, because the bankruptcy proceedings in self-administration had failed. By resolution of the Coburg District Court on July 1, 2019, insolvency proceedings were opened and the company was thus dissolved. The insolvency administrator determined that a cost-covering operation would require a turnover of at least EUR 180 million; In fact, sales were just EUR 110 million in 2018. At the beginning of December 2019, Loewe's so-called EMS production, in which electronic components are built for other companies, was transferred to Dr. in the Neuses district of Kronach . Schneider group of companies sold.

In mid-December it became known that the Loewe trademark rights had been bought from the Cypriot investor Skytec . He then renamed a company founded in Frankfurt based in Frankfurt in October 2019 to Loewe Technology GmbH and then relocated its headquarters to Kronach.

Name and brand

In the course of its 90-year history, the company name and legal form changed several times.

The products of the various Loewe companies were initially marketed under the Radiofrequence brand. A sine line in a circle was used as a trademark. While retaining the trademark, the Radiofrequence brand was replaced by the Loewe Radio brand in 1926. With the establishment of Radio AG DS Loewe, the production was sold under the new company name from 1930. In 1935 Loewe also registered the Opta brand, under which all products were sold from 1936.

In 1940, the company decided to rename “Radio AG DS Loewe” to “Löwe Radio AG” in order to implement the “Aryanization” by changing the spelling from Loewe to Löwe and by deleting the initials of the two company founders, David and Siegmund to make clear outside. In 1942, the Opta brand becomes part of the company name. "Opta Radio AG" was the name of the company until 1949. The traditional sine curve was no longer used during this time. It only became part of the Loewe Opta brand again after the company was returned to Siegmund Loewe. An eye symbol has now been added to the trademark.

In the late 1970s and early 1980s the company went through a profound change and had to face increased competition from Asia. In the course of the repositioning of the company, the Loewe word mark was introduced in capital letters.

The aim was to reposition Loewe as an innovative company. By 2002 Loewe had established a market position as a supplier of high-quality, design-oriented tube TV sets. However, with the triumphant advance of the flat screen TV, Loewe's sales of picture tube televisions in the premium segment collapsed in 2003. Loewe responded with a renovation program, switched the television offering completely to flat screens and revitalized the brand with an even stricter premium course. In 2008 Loewe received the 2008 Brand Award in the “Best Brand Relaunch” category because the company mastered the brand crisis and managed to turn things around with a consistent premium strategy.

Loewe was a holding company for the administration of the operational subsidiary Loewe Opta GmbH. Up until 2014, LaCie and long-time Loewe boss Rainer Hecker held a low single-digit percentage in the company. In the meantime, the Japanese electronics group Sharp and the Hecker family bundled their shares of 39.04 percent together in Loewe Beteiligungs GmbH in order to be able to sell them more easily later, but dissolved this a short time later. After it had been agreed with the investors around Panthera GmbH to transfer the essential assets directly instead of shares, the stock corporation , which remained only as a shell, was to be removed from the stock exchange. This continued under Stargate Capital as well.

From the time the takeover by Panthera GmbH from Munich became known to the withdrawal from the purchase agreement on February 24, 2014, Loewe's operational business was renamed New Loewe GmbH, after which it was transferred back to Loewe Opta GmbH. After the takeover by Stargate Capital in 2014, the operational Loewe business was renamed Loewe Technologies GmbH. After Skytec took over the trademark rights and founded a new company and relocated it to Kronach, Loewe Technology GmbH uses the Loewe brand.

Products

OE 333

The Loewe local receiver OE 333 was produced from 1926. He was already using the 3NF, a patented multiple tube. In addition to three triode systems, it also contained four resistors and two capacitors , which formed a complete rectifier and amplifier system with an output stage for operating the loudspeaker. The 3NF was thus one of the first integrated circuits . The OE 333 receiver was very successful on the market. 

Type FEB

In 1929, Loewe began developing television. Manfred von Ardenne concentrated on electronic processes. On December 14, 1930, he succeeded for the first time in fully electronic transmission of a slide using Braun tubes. The first public broadcast of films takes place in 1931. Two years later Loewe presented the first television set ready for series production, the FEB type. 

Loewe Optaport

In 1963 Loewe developed the "Optaport", the first fully transistorized and portable television. The device had a screen diagonal of 25 cm and was equipped with a built-in VHF radio part.

Art

In February 1981 Loewe presented Europe's first stereo sound television to the press and four years later Loewe created a new design and technology-oriented generation of television with the "Art 1". 

D2-MAC

With the first German 16: 9 TV sets , Loewe took part in modern European TV technology in 1991: the D2MAC component TV process developed in Europe was designed to transmit digital sound simultaneously in several languages ​​or in stereo, the picture was almost studio quality due to the RGB component transmission. The 16: 9 picture tube and internal plug-in D2-MAC decoder, satellite TV tuner and PiP (picture-in-picture) modules anticipated later HDTV receiver features at an early stage. Even the first HD-MAC test broadcasts and live broadcasts from the Olympic Games in 1992 could be received in standard definition, including hyperband special channels over 12 MHz in cable TV. But this analog 1250-line HDTV could not prevail. At the latest since the distribution of German programs via Astra, most of the satellite TV systems were converted from Kopernikus and TV-SAT 2 to Astra, which meant the de facto end for D2-MAC.

CS1

In 1995 the first environmentally friendly television "CS 1" went into series production. The television's electronics consisted essentially of ceramic, copper, aluminum, silicon and iron. During recycling, the CS 1 could therefore be dismantled into three parts: the picture tube, which was disposed of separately, the housing and the electronics. The housing and electronics were designed in such a way that they could be completely poured into the steel or copper melt. 

Xelos @ media & Spheros

Since 1995, Loewe has consistently developed from a classic consumer electronics manufacturer to a multimedia specialist. In 1997 Loewe launched the “Xelos @media” - the first television with internet access. In the same year Loewe introduced “Spheros”, the first Loewe flat screen television.

MultiTel TV 10

The MultiTel TV 10, presented in 1988, demonstrated the dynamism that could be found in communication electronics devices. Telephoning, keeping name registers, querying databases, sending telexes or faxes and using the entire bandwidth of the medium of television were all possible with one compact device. 

Individual, Art & Connect

Loewe AG achieved its breakthrough as a flat-screen television manufacturer in the premium segment in 2005 with the "Individual", the first flat television screen that offered individual options for housing and set-up options as well as inlay colors. “Loewe Connect”, the world's first smart TV, was presented in 2008. Its fully integrated network offered wireless access to multimedia files (pictures, music or videos), external hard drives and PC systems.

Loewe AG started series production of its first LCD television with LED backlighting, the further developed “Individual SL” model from May 2010. At the IFA in September of the same year, new functions such as DR + Streaming, MediaText, HbbTV , CE-HTML and an improved streaming client were presented for the first time, which were used in the new LED series "Art" and "Connect". The increasing networking of modern houses has been taken into account here, for example by allowing a film recorded in one room to be watched to the end in another room using "Follow-Me". It is basically multiroom for video. In 2011 Loewe introduced 3D technology in its “Individual” televisions.

Product lines image , sound and plus

In 2016 Loewe introduced a German product nomenclature to authentically convey to customers that Loewe is a brand with deep German roots - yesterday and today. The German names are intended to denote the benefits that the respective device offers within the entertainment system: bild (TV sets), Klang (loudspeakers) and plus (accessories).

Awards

Loewe received design awards in 2016 and 2017 for newly designed televisions such as the bild 7. Loewe has been producing televisions with OLED technology in cooperation with LG since 2017. On the occasion of the 63rd iF Design Award ceremony in Munich's BMW-Welt on March 10, 2017, five of the internationally coveted awards went to Loewe Technologies GmbH from Kronach, Germany's premium manufacturer of entertainment electronics. Loewe thus prevailed against a total of more than 5,500 entries from 59 countries. The Loewe bild 7 television set and the Loeweklang 5 speaker system received the coveted iF Gold Award. In the “Product” discipline, Loewe bild 3, the Klang 5 subwoofer and the Loewe os user interface were honored with the iF Design Award.

At the German Design Awards 2017, the German Design Council honored innovative and design five Loewe products at the consumer goods fair “Ambiente” in Frankfurt on February 10th. Three audio products, including the new wireless active loudspeaker and subwoofer Loeweklang 5 and the Loeweklang 1 subwoofer, as well as the two high-end TV sets Loewe bild 7 with OLED technology and Loewe bild 1 received the coveted award.

  • Loewe local receiver, 1926, with triple tube

  • Loewe Optaphon, 1950

  • Loewe Iris, 1951

  • Loewe Optaport, 1963

  • Loewe Art 1, 1985

  • Loewe Spheros, 1998

literature

  • 75 years of Loewe (1923–1998). And the future goes on . Self-published 1998, DNB 965049035 .
  • Markus Speidel: Networks, Cooperation and Management Buy-Out . The history of the Loewe company between 1962 and 1985, Klartext Verlag, Essen 2012, ISBN 978-3-8375-0756-0 .
  • Kilian JL Steiner: local receiver, public television and optaphone. The development of the German radio and television industry and the Loewe company 1923–1962. Klartext Verlag, Essen 2005, ISBN 3-89861-492-1 .
  • Kilian JL Steiner: The "Aryanization" of the radio stock company DS Loewe in Berlin-Steglitz . In: Christof Biggeleben u. a .: "Aryanization" in Berlin . Metropol Verlag, Berlin 2007, ISBN 978-3-938690-55-0 , pp. 225–246.
  • Martin Münzel, Kilian JL Steiner: The long shadows of "Aryanization". The Berlin companies Loewe and Ullstein after 1945. In: Christof Biggeleben u. a .: "Aryanization" in Berlin . Metropol Verlag, Berlin 2007, ISBN 978-3-938690-55-0 , pp. 287-314.
  • Frank Keuper, Jürgen Kindervater, Heiko Dertinger, Andreas Heim (eds.): The dictates of brand management. 11 theses on sustainable brand management and implementation. With a comprehensive case study from Loewe AG . Gabler Fachverlage, Wiesbaden 2009, ISBN 978-3-8349-0852-0 .
  • Carsten Piper: Bruno Piper (1901-82). Kronach's savior from difficult times. Self-published 2011, ISBN 978-3-00-035146-4 .

Web links

Commons : Loewe AG  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ loewe.tv imprint , on the company's website, accessed on August 1, 2019
  2. ↑ Loewe is fighting back. Accessed April 30, 2020 .
  3. ↑ a b Cornelius Kob: Manfred von Ardenne - the master of television. In: NDR.de . November 21, 2019, accessed July 27, 2020 .
  4. ↑ Loewe Technologies is ceasing operations for the time being. Retrieved August 4, 2019 .
  5. ↑ Insolvent traditional TV brand: Loewe ceases operations . In: Spiegel Online . June 25, 2019 ( spiegel.de [accessed June 25, 2019]).
  6. ↑ radio sets . In: Berliner Adreßbuch , 1924, part 2, p. 475.
  7. ^ A b c Kilian JL Steiner: The "Aryanization" of the radio stock company DS Loewe in Berlin-Steglitz . In: Christof Biggeleben u. a .: "Aryanization" in Berlin . Metropol Verlag, Berlin 2007, ISBN 978-3-938690-55-0 , p. 226.
  8. ↑ a b radiomuseum-bocket: The OE333 local receiver. Retrieved November 8, 2016 .
  9. ↑ a b radiomuseum.org: local receiver OE333. Retrieved January 28, 2016 .
  10. ↑ a b radiomuseum.org: Tube 3NF. Retrieved January 28, 2016 .
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  16. ↑ a b Last chance for Loewe . In: Handelsblatt . July 17, 2013, p. 1 .
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  28. ↑ Stargate Capital takes over Loewe , Handelsblatt, on March 21, 2014
  29. ↑ New hope for Loewe: financial investor takes over TV set manufacturer. In: Heise Online. March 22, 2014, accessed March 23, 2014 .
  30. ↑ Loewe finds new investor. In: Süddeutsche Zeitung. March 22, 2014, accessed March 23, 2014 .
  31. ↑ Andreas Wilkens: Loewe rescue in dry cloths. April 9, 2014, accessed April 9, 2014 .
  32. ↑ Public announcement to Munich District Court HRB 208170 In: Justice portal of the federal government and the states . April 8, 2014, accessed February 11, 2020.
  33. ↑ Public announcement to the district court of Coburg HRB 5443 In: Justice portal of the federal government and the states . April 2, 2014, accessed February 11, 2020.
  34. ↑ Roland Töpfer: Loewe: 2016 no profit yet. In: Nordbayerischer Kurier . Retrieved August 28, 2017 .
  35. ↑ TV manufacturer Loewe files for bankruptcy - Economy. In: fr.de. May 3, 2019, accessed May 3, 2019 .
  36. ↑ TV manufacturer Loewe closes operations , Bayerischer Rundfunk, June 25, 2019.
  37. ↑ Public announcement to the district court of Coburg HRB 5443 In: Justice portal of the federal government and the states . July 2, 2019, accessed February 11, 2020.
  38. ↑ Operation at insolvent TV manufacturer discontinued - At Loewe it is now over , Spiegel Online from July 1, 2019.
  39. ↑ New Hope for Loewe , Spiegel Online from July 7, 2019.
  40. ↑ Yannick Seiler, Roland Töpfer: Loewe production division is saved . In: New Press Coburg . December 4, 2019, p. 27 .
  41. ↑ Loewe trademark rights go to investor Skytec. In: Süddeutsche Zeitung . December 13, 2019, accessed December 14, 2019 .
  42. ↑ Public announcement to the district court Frankfurt am Main HRB 117013 In: Justice portal of the federal government and the states . January 14, 2020, accessed February 11, 2020.
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  44. ↑ Alno: Rumors are boiling , on finanzen.net, accessed on September 13, 2019
  45. ↑ Loewe. Retrieved October 9, 2017 . , on ifworlddesignguide.com
  46. ↑ Loewe bild 7 - Gold - Entertainment - German Design Award. Retrieved October 9, 2017 .