Pauridia

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Pauridia
Pauridia aquatica

Pauridia aquatica

Systematics
Subdivision : Seed plants (Spermatophytina)
Class : Bedecktsamer (Magnoliopsida)
Monocots
Order : Asparagales (Asparagales)
Family : Hypoxidaceae
Genre : Pauridia
Scientific name
Pauridia
Harv.

Pauridia is a genus of plants withinthe Hypoxidaceae family . The approximately 34 species occur in southern Africa and Australia.

Description and ecology

Appearance, roots and leaves

The Pauridia species grow as perennial, herbaceous plants that are usually relatively low and rarely reach heights of 50 centimeters. They form subterranean, thickened shoot axes , as persistence organs, which are newly formed annually in each growing season and mostly the pieces of the shoot axes of the last or several growing seasons remain one above the other. Only with Spiloxene alba and Spiloxene aquatica is it different, their shoot axes grow in a largely horizontal direction. Since the covers of the subterranean shoot axes are very different, they serve to group the species; they can be thin and membranous or fibrous, these fibers can be branched and form a fine-meshed network around the stem axis or they can be hard and straight and resemble teeth on the stem axis.

All Pauridia species have contractile roots for some time during their development, with which they can regulate the height in the ground for optimal growth. There is a specialty with Pauridia ovata and Pauridia gracilipes , with them the roots wind around the subterranean shoot axes, are preserved for over a year and thus form a "coiled rhizome"; This not geotropic growth was rare in geophytes reported and appears only in South African Pauridia occur.

These are geophytes in which the leaves dry up during the dry season and fresh leaves sprout again in the rainy season, which are often also present during the flowering period. Pauridia species are green in the South African winter. In late South African autumn, new leaves begin to sprout. Several (up to twelve) leaves are only arranged more or less in three lines at the base. Leaf sheaths are formed. The simple leaf blades are lanceolate to cylindrical or linear. Unlike their closest relatives of the genera Hypoxis and Rhodohypoxis , leaf surfaces are bare; only in a few species has the smooth leaf edge inconspicuous, short-branched hairs ( trichomes ). There is parallel nerve. A specialty occurs in the Spiloxene aquatica , which thrives in periodic standing waters , its hollow leaves are largely filled with air spaces.

Inflorescences, flowers and pollination

There is a leafless, slender, short to long inflorescence stem that can be underground in some species. Depending on the species, there are usually one or two, rarely up to seven flowers in a dold-like inflorescence . The flowers stand over one or two, linear or foliage-like, often inconspicuous bracts . The thin flower stalks are usually long, rarely reduced.

The hermaphrodite flowers are usually radial symmetry and threefold. The usually six equally shaped bracts are free, narrowly egg-shaped and always star-shaped (hence their common names in their home regions cape star, golden star (English), sterretjie (afrikaans)) and spread out to arched back. There are rarely only five or four bracts. The color of the bracts is usually golden yellow to light yellow on the inner surface, some species are white or pink. In some species ( Pauridia capensis , Pauridia canaliculata ) the bracts have red or green stripes on the outside or, most often, they are unicoloured reddish-pink or green on the outside. Some species have dark spots (honeydew marks) at the base of the bracts; in Pauridia capensis the spots are mostly blackish or rarely iridescent blue-green and in Pauridia canaliculata they are deep, matt purple. There are two circles with three identical stamens each. Rarely only five, four or two stamens are present. The short stamens are almost upright and free from each other. The anthers protrude from the flower envelope. Three carpels are dreikammerigen to a usually rare one- or two-chamber under constant ovary grown. Each ovary chamber contains many ovules . The short style ends with a three-lobed scar inside and on the edge papillous is.

The flowering time is mainly in the spring of the southern hemisphere. Since the flowers don't all open at the same time, the flowering period will take a month or more. When the weather is cold and damp, the flowers often remain closed for a few days until it is sunny again. Even on warm days, the flowers only open for a few hours, usually between 11 a.m. and 4 p.m. As with all Hypoxidaceae, the flowers of Pauridia do not contain nectaries, so the only reward for flower visitors is pollen. The open flowers with their widely protruding anthers attract pollen-collecting insects that do not have specialized storage facilities. The main pollinators are bees. The dark honeymarks of Pauridia capensis and Pauridia canaliculata attract pollen-eating beetles ( Hopliini , Melolonthinae , Scarabaeidae ), which do not contribute significantly to pollination. However, since only pollen is available as a reward, the flowers, which only open in good weather, ensure that the non-renewable pollen is retained for longer for the pollinators.

Fruits and seeds

The capsule fruits open when they fall off the withered inflorescence. When they are shaken, they release their seeds directly on the ground, and from there the seeds can be washed away by water to other places. With a length of 0.4 to 1.0 mm, the mostly relatively small, almost spherical, rarely J-shaped seeds have a clearly tiny warty sculpted, brittle, dark brown to black, shiny seed coat and conspicuous raphe and hilum.

Occurrence

The genus Pauridia is widespread in southern Africa . About 16 species are elements of the Capensis . About eight species occur in the Western Cape , around eight species in the North Cape and three species in the Eastern Cape . Only one species is native to Namibia . Four types are common in Australia.

Most species thrive in areas with winter rain or year-round rainfall in southern Africa . Their occurrences range from coastal areas to higher altitudes in the Cape Fold Mountains. Habitats are mostly perennial wetlands on still and flowing waters or damp rock bands.

Many Pauridia species are on the "Red List of South African Plants".

Systematics

Pauridia is a genus within the Hypoxidaceae family and was formerly also part of the Liliaceae family.

Botanical history

Until Snijman and Kocyan published a revision of the genus Pauridia in 2013 , there were 19 to 25 species in the genus Spiloxene , 2 species in the genus Saniella , 2 species in the genus Pauridia and 4 species in the section Hypoxis sect. Ianthe .

The genus Spiloxene was established in 1866 by Richard Anthony Salisbury in The Genera of Plants , p. 44. Type species is Spiloxene stellata Salisb. The generic name Spiloxene is derived from the Greek words spilos for spot, polka dot or point and xenos for host or stranger; This refers to the dark spots (honey marks) in the center of the flowers of the widespread and well-known species Spiloxene capensis . The name Spiloxene Salisb. came into use only through Fourcade in 1932 for the invalidly published Ianthe Nel .

From the genus Hypoxis by Gert Cornelius Nel in the article The African species of the Amaryllidaceae-Hypoxideae in Botanical Yearbooks , Volume 51, pp. 287-340, some species were converted into a new genus Ianthe Salisb. or Janthe Nel orth. var. Ianthe had already been used as a generic name in the Scrophulariaceae family and so this later published name is inadmissible. Sidney Garside replaced Ianthe with Spiloxene in 1936 in Journal of Botany, British and Foreign , Volume 74, p. 268 .

Whether four Australian species from the Hypoxis sect. Ianthe belonging to the genus Spiloxene was controversial until 2013. They were incorporated into the Pauridia genus Pauridia in 2013 .

The genus Pauridia was established in 1838 by William Henry Harvey in The genera of South African plants, arranged ... , p. 341. The only species Harvey names is Pauridia hypoxidioides Harvey nom. illegal. superflux .; the type species is Pauridia minuta (L. f.) Durand & Schinz . The generic name Pauridia is derived from the Greek word pauros , pauron for small and a deminutive , and refers to the small habitus of some species.

The well-established genus name Pauridia Harvey was given priority by the ICN over Spiloxene Salisb. (McNeill et al. 2012). Synonyms for Pauridia Harvey are: Ianthe Salisb. nom. illegal. an orthographic variant of Janthe non Janthe Griseb. , Hypoxis subg. Ianthe (Salisb.) Baker , Hypoxis sect. Ianthe (Salisb.) Benth. , Spiloxene Salisb. , Saniella Hilliard & Burtt .

The two species of the genus Saniella Hilliard & Burtt were also incorporated into Pauridia so that it is monophyletic .

Inflorescence of Pauridia aquatica
Flower of Pauridia canaliculata
Flower of the white form of Pauridia capensis
Flower of the yellow form of Pauridia capensis

Species, their distribution and endangerment

There Since 2013 about 34 Pauridia - types :

  • Pauridia acida (Nel) Snijman & Kocyan : It occurs in the Western Cape .
  • Pauridia aemulans (Nel) Snijman & Kocyan : It occurs in the Western Cape.
  • Pauridia affinis (f Schult. & Schult.). Snijman & Kocyan (Syn .: Hypoxis affinis Schult. & Schult. F. , Hypoxis pusilla C.Presl nom. Illeg. Non Kunth , Hypoxis schlechteri bolus , Ianthe schlechteri (bolus) FNWilliams , Spiloxene schlechteri (Bolus) Garside ): Their populations in the North Cape and Western Cape are considered stable. It is classified as “least concern” = “not at risk”.
  • Pauridia alba (Thunb.) Snijman & Kocyan (Syn .: Fabricia alba Thunb. , Hypoxis alba (Thunb.) L. f. , Hypoxis pumila Lam. , Spiloxene alba (Thunb.) Fourc. ): It comes from Cold Bokkeveld to Hermanus and Breede River Valley in the Western Cape. Their populations are decreasing due to urbanization, half of the previous 26 sites no longer exist. It is classified as "vulnerable" = "at risk".
  • Pauridia alticola Snijman & Kocyan : This rare species occurs in ten strongly isolated sites in Calvinia, Sutherland and Ceres Mountains in the Northern and Western Cape. In the fynbos you only find it in damp depressions on heavy soils at higher altitudes. Your stocks are considered stable.
  • Pauridia aquatica (L. f.) Snijman & Kocyan : It thrives in perennial standing waters . Their stocks in the Eastern Cape , North Cape and Western Cape are considered stable. It is classified as “least concern” = “not at risk”.
  • Pauridia breviscapa Snijman : The species first described in 2014 occurs in South Africa.
  • Pauridia canaliculata (Garside) Snijman & Kocyan : It occurs in the Western Cape of Cape Town off Darling. In 2009 it was classified as “endangered” = “highly endangered”.
  • Pauridia capensis (L.) Snijman & Kocyan : Their populations in the Eastern Cape, Northern Cape and Western Cape are considered stable. It is classified as “least concern” = “not at risk”.
  • Pauridia curculigoides (Bolus) Snijman & Kocyan : Their populations in the Western Cape are considered stable. It is classified as “least concern” = “not at risk”.
  • Pauridia etesionamibensis (U.Müll.-Doblies, Mark.Ackermann, Weigend &. D.Müll.-Doblies) Snijman & Kocyan : It is the only species thatoccursin Namibia .
  • Pauridia flaccida (Nel) Garside : Their populations in the Eastern Cape and Western Cape are considered stable. It is classified as “least concern” = “not at risk”.
  • Pauridia gardneri (RJFHend.) Snijman & Kocyan (Syn .: Hypoxis gardneri Henderson ): It occurs in the Australian state of Western Australia .
  • Pauridia glabella (R.Br.) Snijman & Kocyan (Syn .: Hypoxis glabella R.Br. ): There are two varieties in Australia:
    • Pauridia glabella (R.Br.) Snijman & Kocyan var. Glabella : It is common in southern Australia, including Tasmania .
    • Pauridia glabella var. Leptantha (Benth.) Snijman & Kocyan (Syn .: Hypoxis glabella var. Leptantha . (Benth) Henderson , Hypoxis leptantha Benth. , Ianthe leptantha (Benth) Williams. ): It occurs in the Australian state of Western Australia.
  • Pauridia gracilipes (Schltr.) Snijman & Kocyan (Syn .: Spiloxene gracilipes (Schltr.) Garside , Hypoxis gracilipes Schltr. , Ianthe gracilipes (Schltr.) Williams ): It is widespread in the western part of the Capensis. There are two subspecies.
  • Pauridia linearis (Andrews) Snijman & Kocyan : It comes from Jacobsbaai to Mamre in the West Kat. The remaining ten locations are threatened by many factors. It is classified as "vulnerable" = "at risk".
  • Pauridia longituba M.F. Thomps. : It occurs only in five isolated locations from St. Helena Bay to Saldanha in the Western Cape. In 2009 it was classified as “endangered” = “highly endangered”. The stocks are decreasing due to habitat degradation and loss, especially due to urbanization around Vredenburg .
  • Pauridia maryae Snijman : The species first described in 2014 occurs in South Africa.
  • Pauridia maximiliani (Schltr.) Snijman & Kocyan : It occurs only at two localities in the Olifants River Valley in the Western Cape. In 2009 it was classified as “endangered” = “highly endangered”. Their stocks are threatened by citrus plantations .
  • Pauridia minuta (L.) Snijman & Kocyan (Syn .: Fabricia minuta (L. f.) Thunb. , Ixia minuta L. f. , Romulea minuta (L. f.) Eckl. , Hypoxis minuta (L. f.) Eckl. Ex Schult. & Schult.f. , Pauridia hypoxidioides Harv. Nom. Superfl., Syringodea minuta (L. f.) Klatt , Galaxia minuta (L. f.) Ker Gawl. , Ixia minima Closet , Hypoxis truncata Thunb. ex Schult. & Schult. f. , Hypoxis nana E. Mey. ex Baker nom. inval., Hypoxis triandra Pappe ex Baker ): It only occurs at three four sites from Pakhuis Pass to Cape Peninsula and Strand. Many of the historical sites were lost due to urbanization in the Cape Town and Stellenbosch area. The small remaining stocks are endangered by urbanization and the expansion of wheat fields and vineyards. In 2009 it was classified as “endangered” = “highly endangered”.
  • Pauridia monophylla (Schltr. Ex Baker) Snijman & Kocyan : Their populations in the Western Cape are considered stable. It is classified as “least concern” = “not at risk”.
  • Pauridia monticola Snijman : The species first described in 2014 occurs in two subspecies in South Africa.
  • Pauridia nana (Snijman) Snijman & Kocyan : This rare species only occurs in ten localities in the Bokkeveld Escarpment in the North Cape.
  • Pauridia occidentalis (Benth.) Snijman & Kocyan (Syn .: Hypoxis occidentalis Benth. ): There are two varieties in the Australian state of Western Australia :
    • Pauridia occidentalis (Benth.) Snijman & Kocyan var. Occidentalis : It occurs in the Australian state of Western Australia.
    • Pauridia occidentalis var. Quadriloba (F. Muell.) Snijman & Kocyan (Syn .: Hypoxis occidentalis var. Quadriloba (F. Muell.) Henderson , Hypoxis glabella var. Quadriloba F. Muell. ): It occurs in the Australian state of Western Australia .
  • Pauridia ovata (L. f.) Snijman & Kocyan (Syn .: Hypoxis ovata L. f. , Ianthe ovata (L. f.) Salisb. Ex FNWilliams , Spiloxene ovata (L. f.) Garside ): Their stocks in the North Cape and Western Cape are considered stable. It is classified as “least concern” = “not at risk”.
  • Pauridia pudica Snijman : The species first described in 2014 occurs in South Africa.
  • Pauridia pusilla (Snijman) Snijman & Kocyan : This rare species occurs only in special habitats in the sandstone massif of the northern Cederberg and Matsikamma-Gifberg complex. It occurs in the Western Cape only in Gifberg, Matsikamma Mountain and Pakhuis Pass.
  • Pauridia pygmaea Snijman & Kocyan (Syn .: Fabricia minuta (L.) Thunb. , Helonias minuta L. , Hypoxis minuta (L.) L. f. , Ianthe minuta (L.) FNWilliams , Spiloxene minuta (L.) Fourc. ): This endemic only occurs at three or four isolated sites between Pakhuis Pass and the Cape Peninsula and the beach. There were more sites in the past, they have been reduced by the expansion of agricultural areas. The remaining stocks are endangered by invasive grass species. In 2007 it was classified as “endangered” = “highly endangered”.
  • Pauridia salina (M.Lyons & Keighery) Snijman & Kocyan (Syn .: Hypoxis salina Lyons & Keighery ): It iswidespreadin southwestern Australia .
  • Pauridia scullyi (Baker) Snijman & Kocyan : It occurs in the North Cape. It is classified as “least concern” = “not at risk”.
  • Pauridia serrata (Thunb.) Snijman & Kocyan (Syn .: Spiloxene serrata (Thunb.) Garside ): It occurs only in the North Cape. Your two varieties are classified as "least concern" = "not endangered" .:
    • Pauridia serrata subsp. albiflora (Nel) Snijman & Kocyan (Syn .: Hypoxis alba var. gracilis Baker , Ianthe serrata var. albiflora Nel , Spiloxene serrata var. albiflora (Nel) Garside ): It occurs only in the North Cape; the stocks are stable.
    • Pauridia serrata (Thunb.) Snijman & Kocyan subsp. serrata (Syn .: Fabricia serrata Thunb. , Hypoxis dielsiana (Nel) Geerinck , Hypoxis serrata (Thunb.) L. f. , Ianthe dielsiana Nel , Ianthe serrata (Thunb.) Salisb. , Spiloxene dielsiana (Nel) Garside , Spiloxene namaquana U.Müll.-Doblies, Mark.Ackermann, Weigend & D.Müll.-Doblies , Spiloxene serrata (Thunb.) Garside ): It occurs only in the North Cape; the stocks are stable.
  • Pauridia trifurcillata (Nel) Snijman & Kocyan (Syn .: Ianthe trifurcillata Nel , Spiloxene trifurcillata (Nel) Fourc. ): Their populations in the Eastern Cape are considered stable. It is classified as “least concern” = “not at risk”.
  • Pauridia umbraticola (Schltr.) Snijman & Kocyan (Syn .: Hypoxis umbraticola Schltr. , Ianthe umbraticola (Schltr.) FNWilliams , Spiloxene umbraticola (Schltr.) Garside ): It has not been found since 1964, the location information in the Olifants River Valley in Western Cape were too imprecise. It is therefore not possible to estimate how much this species is endangered, for example by agriculture.
  • Pauridia vaginata (Schltdl.) Snijman & Kocyan (Syn .: Hypoxis vaginata Schltdl. ): There are two varieties in Australia:
    • Pauridia vaginata (Schltdl.) Snijman & Kocyan var. Vaginata : It is widespread in southwestern and southeastern Australia.
    • Pauridia vaginata var. Brevistigmata (RJFHend.) Snijman & Kocyan : It is distributed from southern New South Wales via Victoria to Tasmania .
  • Pauridia verna (Hilliard & BLBurtt) Snijman & Kocyan : It occurs in the South African provinces of the Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal and in Lesotho . It is classified as “least concern” = “not at risk”.

use

Nothing is known of any Pauridia species about its use today, for example as an ornamental plant .

swell

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l Dee Snijman, September 2007: Spiloxene Salisb. at PlantZAfrica from the South African National Biodiversity Institute = SANBI. last accessed on February 1, 2013
  2. ↑ a b c d e f John C. Manning , Peter Goldblatt & Deirdré A. Snijman : The Color Encyclopedia of Cape Bulbs , 2002, Timber Press, Portland. ISBN 0-88192-547-0 : Spiloxene on pp. 361-367
  3. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa DA Snijman & JE Victor, 2004: Pauridia in National Assessment: Red List of South African Plants . last accessed on February 1, 2013
  4. ^ Pauridia in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved October 9, 2014.
  5. ↑ a b c d e f Deirdré A. Snijman , Alexander Kocyan: The genus Pauridia (Hypoxidaceae) amplified to include Hypoxis sect. Ianthe, Saniella and Spiloxene, with revised nomenclature and typification In: Phytotaxa , Volume 116, 2013, pp. 19-33. doi : 10.11646 / phytotaxa.116.1.2 full text PDF.
  6. ^ Pauridia at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed October 9, 2014.
  7. ↑ Umberto Quattrocchi: CRC World Dictionary of Plant Nmaes: Common Names, Scientific Names, Eponyms, Synonyms, and Etymology . CRC, 1999, p. 1979 ( Pauridia on p. 1979 in the Google book search).
  8. ↑ a b c d e f g Pauridia Harv. - Data sheet at APNI = Australian Plant Name Index .
  9. ↑ a b c d e Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Pauridia. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved July 22, 2018.
  10. ↑ a b Ute Müller-Doblies, Markus Ackermann, Maximilian Weigend & Dietrich Müller-Doblies: De Liliifloris Notulae 9. The only hitherto known Spiloxene species (Hypoxidaceae) from Namibia is a new species, Spiloxene etesionamibensis, and a new Spiloxene species from Namaqualand (Northern Cape), S. namaquana , In: Feddes Repertorium, Volume 122, Issue 3-4, 2012, pp. 319-334.

Web links

Commons : Pauridia , Syn .: Spiloxene  - collection of images, videos and audio files