Moszinska Palace
The Palais Moszinska (also Palais Moszyńska or Palais Mosczinska ) in Dresden was a baroque palace in front of the Seetor south of the Dohnaischer Schlag, between Bürgerwiese and Sidonienstraße, designed by Julius Heinrich Schwarze in 1742-44 for the illegitimate daughter of August the Strong and Constantia von Cosel , Countess Friederike Alexandrine Moszyńska (1709–1784), widow of Count Moszyński , who died in 1737 . The palace had a magnificent, large rococo-style garden .
When the Seervorstadt was laid out after 1835, the garden of the palace was parceled out first; In 1871 the building, which after the Countess's death, was first used as a military hospital and later by the Prussian embassy, was demolished. In its place was later closed residential buildings around today's Lindengasse.
description
Palace
The building with eleven to five window axes was two stories high and rested on a high plinth , the basement. The ground floor was clearly highlighted by its height and the ashlar plaster . In contrast, the upper floor was significantly lower; above it was a mansard roof .
The facade facing the courtyard was divided in the middle by a three-axis central riser . The sides of the building were accented with uniaxial pavilions . A double-flight, curved staircase with a wrought-iron grille and artificial rock had been laid in front of the entrance area. The sculptural decoration of the facades was used very cautiously, so in niches of the corner pavilions on the ground floor there was a figure, Pan in the east and a female figure in the west. The gable tops above the central axis and the two pavilions, on the other hand, were magnificent. Above the main entrance there was a mighty cartouche with the coat of arms of Countess Moszinska, surrounded by putti with garlands of flowers. The gables of the corner pavilions, on the other hand, showed a sphinx with a putto and garlands of flowers. On the garden side there were vases above the pavilions and a phoenix and a putto on each side of the vases. The ground plan of the building facing the garden was shaped by the oval central hall, which occupied both floors and protruded convexly from the facade. In front of this there was an outside staircase, which, like the ballroom, was oval in shape and decorated with statues.
Entering the palace through the entrance on the courtyard side, one came into an antechamber from which access to the two-storey ballroom was possible. As in the example of Vaux-le-Vicomte, the oval hall lay exactly in the center axis of the complex. On the right side of the hall was the dining room, behind it the cloakroom. On the left was the staircase leading to the upper floor and presumably more living rooms and bedrooms. To the right of the ballroom was a complete apartment. The left side was designed symmetrically to it. Two rectangular, three-branched rooms symmetrically delimited the ballroom and formed the connections to the adjoining corner rooms, which were located behind the single-axis side pavilions on the garden side.
All walls of the vestibules were structured by profiled frames in rocaille ornamentation . The design of the ballroom followed directly from the Hôtel de Soubise, which Germain Boffrand had redesigned from 1735 to 1740 . The wall fields between the arched doors and windows on the ground floor were designed as pilasters , the frames of which ended in rocaille shapes above and below.
garden
The site of the palace was on the site of what would later become the Seervorstadt , which was only built up in a disjointed manner until the 19th century. "The land was mostly used by large gardens that belonged to members of the nobility". The garden was located between Bürgerwiese and Sidonienstraße, was 380 m long and 140 m wide. It was one of the most important in Dresden, right after the Turkish Garden , the Great Garden and the Brühl Garden . When designing and designing the same, Schwarze oriented himself to Knöffel and designed the garden as a French complex with broderie and lawn parterres . At the end of the main axis leading to the Bürgerwiese, opposite the Dohnaischer Schlag , there was a point de vue consisting of the fountain system , water arts, grottos , nails, swings and other playgrounds.
Many statues were created by Lorenzo Mattielli . Schwarze designed a fountain decoration with a final nailwork. The fountain was adorned by a central group, which probably represented the birth of Venus or Poseidon with Amphitrite . The middle group was decorated on the side by further groups of figures. Each time a nymph was seen riding a dolphin .
The garden was one of the most important in Dresden due to its rich furnishings with grottos , statues , carousels and pavilions .
History of the house and garden
prehistory
As early as the 17th century, there was a larger garden at the place where Countess Moszinska had Julius Heinrich Schwarze build a palace and garden from 1742 onwards. The electoral Saxon chief builder Wolf Caspar von Klengel had acquired two plots of land on the Bürgerwiese in 1684 and 1687 from Countess and Count von Wrschowitz. Hans August Nienborg's mapping of the Dresden suburbs from 1706 shows the property as a baroque garden plot with avenues, a large and a small fountain. In the lower left corner of the illustration - south is at the top, that is, the Bürgerwiese runs along the lower edge of the facility - there is a pleasure garden , and right next to the Bürgerwiese is a house with a shed and stable. The illustration of the building shows a relatively large half-timbered house. The garden was used, among other things, for parties and receptions, also in the presence of the elector.
In stadtwärtiger direction adjacent to the garden plot was a Vorwerk with house, yard, garden, field and meadow. Among other things, poultry was kept there, but grain was also stored. This property was bought in 1703 by the chamberlain Johann Adolph von Haugwitz, husband Sophia Eleonora von Klengels and thus the son-in-law of the master builder who died in 1691, in addition to the garden.
Countess Moszinska acquired in April 1742 from Sophia Eleonora von Klengel, in her second marriage Baroness von Seyffertitz, the garden and the Vorwerk "with all the pleasure, residential and other buildings belonging to the Garthen, garden plants, both of which were Röhrn-Waters, and other related items, in particular with the orangery and other inventory items named in the Specification sub A. signed by Ms. Sellers, but the foreground with all buildings, gardens, including earth, wall, low and nail festivals is […] in lump sum and sheet […] before eight toes thousand five hundred thalers. ” After receiving the 18,500 thalers, the garden and Vorwerk were to be handed over, whereby Countess Moszinska undertook to provide the furniture, including the bed frame and bed, tables, chairs and canapés handed over to Frau von Seyffertitz.
The new owner expanded the site by purchasing additional land and on June 2, 1742, asked the city council for permission to knock two gates into the wall around the Bürgerwiese at the Dohnaischer Schlag (a customs post in front of the Bürgerwiese) in order to create a driveway to be able to create the Kaitzbach to their property. The linden trees planted by Klengel should also be removed. The council had no objection and approved the half-sister of the Saxon elector and Polish king for this construction work.
Oberlandbaumeister Julius Heinrich Schwarze was commissioned to build a representative house for the countess. The construction work lasted from 1742 to 1744 and the result is a typical example of the Saxon Rococo and "one of the most perfect creations of elegant housing in the city."
Court celebrations
The inauguration ceremony took place on May 19, 1744, of course in the presence of the royal court. In the same year the countess held a number of large celebrations. She stayed in the palace for the rest of the year and gave balls and supper every Monday and Thursday . Even in later years the palace and the magnificent garden were the scene of frequent celebrations. Various playgrounds had been created in the garden, so that ring races with triumphal chariots and music bands could take place there, but also other games of skill to amuse court society such as Trou-Madame , a game with skittles and balls for the ladies, or Jeu de corbeille , probably one early form of today's basketball. The royal highnesses and other people from the stand were often guests to enjoy a delicious meal in the garden after the games. Then fireworks or a “night shooting” were staged, all with the magnificent illumination of the garden. The Prince Elector couple Maria Antonia and Friedrich Christian were particularly happy to be guests.
During the Seven Years' War the area around Dresden was occupied several times by Prussian troops. The Prussian king took over the palace as his quarters in 1756 and 1759. In May 1761, Prince Albert , who later founded the Albertina in Vienna, stayed in the garden . The gardens in particular suffered damage as a result of the various parties being used. For example, the Prussians had built a battery here for the fight against the imperial troops stationed in Dresden and shelled the city.
After the necessary repair work, the countess was able to resume her hospitality in 1764. In addition, the garden seems to have been freely accessible since the 1770s at the latest. Benjamin Gottfried Weinart reports : "This beautiful garden is open to everyone for pleasure, and it is undoubtedly the most visited promenade of Dresden's beau monde."
After the death of Countess Moszinska: sale and further use
After the countess's death - she died in December 1784 - her two sons August Friedrich († 1786) and Friedrich Joseph Kantius inherited in equal parts, the responsibility for the property and the eventual sale was transferred to the younger brother Friedrich Josef. In 1793 he became the sole owner of the palace and garden through compensation from his nephew Johann Nepomuc . On December 30, 1794, however, he exchanged his property for an estate owned by Count Paul Xaverius Brostowsky. For legal reasons - the Polish Count was not allowed to take possession of the property in Saxony - Moscinsky kept it in trust and sold it in 1795 for the Count's account to Friederike Elisabeth von Nicklewitz and Appellate Councilor Hanns Rudolf Wilhelm von Minckwitz. In 1801 the two new owners shared the property: Elisabeth von Nicklewitz received the Vorwerk and a piece of forest in the northwestern part of the property, Minckwitz kept the palace, including the garden and all the buildings in it. At that time, the garden was still used for walks, as Friedrich Gottlob Leonhardi described it in 1803 as a pleasant place with arcades made of linden and beech trees on a proud avenue of linden trees.
“By the way, beautiful groups in sandstone weather here, mostly from Mattielli; the fountains have dried up, and the cascade of the English water piece no longer dances in light lines over the steps down through a boulingrin which lies in the middle of a gentle rise surrounded by trees. But linnets still enliven the wood, and the graceful surrounding area looks in friendly through the openings in the wall. A well-equipped dairy farm is operated in the Vorwerk located there. "
After some back and forth, the Minckwitz part of the property - the palace, the pleasure garden and all the buildings on the Bürgerwiese - was sold to the city judge Christian Friedrich Georgi in March 1805 . At that time, many parts of the once splendid furnishings must have been preserved. In 1811 Georgi sold the palace, including a third of the site, to the Saxon state in order to set up a military hospital, at a price that was half the amount he had paid six years earlier. During the Wars of Liberation in 1813, Napoleon's military erected a redoubt in the garden, which on August 26th of that year was the scene of heavy fighting between Austrian and French troops, and the garden was transformed into a battlefield. The palace continued to serve as a military hospital until 1837.
About a year after Georgi's death, his brother-in-law Frédéric de Villers bought the remaining two-thirds of the property from the inheritance in 1826. He let the young architect Woldemar Hermann expand and convert the existing commercial and residential buildings on the Bürgerwiese. The garden plot of the Moszinska Palais behind it remained untouched for the time being. In a letter to the city council in 1834, Villers described in detail the size of the garden, the type of planting, the number of orchards and greenhouses. At that time, the property was still surrounded by high walls that were interrupted to provide views (so-called " Ahaz ").
Parceling out the garden and demolishing the palace (1838–1872)
In 1838 the Palais building was sold for 16,500 thalers to the potter Christian Gottlieb Messerschmidt, who set up a pottery factory here, which soon went bankrupt. Chamberlain Hanns Friedrich Curt von Lüttichau acquired the house and the part of the garden surrounding the house. Later it was the seat of the Royal Prussian Legation for a long time .
In 1838, the parceling of the rest of the garden area began and the construction of the Lindengasse, which still exists today and roughly follows the course of the main axis of the Palais-Garten, at the corner of the Bürgerwiese Woldemar Hermann für Villers, a classicist house with a structural connection to the existing ones Buildings erected. The other plots along the garden front to the Bürgerwiese and along the new Lindengasse were also sold. Many noteworthy buildings were erected there, such as the Seebach House or the very large corner house on Lüttichaustraße that Princess Pückler lived in in the 1840s (also this on the former site of the palace). In these years the Bürgerwiese became the promenade for the upper class of Dresden.
Further streets were laid out on the property of the Palaisgarten as well as on the directly adjacent land of the Mosczinsky Vorwerk, such as Moszinskystrasse and Struwestrasse. The English Quarter was created in the eastern Seevorstadt, which was built up to Lindengasse in closed rental development, east of it, especially along Parkstraße, in open villa development.
Art historical significance
The Palais Moszinska is considered the main work of Julius Heinrich Schwarzes. In terms of “size, layout and furnishings, it represented the type of the intimate French hotel ”, the floor plan being “closely related to the Vaux-le-Vicomte castle built by Louis Le Vau ”. The furnishings were based on the example of the “ Hôtel de Soubise ”. The French aristocracy rejected representative palace buildings after the death of Roi-Soleil and, since 1715, wanted the architecture of the French city palace (French hotel ). However, the hotel style was only able to develop further in Dresden after the death of August the Strong , when Heinrich von Brühl took over the affairs of government. It is “remarkable how quickly Dresden architecture took up the new forms and developed them further”, with Schwarze being the first to incorporate Rococo elements into his buildings. The building became a model for other buildings in Dresden, such as the Palais Brühl-Marcolini . "So it was not surprising that after 1743 Knöffel submitted a design for ... [the Palais Brühl-Marcolini] with an oval central space, related to the recently completed Mosczynska-Palais Schwarzes". The rococo-classicist Palais Boxberg copied the facade of the palace on the garden side and "repeated with its bulging, three-storey, three-axis central projection and the culminating, curved gable ... [the] garden front of the Palais Mosczynska". The garden facade was also copied for the Hubertusburg hunting lodge and for the facade plan for Friedrichsstadt from 1745.
Web links
literature
sorted alphabetically by author
- Barbara Bechter: The Countess Moszinska palace and garden in front of the Dohnaischer Schlage. In: Dresdner Geschichtsbuch 9. Altenburg 2003, pp. 29–52.
- Barbara Bechter, Henning Prinz: "The Countess Moszinska Garden ... is rightly one of the beautiful and charming gardens of this residence" . In: Die Gartenkunst 15 (1/2003), pp. 85–120.
- Fritz Löffler : The old Dresden - history of its buildings . E. A. Seemann, Leipzig 1981, ISBN 3-363-00007-3 , p. 85, 120, 241, 244, 246, 247, 249, 261 (image no. 293, 319 and 320).
Individual evidence
- ↑ Löffler, p. 241 image no. 293 (The floor plan of the Moszczinska Palace), p. 246, p. 261, image no. 319 (The Palais Moszinska, view towards the street, most recently Mosczinskystraße 5), p. 262 image no. 320 (The Palais Moszinska, fountain decoration with final nails)
- ↑ a b c d e f Barbara Bechter: "The Countess Moszinska Palace and garden in front of the Dohnaischer Schlage." In: Dresdner Geschichtsbuch 9. Altenburg 2003, pages 29–52.
- ↑ a b Waltraut Volk: Dresden. Historic streets and squares today . Verlag für Bauwesen, Berlin 1976, p. 34.
- ↑ a b c d e Löffler, p. 247
- ^ From the sales contract of 1742, quoted in Bechter, p. 31.
- ↑ Bechter, p. 34
- ↑ Bechter, p. 44 ff
- ^ Reiner Gross: History of the City of Dresden. Volume 2, Dresden 2006. Page 53 f.
- ↑ Cornelius Gurlitt: Descriptive representation of the older architectural and art monuments of the Kingdom of Saxony. Dresden 1903, page 530 f.
- ^ Benjamin Gottfried Weinart: Topographical history of the city of Dresden. Dresden 1777, page 339.
- ↑ a b Bechter, p. 47
- ↑ a b Bechter, p. 48
- ^ Friedrich Gottlob Leonhardi: Earth description of the electoral and ducal Saxon lands. Volume 2. Leipzig 1803, page 204 f.
- ^ A b c Hans Stegmann: Frédéric de Villers and his master builder Woldemar Hermann. in: Dresden history sheets. 37th year 1929, pages 33 ff.
- ↑ Bechter, p. 48.
- ↑ Löffler, p. 246
- ↑ a b Löffler, p. 241 image no. 293 (The floor plan of the Mosczynska Palace)
- ↑ Löffler, p. 244
- ↑ Löffler, p. 249
Coordinates: 51 ° 2 ′ 25.9 ″ N , 13 ° 44 ′ 20 ″ E