Otto von Bismarck in Bad Kissingen

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The article Otto von Bismarck in Bad Kissingen deals with the spa stays of Reich Chancellor Otto von Bismarck in Bad Kissingen , the major district town of the Lower Franconian district of Bad Kissingen in 1874 and in today's Bad Kissingen district of Hausen from 1876 to 1893.

Assassination attempt during Bismarck's spa stay in 1874

The assassination attempt on July 13, 1874
Memorial plaque in Bismarckstrasse in Bad Kissingen

During his spa stay in Bad Kissingen, Otto von Bismarck was accommodated in the house of Dr Diruf in what was then Saalestrasse (later Bismarckstrasse ). They had built a two-story house in the classical style. Today the Kissinger Hof is located in the property .

In front of this property, the journeyman cooper Eduard Kullmann carried out an assassination attempt on the Reich Chancellor on July 13, 1874 and fired two shots, which only resulted in a graze on Bismarck's hand. In a spontaneous speech to the spa guests, Bismarck explained that although the matter was not in line with the spa, the business brought it along with it. Kullmann's motive for the assassination attempt on Otto von Bismarck was his culture war against the Catholic Church. The scene of the assassination was subsequently graphically represented several times - allegedly according to eyewitnesses.

The same afternoon the Protestant pastor held a thanksgiving service for the survival of the Reich Chancellor; the Jewish community said a prayer of thanks in the synagogue. Due to a misunderstanding, a Catholic clergyman was wrongly suspected of having stopped Bismarck's carriage and thus made the assassination possible.

In contrast to the assassination attempt on Otto von Bismarck in Berlin on May 7th, 1866 by Ferdinand Cohen-Blind , the assassination attempt in Bad Kissingen sparked outrage in the bourgeoisie.

In 1874, sculptor Michael Arnold made a plaque out of Carraran marble . The plaque is on the wall of the former estate of Dr Diruf.

As a result of the attack, Röder's district official had to justify himself because of the apparently inadequate personal protection for Bismarck. The attack also meant that Bismarck no longer completed his future spa stays in Bad Kissingen, but in nearby Hausen (now part of Bad Kissingen).

At the age of six, the writer, diplomat and patron Harry Graf Kessler , who later attended a ceremony in honor of Bismarck in Hausen as a student in 1890, witnessed the assassination attempt. As early as 1870, his parents in Bad Ems witnessed the scene between the Prussian King Wilhelm I and the ambassador Vincent Benedetti , which led to the Ems dispatch and thus to the Franco-Prussian War of 1870/71.

Spa stays in Hausen (1874-1893)

The Upper Saline in Hausen
Otto von Bismarck with doctor Ernst Schweninger and Reich dog Tyras

Bismarck returns to Kissingen

After the attack, there were fears in Bad Kissingen that Bismarck would not return to Bad Kissingen. Bismarck returned in 1876, but from then on did his spa stays in the Upper Saline in what is now the Bad Kissingen district of Hausen . Bismarck consciously saw his return to Bad Kissingen as a gesture of reconciliation towards Bavaria, which he had defeated in the German War of 1866. The Chancellor maintained good contacts with the defeated King Ludwig II and granted him financial support; the king, in turn, provided the chancellor with the staff he needed to carry out official business.

Bismarck, suffering from overwork, started the cures on the urgent advice of his doctors in order to treat his nervous irritation, which caused, among other things, neuralgic facial pain as well as stomach and intestinal problems. To this end, he sought regularly near the Lower Saline located Salinenbad on where the specially for him Bismarck bathtub was installed. The Bismarck scales , housed in a pavilion, were built on the saltworks promenade , in which every spa guest could be weighed for a fee.

Bismarck's doctor Ernst Schweninger personally monitored the Chancellor's compliance with the spa cures and brought about a change in Bismarck's lifestyle with regard to diet, exercise, rest, work and sleep. Although Bismarck occasionally groaned about the tyranny of this “demon in a medical variety”, Bismarck told the Würzburg editor Anton Memminger on August 16, 1890 that Schweninger was “the only person in my life who has gained power over me and who I almost do be sure to obey. Oh, I am deeply indebted to the man ”. The next day, Bismarck said to representatives of the Kissinger guarantee: “Next to God I owe my good health and my health to my [personal physician] Schweninger and Kissingen”. Against great resistance, Bismarck helped Schweninger to become a professor for dermatology at the Berlin Charité in 1885 . In addition to Schweninger, Bismarck also consulted the Kissinger bath doctor Oskar von Diruf .

Self-portrait by Allers , 1894

Bismarck rarely visited downtown Kissingen and the spa facilities; Instead, he preferred the tranquility of the Hausener environment and went for walks in the nearby Altenburger Haus or the Kaskadental . For this purpose, the Bismarck footbridge across the Franconian Saale was built especially for Bismarck in 1876 . Two gendarmes guarded the jetty from the curious. According to local tradition, the footbridge was dismantled after each visit by Bismarck. In 1890 the photograph snapshot was taken by court photographer Fritz Schumann - in 1890 by the royal Siamese court photographer Fritz Schumann, who ran a photo studio on Bad Kissingen's Lindesmühlpromenade.

The illustrated book Unser Bismarck by the Hamburg draftsman Christian Wilhelm Allers was created in 1893 when he accompanied the Chancellor for several weeks on his cure. In addition to depictions of the Reich Chancellor, the illustrated book also includes depictions of the local course season in 1893 and everyday scenes in the city. Allers' illustrated book Bismarck in Friedrichsruh had already been created in 1892 .

As part of a commemoration held in Altenburg House on July 31, 1891 by several student bodies to commemorate the events of the German War of 1866, the students honored the Chancellor who was present with a performance of the song Die Wacht am Rhein . Writer, diplomat and patron Harry Graf Kessler , who witnessed the Kissingen assassination attempt on Bismarck at the age of six, was one of the participants in the ceremony as a student.

Security measures and infrastructure

Personal protection was tightened on precise instructions from the government of Lower Franconia and Aschaffenburg to the Kissingen district administrator. For example, the Obere Saline gendarmerie station was reinforced by a sergeant and two men. A telegraph station (which was removed in 1997) was added to the infrastructure, but no post office was added.

The British secret service, which suspected activities of the communist workers' education association in London, intercepted three letters from Kissingen that were posted in Colmar , according to a security report dated July 21, 1878 . The letters referred to Bismarck's return to Berlin and led the secret service to suspect an assassination attempt on Bismarck there. The name Gaydaburowitsch mentioned in the letter was described in the security report as "Gaetano Urschwitz or something similar", but it was not possible to determine who it was.

In 1881, the Bavarian State Ministry of the Interior suspected “international actions by the socialists” who were preparing plans for murder in London. Those involved in the crime from France and Italy should appear in Kissingen as "fine spa guests". The then District Administrator and Bath Commissioner Freiherr von Braun received instructions to prevent socialists from gathering and to monitor foreign guests more closely. District administrator von Braun personally checked the alien books for the purpose of possible attacks by Social Democrats; the Kissinger Kurliste was sent to Berlin daily for control.

On August 4, 1881, the Würzburger Journal published a sensational report about a suspicious person who was intercepted by the police. The next day Freiherr von Braun reported about a suspicious man who was carrying seven identification papers, beaten silver objects, a case for morphine injections and a knife. The gendarmerie was able to prevent an escape through the Franconian Saale . The man, who initially presented himself as a gold worker Schüller from Elberfeld , then as a waiter Langer from Evaň , was first taken to the local court prison and then to the regional court in Schweinfurt. Apparently he was not planning an assassination attempt on Bismarck, as he was not carrying any assault weapons and had not approached Bismarck, but rather wanted, according to the presumption of the police, to deliver the stolen silver things to a butcher with bad repute working in the Steinhof who acted as a fence.

In the same year there was a threatening letter with death threats against Bismarck because of "his miserable tyrant policy", whereupon the Chancellor, contrary to the official announcement, began his journey home not at Kissinger , but at Münnerstadt train station.

There was a breakdown in surveillance, as Bismarck's host Karl Streit reported in Christian Wilhelm Allers ' book Our Bismarck , when a Capuchin monk was able to enter the Upper Saline without being noticed . He had been able to enter the property unnoticed through a garden door and climbed a back staircase, where he found the Chancellor at work in his study. Bismarck dismissed the surprise guest with friendly words and a present.

The Bismarck apartment in the Upper Saline

Karl Streit
(drawing by Christian Wilhelm Allers )

The owner of the Upper Saline was its tenant, Karl Streit , who also took over the agricultural operation of the Upper Saline under his own responsibility. Before Bismarck's first spa stay in the Upper Saline , Streit set up the vacant rooms of the closed main salt office with antique furniture from his art collection. In keeping with contemporary tastes, the furniture came from the Renaissance and Baroque periods .

Karl Streit and Bismarck, who both came from agriculture, quickly became good friends. After each arrival in the Upper Saline , the Chancellor used to have a long discussion with a dispute about agriculture. According to an obituary in the local Saale newspaper , Bismarck is said to have appreciated the easy-going behavior.

Karl Streit developed into a notable art collector. In the Upper Saline , for example, he built a collection of at least twelve works by the then unknown sculptor Tilman Riemenschneider , which he sold again in 1890 for unknown reasons. In 1888, Streit published under the title »Tylmann Riemenschneider - 1460-1531 - Life and Works of Art of the Franconian Carver - With 93 illustrations by Karl Streit - Kgl. Oekonomierath zu Bad Kissingen, upper Saline « two book-like boxes with - but reversed - pictures of the Riemenschneider exhibits.

World politics

Despite numerous uses during his spa stays, Otto von Bismarck made world politics from the Upper Saline .

On June 15, 1877, Otto von Bismarck dictated the Kissinger dictation to his son Herbert von Bismarck in Bismarck's apartment , in which he laid out the foundations of his foreign policy.

With the aim of reconciliation with the Catholic Church after the Kulturkampf , he received Nuncio Gaetano Aloisi Masella in 1878 and Cardinal Edward Henry Howard in 1883 .

On August 14, 1880, in a meeting with the President of the Reich Chancellery Karl von Hofmann in the Upper Saline , Bismarck developed the basis for his social reform.

Bismarck in the picture

Otto von Bismarck was depicted several times during his spa stays in the Upper Saline .

In 1874 a lifelong friendship began between Bismarck and the painter Franz von Lenbach in the Upper Saline . Between 1878 and 1896 he made various portraits of the Chancellor in various poses, in uniform and in civilian clothes, and in most of the portraits he focused on Bismarck's face. Lenbach's Bismarck portraits are characterized by a chiaroscuro in oil, pastel or chalk.

Along with Lenbach, the Austro-Hungarian painter Josef Arpád Koppay was one of the few portrait painters who enjoyed Bismarck's trust. In 1888 a double portrait of the Reich Chancellor was created together with his son Herbert von Bismarck , which was particularly appreciated by Bismarck's wife Johanna von Puttkamer . In 1893 Koppay painted a Bismarck portrait showing the Reich Chancellor reading a newspaper in his study in the Upper Saline .

Court photographer Jacques Pilartz , who moved his studio to the Kissinger Rosengarten in the summer of 1875 , took, according to Hamburger Nachrichten , “the most beautiful pictures” on August 29, 1890, “that one has ever seen the prince”. In 1883 Pilartz made his first Bismarck photograph, which found the Chancellor's satisfaction, so that Pilartz von Bismarck received further commissions in the following years. Of Pilartz's Bismarck photographs, all of which were widely distributed in Germany, those from the August 1890 series were the most popular. These show a sovereign Chancellor shortly after his dismissal as Chancellor by Kaiser Wilhelm II.

In addition to portraits and photographs, a very popular Bismarck relief was created in 1893. Sculptor Adolf von Hildebrand made it in 1893 based on a model sketch he had made by the Chancellor during a visit to the Upper Saline . Adolf von Hildebrand used the relief in a medal in 1895 on the occasion of Bismarck's 80th birthday.

  • Franz von Lenbach (around 1880)

  • Official Bismarck photo taken by Jacques Pilartz on August 31, 1890

Bismarck honors in Bad Kissingen

Bismarck monument (photo from 2014)
Bismarck Tower

Bismarck Monument (1877)

In 1877, the Bismarck memorial designed by Heinrich Manger was built near the salt baths, which Bismarck often visited . The monument erected during the Chancellor's lifetime is the first Bismarck monument in Germany. Despite his numerous spa stays in Hausen, Bismarck is said to never have looked at the memorial because, as he himself put it in a speech in the Reichstag on November 28, 1881, "he was extremely embarrassed [...] with which face I should walk past my statue « . In addition, it bothers him "when I stand beside me as it were fossilized" .

Bismarckstrasse (1893)

When, after Bismarck's last spa stay in Hausen, it was foreseeable that Bismarck's health would not be followed by another spa stay, the city council of Bad Kissingen decided on August 10, 1893 to rename Saalestrasse to Bismarckstrasse . As the Bad Kissingen mayor Theobald von Fuchs emphasized, the street deserves a name after Bismarck, in which the Chancellor was saved from great danger in the 1874 assassination attempt.

Bismarck Tower (1914)

In 1914, construction of the Bismarck Tower according to plans by the architect Wilhelm Kreis began on the Bad Kissinger Sinnberg . The initiative to build the tower went back to the tower building association, chaired by the pharmacist Oscar Ihl; this association was in competition with the Wittelsbach association, which initiated the construction of the Wittelsbach tower on the Scheinberg in Arnshausen (now part of Bad Kissingen). Due to the First World War , the construction work was interrupted; further work took place in 1926-28.

Merchandising

Bismarck's spa stays local spa stays were also marketed through advertising in Bad Kissingen. For example, on August 15, 1897, the former gendarmerie sergeant Johann Michel, a member of Bismarck's bodyguard, received the approval to rename his Café Belvedere (today part of the Bad Kissinger Parkklinik Heiligenfeld ) to Café Fürst Bismarck . There are Bismarck rods - a biscuit pastry in the shape of the cane used by Bismarck in his walks - baked; after finding the recipe again, Bismarck sticks were sold again from 1998 . Otto von Bismarck is regularly one of the historical personalities of the Bad Kissingen Rákóczi festival portrayed by Bad Kissingen citizens .

literature

  • Werner Eberth : Bismarck and Bad Kissingen . Theresienbrunnen-Verlag, Bad Kissingen 1998
  • Werner Eberth: Contributions to the history of Hausen and Kleinbrach , Volume 2. Theresienbrunnen-Verlag, Bad Kissingen 2010, pp. 104–123
  • Werner Eberth: Michael Arnold. A sculptor of the late classicism . Theresienbrunnen-Verlag, Bad Kissingen 2001, p. 110
  • Still an advertising medium - Otto von Bismarck , in: Peter Ziegler: Prominence on promenade paths - emperors, kings, artists, spa guests in Bad Kissingen , Verlag Ferdinand Schöningh, 2004, ISBN 3-87717-809-X , pp. 114-122
  • Eyewitnesses Kissinger Bismarck worship , in: Peter Ziegler: Prominence on promenade paths - emperors, kings, artists, spa guests in Bad Kissingen , Verlag Ferdinand Schöningh, 2004, ISBN 3-87717-809-X , pp. 123-132
  • Sieglinde Seele : Lexicon of the Bismarck Monuments . Michael Imhof, Petersberg 2005, pp. 277-278
  • Birgit Schmalz, Helena Scharf: Bismarck in Bad Kissingen (= Bad Kissinger Museum Information Booklet 3). Verlag Stadt Bad Kissingen, Bad Kissingen 2011, ISBN 978-3-934912-11-3

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Werner Eberth : Bismarck and Bad Kissingen . Theresienbrunnen-Verlag, Bad Kissingen 1998, pp. 362-363
  2. ↑ Peter Ziegler: Prominence on promenade paths - emperors, kings, artists, spa guests in Bad Kissingen , Verlag Ferdinand Schöningh, 2004, ISBN 3-87717-809-X , pp. 114–122
  3. ^ Werner Eberth: Bismarck and Bad Kissingen . Theresienbrunnen-Verlag, Bad Kissingen 1998, pp. 364-375
  4. ^ Peter Ziegler: Prominence on promenade paths - emperors, kings, artists, spa guests in Bad Kissingen , Verlag Ferdinand Schöningh, 2004, ISBN 3-87717-809-X , pp. 115–117
  5. ↑ Birgit Schmalz, Helena Scharf: Bismarck in Bad Kissingen (= Bad Kissinger Museum Information Booklet 3). Verlag Stadt Bad Kissingen, Bad Kissingen 2011, ISBN 978-3-934912-11-3 , pp. 11-13
  6. ^ Werner Eberth: Bismarck and Bad Kissingen . Theresienbrunnen-Verlag, Bad Kissingen 1998, pp. 365-367
  7. ↑ a b c Werner Eberth: Bismarck and Bad Kissingen . Theresienbrunnen-Verlag, Bad Kissingen 1998, p. 371
  8. ^ Peter Ziegler: Celebrities on promenade paths - emperors, kings, artists, spa guests in Bad Kissingen , Verlag Ferdinand Schöningh, 2004, ISBN 3-87717-809-X , p. 116
  9. ^ Werner Eberth: Bismarck and Bad Kissingen . Theresienbrunnen-Verlag, Bad Kissingen 1998, p. 50
  10. ^ Werner Eberth: Bismarck and Bad Kissingen . Theresienbrunnen-Verlag, Bad Kissingen 1998, p. 375
  11. ^ Werner Eberth: Michael Arnold. A sculptor of the late classicism . Theresienbrunnen-Verlag, Bad Kissingen 2001, p. 110
  12. ^ Denis André Chevalley, Stefan Gerlach: City of Bad Kissingen (= Bavarian State Office for Monument Preservation [Hrsg.]: Monuments in Bavaria . Volume VI.75 / 2 ). Karl M. Lipp Verlag, Munich 1998, ISBN 3-87490-577-2 , p. 29 .
  13. ↑ a b Peter Ziegler: Prominence on promenade paths - emperors, kings, artists, spa guests in Bad Kissingen , Verlag Ferdinand Schöningh, 2004, ISBN 3-87717-809-X , pp. 123-132
  14. ^ Werner Eberth: Bismarck and Bad Kissingen . Theresienbrunnen-Verlag, Bad Kissingen 1998, pp. 376-398
  15. ↑ a b Werner Eberth: Contributions to the history of Hausen and Kleinbrach , Volume 2. Theresienbrunnen-Verlag, Bad Kissingen 2010, pp. 104-105
  16. ^ Werner Eberth: Contributions to the history of Hausen and Kleinbrach , Volume 2. Theresienbrunnen-Verlag, Bad Kissingen 2010, pp. 105-107
  17. ↑ Birgit Schmalz, Helena Scharf: Bismarck in Bad Kissingen (= Bad Kissinger Museum Information Booklet 3). Verlag Stadt Bad Kissingen, Bad Kissingen 2011, ISBN 978-3-934912-11-3 , pp. 7-10
  18. ↑ a b Werner Eberth: Bismarck and Bad Kissingen . Theresienbrunnen-Verlag, Bad Kissingen 1998, p. 386
  19. ^ Werner Eberth: Contributions to the history of Hausen and Kleinbrach , Volume 2. Theresienbrunnen-Verlag, Bad Kissingen 2010, pp. 114–115
  20. ↑ a b Werner Eberth: Contributions to the history of Hausen and Kleinbrach , volume 2. Theresienbrunnen-Verlag, Bad Kissingen 2010, p. 115
  21. ^ Werner Eberth: Contributions to the history of Hausen and Kleinbrach , Volume 3. Theresienbrunnen-Verlag, Bad Kissingen 2010, pp. 95-100
  22. ^ Werner Eberth: Contributions to the history of Hausen and Kleinbrach , Volume 3. Theresienbrunnen-Verlag, Bad Kissingen 2010, pp. 98–99
  23. ^ Werner Eberth: Contributions to the history of Hausen and Kleinbrach , Volume 3. Theresienbrunnen-Verlag, Bad Kissingen 2010, p. 96
  24. ^ Werner Eberth: Bismarck and Bad Kissingen . Theresienbrunnen-Verlag, Bad Kissingen 1998, pp. 305-318
  25. ^ Werner Eberth: Bismarck and Bad Kissingen . Theresienbrunnen-Verlag, Bad Kissingen 1998, pp. 376-380
  26. ^ Werner Eberth: Bismarck and Bad Kissingen . Theresienbrunnen-Verlag, Bad Kissingen 1998, p. 378
  27. ^ Werner Eberth: Bismarck and Bad Kissingen . Theresienbrunnen-Verlag, Bad Kissingen 1998, p. 379
  28. ^ Werner Eberth: Bismarck and Bad Kissingen . Theresienbrunnen-Verlag, Bad Kissingen 1998, pp. 378-379
  29. ^ Werner Eberth: Bismarck and Bad Kissingen . Theresienbrunnen-Verlag, Bad Kissingen 1998, pp. 108-109
  30. ^ Werner Eberth: Bismarck and Bad Kissingen . Theresienbrunnen-Verlag, Bad Kissingen 1998, p. 382
  31. ^ Werner Eberth: Bismarck and Bad Kissingen . Theresienbrunnen-Verlag, Bad Kissingen 1998, pp. 382-384
  32. ^ Werner Eberth: Bismarck and Bad Kissingen . Theresienbrunnen-Verlag, Bad Kissingen 1998, pp. 384-385
  33. ^ Werner Eberth: Bismarck and Bad Kissingen . Theresienbrunnen-Verlag, Bad Kissingen 1998, p. 385
  34. ^ Werner Eberth: Bismarck and Bad Kissingen . Theresienbrunnen-Verlag, Bad Kissingen 1998, p. 380
  35. ^ Werner Eberth: Contributions to the history of Hausen and Kleinbrach , Volume 2. Theresienbrunnen-Verlag, Bad Kissingen 2010, pp. 147–154
  36. ↑ Birgit Schmalz, Helena Scharf: Bismarck in Bad Kissingen (= Bad Kissinger Museum Information Booklet 3). Verlag Stadt Bad Kissingen, Bad Kissingen 2011, ISBN 978-3-934912-11-3 , pp. 4–5
  37. ^ Werner Eberth: Contributions to the history of Hausen and Kleinbrach , Volume 2. Theresienbrunnen-Verlag, Bad Kissingen 2010, p. 148
  38. ^ Werner Eberth: Contributions to the history of Hausen and Kleinbrach , Volume 2. Theresienbrunnen-Verlag, Bad Kissingen 2010, pp. 149–151
  39. ^ Werner Eberth: Contributions to the history of Hausen and Kleinbrach , Volume 2. Theresienbrunnen-Verlag, Bad Kissingen 2010, p. 149
  40. ^ Werner Eberth: Contributions to the history of Hausen and Kleinbrach , Volume 2. Theresienbrunnen-Verlag, Bad Kissingen 2010, pp. 151–152
  41. ^ A b Werner Eberth: Contributions to the history of Hausen and Kleinbrach , Volume 2. Theresienbrunnen-Verlag, Bad Kissingen 2010, pp. 152–153
  42. ↑ Birgit Schmalz, Helena Scharf: Bismarck in Bad Kissingen (= Bad Kissinger Museum Information Booklet 3). Verlag Stadt Bad Kissingen, Bad Kissingen 2011, ISBN 978-3-934912-11-3 , pp. 14-20
  43. ↑ Birgit Schmalz, Helena Scharf: Bismarck in Bad Kissingen (= Bad Kissinger Museum Information Booklet 3). Verlag Stadt Bad Kissingen, Bad Kissingen 2011, ISBN 978-3-934912-11-3 , p. 17
  44. ^ Werner Eberth: Bismarck and Bad Kissingen . Theresienbrunnen-Verlag, Bad Kissingen 1998, pp. 372-373
  45. ↑ Birgit Schmalz, Helena Scharf: Bismarck in Bad Kissingen (= Bad Kissinger Museum Information Booklet 3). Verlag Stadt Bad Kissingen, Bad Kissingen 2011, ISBN 978-3-934912-11-3 , pp. 19-20
  46. ↑ Birgit Schmalz, Helena Scharf: Bismarck in Bad Kissingen (= Bad Kissinger Museum Information Booklet 3). Verlag Stadt Bad Kissingen, Bad Kissingen 2011, ISBN 978-3-934912-11-3 , pp. 29–31
  47. ↑ Birgit Schmalz, Helena Scharf: Bismarck in Bad Kissingen (= Bad Kissinger Museum Information Booklet 3). Verlag Stadt Bad Kissingen, Bad Kissingen 2011, ISBN 978-3-934912-11-3 , p. 29
  48. ↑ a b Birgit Schmalz, Helena Scharf: Bismarck in Bad Kissingen (= Bad Kissinger Museum Information Booklet 3). Verlag Stadt Bad Kissingen, Bad Kissingen 2011, ISBN 978-3-934912-11-3 , p. 30
  49. ↑ Birgit Schmalz, Helena Scharf: Bismarck in Bad Kissingen (= Bad Kissinger Museum Information Booklet 3). Verlag Stadt Bad Kissingen, Bad Kissingen 2011, ISBN 978-3-934912-11-3 , p. 31
  50. ↑ Werner Eberth: Contributions to the history of Hausen and Kleinbrach , Volume 2. Theresienbrunnen-Verlag, Bad Kissingen 2009, pp. 122–123
  51. ^ Werner Eberth: Bismarck and Bad Kissingen . Theresienbrunnen-Verlag, Bad Kissingen 1998, pp. 324–337
  52. ^ Denis André Chevalley, Stefan Gerlach: City of Bad Kissingen (= Bavarian State Office for Monument Preservation [Hrsg.]: Monuments in Bavaria . Volume VI.75 / 2 ). Karl M. Lipp Verlag, Munich 1998, ISBN 3-87490-577-2 , p. 140-141 .
  53. ↑ Sieglinde Seele : Lexicon of Bismarck Monuments . Michael Imhof, Petersberg 2005, pp. 277-278
  54. ↑ Birgit Schmalz, Helena Scharf: Bismarck in Bad Kissingen (= Bad Kissinger Museum Information Booklet 3). Verlag Stadt Bad Kissingen, Bad Kissingen 2011, ISBN 978-3-934912-11-3 , p. 23
  55. ↑ a b c Werner Eberth: Bismarck and Bad Kissingen . Theresienbrunnen-Verlag, Bad Kissingen 1998, pp. 340-344
  56. ^ A b Denis André Chevalley, Stefan Gerlach: City of Bad Kissingen (= Bavarian State Office for the Preservation of Monuments [ed.]: Monuments in Bavaria . Volume VI.75 / 2 ). Karl M. Lipp Verlag, Munich 1998, ISBN 3-87490-577-2 , p. 110 .
  57. ↑ Birgit Schmalz, Helena Scharf: Bismarck in Bad Kissingen (= Bad Kissinger Museum Information Booklet 3). Verlag Stadt Bad Kissingen, Bad Kissingen 2011, ISBN 978-3-934912-11-3 , pp. 24-25
  58. ^ Werner Eberth: Bismarck and Bad Kissingen . Theresienbrunnen-Verlag, Bad Kissingen 1998, p. 344
  59. ^ Werner Eberth: Bismarck and Bad Kissingen . Theresienbrunnen-Verlag, Bad Kissingen 1998, pp. 344-345
  60. ^ Werner Eberth: Bismarck and Bad Kissingen . Theresienbrunnen-Verlag, Bad Kissingen 1998, pp. 354-356
  61. ^ Werner Eberth: Bismarck and Bad Kissingen . Theresienbrunnen-Verlag, Bad Kissingen 1998, p. 354
  62. ^ Werner Eberth: Bismarck and Bad Kissingen . Theresienbrunnen-Verlag, Bad Kissingen 1998, pp. 354-355
  63. ^ Werner Eberth: Bismarck and Bad Kissingen . Theresienbrunnen-Verlag, Bad Kissingen 1998, pp. 355-356
  64. ↑ Official website of the Rakoczy Festival