Mongolian script
Mongolian script | ||
---|---|---|
Font | alphabet | |
languages |
Mongolian Evenk |
|
inventor | Tatar Tonga | |
Emergence | 1208 | |
Usage time | til today | |
Used in |
Mongolia China |
|
Officially in | China | |
ancestry |
Aramaic script → Sogdian alphabet → Uighur script → Mongolian script |
|
Derived |
Manchurian script plain script Vaghintara script |
|
particularities | vertically from left to right | |
Unicode block | U + 1800 - U + 18AF | |
ISO 15924 | Mong | |
The Classical Mongolian script was the first of a whole series of Mongolian scripts developed or adapted for the Mongolian language . It is still used today, with minor changes, in Mongolia (again alongside the Cyrillic script since 1994 ) and in China to write Mongolian and Evenk . In China, the Mongolian script is widespread where Mongolian is the official language, i.e. in Inner Mongolia and in Fuxin , Harqin Left Wing , Gorlos in the front , in Dorbod , Subei , parts of Haixi and Henan and in Weichang . In addition, the Tôdô Biqig in Bayingolin , Bortala , Hoboksar and parts of Haixi is the official, official script of Western Mongolian .
The script, an alphabet , was created in 1208 by the Uighur writer Tatar-Tonga . He had been captured by the Mongols during a campaign against the Naimans and was then commissioned by Genghis Khan to define a script for the Mongolian language. To this end, he adapted the Uighur alphabet to the new requirements. This in turn came from the Aramaic script via the Sogdian alphabet . Its greatest peculiarity is the direction of writing, it runs vertically from top to bottom and column by column from left to right (all other vertical fonts go from right to left). The Uighurs had rotated their writing (right to left, lines from top to bottom) by 90 ° counterclockwise to make it more similar to the vertical Chinese spelling.
Characters
The individual characters take on different forms, depending on whether they have an initial, medial or final position in the word. In some cases there are additional graphic variants, the choice of which depends on the visual interaction with the respective subsequent characters.
The alphabet uses the same character for some vowel (o / u, ö / ü, finale a / e) and consonant pairs (t / d, k / g, sometimes ž / y) in the Mongolian language, which in Uighur not were distinguished. The result is roughly comparable to the situation in English, which has to represent 10 or more vowels with 5 characters and uses the digraph th for two different sounds. Nevertheless, real ambiguities occur relatively rarely, since the requirements of vowel harmony and syllable formation usually ensure a clear definition.
alphabet
Footnotes:
- ↑ Transliterated by consonant as i.
- ↑ Transliterated after vowel as yi, with rare exceptions like naim (eight) or Naiman .
- ↑ Sign for the beginning of a syllable (n- <vowel>).
- ↑ Sign for the end of a syllable (<vowel> -n).
-
↑ Examples: qa-γ-an (khan) becomes qaan . Some exceptions like tsa-g-aan (white) remain.
-
↑ Example: de-g-er is shortened to deer . Some exceptions like ügüi (no) remain.
- ↑ Transcribed foreign words are usually preceded by a vowel. Example: Transcribing Русь (Russia) results in Oros .
Unicode
1800 ᠀ Birga
|
1801 ᠁ ellipse
|
1802 ᠂ comma
|
1803 ᠃ Point
|
1804 ᠄ Semicolon
|
1805 ᠅ 4 points
|
1806 ᠆ hyphen
|
1807 ᠇ Syllable boundary
|
1808 ᠈ manch. comma
|
1809 ᠉ manch. Point
|
180A ᠊ Nirugu
|
180B ᠋
|
180C ᠌
|
180D ᠍
|
180E
|
|
1810 ᠐ 0
|
1811 ᠑ 1
|
1812 ᠒ 2
|
1813 ᠓ 3
|
1814 ᠔ 4th
|
1815 ᠕ 5
|
1816 ᠖ 6th
|
1817 ᠗ 7th
|
1818 ᠘ 8th
|
1819 ᠙ 9
|
||||||
1820 ᠠ A.
|
1821 ᠡ E.
|
1822 ᠢ I.
|
1823 ᠣ O
|
1824 ᠤ U
|
1825 ᠥ Oe
|
1826 ᠦ Ue
|
1827 ᠧ Ee
|
1828 ᠨ N / A
|
1829 ᠩ Ang
|
182A ᠪ Ba
|
182B ᠫ Pa
|
182C ᠬ Qa
|
182D ᠭ Ga
|
182E ᠮ Ma
|
182F ᠯ La
|
1830 ᠰ Sat
|
1831 ᠱ Sha
|
1832 ᠲ Ta
|
1833 ᠳ There
|
1834 ᠴ Cha
|
1835 ᠵ Yes
|
1836 ᠶ Ya
|
1837 ᠷ Ra
|
1838 ᠸ Wa
|
1839 ᠹ fa
|
183A ᠺ Ka
|
183B ᠻ Kha
|
183C ᠼ Tsa
|
183D ᠽ Za
|
183E ᠾ Haa
|
183F ᠿ Zra
|
1840 ᡀ Lha
|
1841 ᡁ Zhi
|
1842 ᡂ Chi
|
1843 ᡃ Todo long vowel
|
1844 ᡄ Todo E
|
1845 ᡅ Todo I
|
1846 ᡆ Todo O
|
1847 ᡇ Todo U
|
1848 ᡈ Todo Oe
|
1849 ᡉ Todo Ue
|
184A ᡊ Todo Ang
|
184B ᡋ Todo Ba
|
184C ᡌ Todo Pa
|
184D ᡍ Todo Qa
|
184E ᡎ Todo Ga
|
184F ᡏ Todo Ma
|
1850 ᡐ Todo Ta
|
1851 ᡑ Todo Da
|
1852 ᡒ Todo Cha
|
1853 ᡓ Todo yes
|
1854 ᡔ Todo Tsa
|
1855 ᡕ Todo Ya
|
1856 ᡖ Todo Wa
|
1857 ᡗ Todo Ka
|
1858 ᡘ Todo Gaa
|
1859 ᡙ Todo Haa
|
185A ᡚ Todo Jia
|
185B ᡛ Todo Nia
|
185C ᡜ Todo Dza
|
185D ᡝ Sibe E
|
185E ᡞ Sibe I
|
185F ᡟ Sibe Iy
|
1860 ᡠ Sibe Ue
|
1861 ᡡ Sibe U
|
1862 ᡢ Sibe Ang
|
1863 ᡣ Sibe Ka
|
1864 ᡤ Sibe Ga
|
1865 ᡥ Sibe Ha
|
1866 ᡦ Sibe Pa
|
1867 ᡧ Sibe Sha
|
1868 ᡨ Sibe Ta
|
1869 ᡩ Sibe Da
|
186A ᡪ Sibe yes
|
186B ᡫ Sibe Fa
|
186C ᡬ Sibe Gaa
|
186D ᡭ Sibe Haa
|
186E ᡮ Sibe Tsa
|
186F ᡯ Sibe Za
|
1870 ᡰ Sibe Raa
|
1871 ᡱ Sibe Cha
|
1872 ᡲ Sibe Zha
|
1873 ᡳ manch. I.
|
1874 ᡴ manch. Ka
|
1875 ᡵ manch. Ra
|
1876 ᡶ manch. fa
|
1877 ᡷ manch. Zha
|
||||||||
1880 ᢀ Ali Gali Anusvara One
|
1881 ᢁ Ali Gali Visarga One
|
1882 ᢂ Ali Gali Damaru
|
1883 ᢃ Ali Gali Ubadama
|
1884 ᢄ Ali Gali turned Ubadama
|
1885 ᢅ Ali Gali Baluda
|
1886 ᢆ Ali Gali 3 Baluda
|
1887 ᢇ Ali Gali A
|
1888 ᢈ Ali Gali I
|
1889 ᢉ Ali Gali Ka
|
188A ᢊ Ali Gali Nga
|
188B ᢋ Ali Gali Ca
|
188C ᢌ Ali Gali Tta
|
188D ᢍ Ali Gali Ttha
|
188E ᢎ Ali Gali Dda
|
188F ᢏ Ali Gali Nna
|
1890 ᢐ Ali Gali Ta
|
1891 ᢑ Ali Gali Da
|
1892 ᢒ Ali Gali Pa
|
1893 ᢓ Ali Gali Pha
|
1894 ᢔ Ali Gali Ssa
|
1895 ᢕ Ali Gali Zha
|
1896 ᢖ Ali Gali Za
|
1897 ᢗ Ali Gali Ah
|
1898 ᢘ Todo Ali Gali Ta
|
1899 ᢙ Todo Ali Gali Zha
|
189A ᢚ manch. Ali Gali Gha
|
189B ᢛ manch. Ali Gali Nga
|
189C ᢜ manch. Ali Gali Ca
|
189D ᢝ manch. Ali Gali Jha
|
189E ᢞ manch. Ali Gali Tta
|
189F ᢟ manch. Ali Gali Ddha
|
18A0 ᢠ manch. Ali Gali Ta
|
18A1 ᢡ manch. Ali Gali Dha
|
18A2 ᢢ manch. Ali Gali Ssa
|
18A3 ᢣ manch. Ali Gali Cya
|
18A4 ᢤ manch. Ali Gali Zha
|
18A5 ᢥ manch. Ali Gali Za
|
18A6 ᢦ Ali Gali Half U
|
18A7 ᢧ Ali Gali Half Ya
|
18A8 ᢨ manch. Ali Gali Bha
|
18A9 ᢩ Ali Gali Dagalga
|
18AA ᢪ manch. Ali Gali Lha
|
Examples
Different shapes
a / e | i | o / u | ö / ü |
Historical forms
Historical forms | Modern print | First word transliterated: | |||||||||||||||||||||
|
- Transliteration: Vikipediya. čilügetü nebterkei toli bičig bolai.
- Cyrillic: Википедиа, Чөлөөт Нэвтэрхий Толь Бичиг Болой.
- Transcription: wikipedia, tschölööt newterchii tolj bitschig boloi.
- Literally: Wikipedia, encyclopedia font is free.
- Translation: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Derived Scriptures
Galik script
- Main article: Galik script
In 1587 the translator and scholar Ayuusch Güüsch developed the Galik script ( Али-гали , Ali Gali ), inspired by the 3rd Dalai Lama , Sonam Gyatso . He added more characters to the Mongolian script primarily to translate religious texts from Sanskrit and Tibetan , and later also from Chinese . Some of these characters are still in use today to write loanwords and foreign language names (see the bottom section of the table above).
Clear font
- Main article: plain text
In 1648 the Oirat monk Zaja Pandit created this variant, with the aim of bringing the written language closer to the actual pronunciation, as well as facilitating the transcription of Tibetan and Sanskrit. The script was used by the Kalmyks in Russia until 1924, when it was replaced by the Cyrillic alphabet. In Xinjiang , China, it is still used by the Oirats today.
Vaghintara font
Another variant was developed in 1905 by the Buryat monk Agvan Dorzhiev (1850–1938). It should also clear up some ambiguities and allow writing in Russian in addition to Mongolian . The most significant change, however, was the elimination of the positional form variants of the characters. All characters were based on the medial form of the original Mongolian script.
Unicode
In the Unicode standard there is a separate Unicode block Mongolian . It includes letters, numbers and various punctuation marks for Mongolian, the clear script , Xibe and Manchurian , as well as extensions for the transcription of Sanskrit and Tibetan.
Scheme
Mongolian | IPA | SASM / GNC / SRC | |
---|---|---|---|
broad | strict | ||
ᠠ | a | a | |
ᠪ | p˭ | b | |
ᠼ | tsʰ | c | |
ᠳ᠊ ᠳ | t˭ | d | |
ᠡ | ə | e | |
ᠹ | f | f | |
ᠭ ᠭ | k˭ | G | |
ᠬ ᠬ | x | H | |
ᠢ | i | i | |
ᠵ | tʃ˭ | j | |
ᠺ | kʰ | k | |
ᠯ | l | l | |
ᠮ | m | m | |
ᠨ | n | n | |
ᠥ | O | O | |
ᠫ | pʰ | p | |
ᠴ | tʃʰ | q | |
ᠷ | r | r | |
ᠰ | s | s | |
ᠲ | tʰ | t | |
ᠦ | u | u | |
ᠸ | w | w | |
ᠱ | ʃ | x | |
ᠶ | j | y | |
ᠽ | ts˭ | z | |
ᠣ | ɔ | O | O |
ᠤ | ʊ | u | û |
Although the Mongolian script is listed in the standard, it is still a phonetic transcription based on the Qahar dialect . So z. B.ᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨᠬᠠᠳᠠ ᠬᠣᠲᠠnot transcribed as Ûlaganhada hôta , but rather Ûlaanhad hôt ( strict ) or Ulanhad hot ( broad ).
Although the standard recommends using strict transcription when transcribing place names and vagere ( broad ) transcription in general, strict transcription is rarely used in practice, e.g. B. Hohhot instead of actually Hohhôt . In some cases, the SASM / GNC / SRC transcription of Mongolian is even linked to the Hanyu pinyin , for example Huhhot or Huhehot .
literature
- Otgonbayar Chuluunbaatar: Introduction to the Mongolian Scriptures. Buske Verlag, Hamburg 2008, ISBN 978-3-87548-500-4 .
Web links
- Lingua Mongolia: Mongolian Alphabet (English, with tutorial)
Individual evidence
- ↑ Klemens Ludwig : Multi-ethnic China: the national minorities in the Middle Kingdom . Beck, Munich 2009, ISBN 978-3-406-59209-6 , pp. 129 .
- ^ Nicholas Poppe : Grammar of Written Mongolian. 3rd ed. University of Washington, 1974.
- ^ Otgonbayar Chuluunbaatar: Introduction to the Mongolian Scripts . Buske, Hamburg 2008, ISBN 978-3-87548-500-4 .