Petru Rareș
Petru IV. Rareş (* 1483 ; † September 3, 1546 in Suceava ) was twice voivode of the Principality of Moldova , first from 1527 to 1538, then from 1541 to 1546. Several of his descendants also ruled this country.
biography
Origin and family
Petru was an illegitimate son of Prince Ștefan cel Mare and a certain Răreșoaia.
Little is known about his early years. The chronicler Ion Neculce (1672–1745) stated that he traded fish in the Galați area and transported it with large ox-drawn carts (so-called maje ), the reason why he was called "Măjariul". At the time of his accession to the throne he was married to a Maria, with whom he apparently had five children: Bogdan, mentioned as a member of the lordly council between February 1528 and March 1534, Chiajna, married in June 1546 to Mircea Ciobanul , Prince of Wallachia, Ion ( † 1532) died as a child, Ana, married in 1531 to Vlad VI. Înecatul, also Prince of Wallachia, and Maria, married (most likely) to the Moldovan Chancellor (logofăt) Ion Movilă and thus mother of Princes Ieremia and Simion Movilă. After the death of his first wife, he married Elena (1502–1552), daughter of the Serbian despot Jovan Branković , from whom he had four children, the Moldovan rulers Iliaş II. Rareş (1531–1562) and Ștefan VI. Rareş (1531–1552), Constantin (1542–1554) and Ruxandra (1538–1570), the wife of Prince Alexandru Lăpuşneanu (1500–1568).
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First reign
Petru was elected their prince on January 20, 1527 by the Moldovan boyars of the Moldovan divan.
During the fighting in Hungary between Ferdinand Habsburg and John Zápolya was he at first on the part of Ferdinand, but after the Turks Zápolya had acknowledged he supported, in exchange for the fortress of Bistrita , these fell in Transylvania and suggested Ferdinand's army in Feldioara at Brașov on June 22, 1529. As a thank you, Zápolya also signed the Unguraș fortress in Doboka County to him . He then turned against the Kingdom of Poland and occupied Pokutien in 1530 , but was defeated by the Polish military leader Jan Amor Tarnowski in the battle of Obertyn the following year and had to retreat.
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In 1534 the voivode turned back to Transylvania. After Emperor Ferdinand and King Johann Zápolya had agreed on the establishment of a principality of Transylvania, the Romanian Ștefan Mailat (Hungarian: István Majláth, † 1550 in Constantinople ) was appointed to this. As a result, the Italian Aloisio Gritti , son of the Doge of Venice Andrea Gritti , who was respected in the Ottoman Dīwān , invaded the country with Turkish support with the intention of becoming governor of the country. But he was compelled by Mailat to retreat to the fortress Mediaș . Rareș, originally requested to support Gritti, switched sides. The fortress was captured and Gritti was executed on September 28, 1534, his two sons a short time later in Iași .
The punishment for his betrayal was a long time coming, as the Turks were engaged in armed conflicts in Persia . The "Holy War for Moldova" ( Gazây-i Kara Boğdan ) began on July 8, 1538, when Sultan Suleyman the Magnificent marched into the country with 200,000 men supported by Tatars and 3,000 Muntenians . Petru had 70,000 soldiers and was also supported by Polish units. He was preparing to fight the enemies at Dracșani near Botoșani . This did not happen, however, because a large part of his own boyars refused to follow him out of fear and thus enabled the sultan to invade the capital Suceava on September 17, 1538 . This betrayal cost the Moldovans dearly. First the treasuries were plundered (including the sword of Stephen the Great), then the boyars had to agree to the annexation of Tighina and the Bugeacul area , and finally, for the first time in the history of the principality, a new ruler was appointed by the Ottomans, Ștefan Lăcustă . This should prove to be a scourge for the country.
Petru Rareş had to flee and reached the fortress Ciceu, which was located in today's Bistrița-Năsăud district , where his second wife Elena and the children were waiting for him.
Second reign
After two years he finally managed to obtain the sultan's forgiveness. In order to regain the Moldovan throne, however, he had to fulfill a requirement of the divan, namely the removal of Alexandru Cornea, who was enthroned by the boyars - the same ones who overthrew him in 1538 - for Lăcustă without the consent of Constantinople. So on January 9, 1541, this time only as a vassal, he received the sultan's investiture flag and went with an army to Moldova. He managed to capture and execute Cornea in Galați . He also had no mercy with the main traitors of 1538, the boyars Mihu, Trotuşanu, Crasnăş and Cozma. He found her in Roman and had her executed on March 11, 1541. In the same year he took Prince Ștefan Mailat prisoner on behalf of the Sultan in Făgăraş and sent him to Constantinople. After that he had plans against the Turks again. His enthusiastic involvement in plans for a crusade by Christian princes against the Ottomans proved another failure. He lent 200,000 guilders to the initiator of the planned crusade, Joachim II of Brandenburg , but the project was abandoned after the unsuccessful siege of Buda in 1542.
After the experience of his loss of power, Petru no longer had the self-confidence to wage further wars, especially since he had no more connections to Wallachia since the murder of his son-in-law Vlad VII. Vintilă. He knew he could not recapture the fortresses stolen by Soliman and the Buceac; the sultan also had the walls of his fortresses Ciceu and Cetatea de Baltă razed by Georg Martinuzzi, and he kept them only as a simple fiefdom (1544). In the last years of his life he continued to devote himself to art and architecture.
In the ecclesiastical and artistic field, this ruler continued the tradition of his father Stefans the Great. With the support of his wife Elena, he had numerous churches and monasteries renovated or built from scratch at an early age, including the Probota Monastery (1530), the Church of the Assumption of Our Lady in Baia (1532), the Church of St. Demeter in Hârlău , the Moldovița Monastery (1537 ), the Humor Monastery (1535), later the Rarău Monastery , the Church of St. Demeter in Suceava , the Caracalu Monastery on Mount Athos , the Râşca Monastery (1542) and other buildings in Botoşani , Târgu Frumos and Roman . Probota Monastery is considered to be the most successful building. The prince was laid to rest in this house that he had once founded. Petru Rareș had inherited several qualities from his father: ambition, boldness, courage, religiosity and artistic taste. However, he lacked the political instinct, so that he repeatedly got involved in intrigues that he was ultimately unable to cope with.
Two places of the same name in the districts of Bistrița-Năsăud and Arad as well as numerous streets and schools in Romania are named after him.
See also
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c [1] Moldova 650
- ^ Constantin C. Giurescu: Istoria României în date. Editura Enciclopedică, Bucharest 1971, p. 117.
- ↑ a b c R. W. Seton-Watson, Constantin Ardeleanu (notes and translation): “O istorie a românilor - Din perioada romană până la desăvârşirea unităţii”, Editura Istoros, Brăila 2009, p. 45 ff.
- ↑ a b [2] Petru Rareș
- ↑ a b Manfred Stoy: Petru Rareş , in: Biographisches Lexikon zur Geschichte Südosteuropas . Vol. 3. Munich 1979, ISBN 3-486-48991-7 , pp. 434-436
- ↑ Istoria Moldovei ( Memento of the original from November 29, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Caracalu
- ^ Rudolf J. Strutz: "Bukowina - Die Moldauklöster", book 6-DE, heavily illustrated, Verlag AuVi 2014 Moldauklöster
literature
- Gheorghe Asachi: Petru Rareș . Edited by Emil Manu. Editura Militară, Bucharest 1970
- Leon Şimanschi: Petru Rareş . Editura Academiei RSR, Bucharest 1978
- Manfred Stoy: Petru Rareş , in: Biographical Lexicon for the History of Southeast Europe . Vol. 3. Munich 1979, ISBN 3-486-48991-7 , pp. 434-436
Web links
| personal data | |
|---|---|
| SURNAME | Petru Rareș |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES | Petru IV. Rareș |
| SHORT DESCRIPTION | Voivode of the Principality of Moldova |
| BIRTH DATE | 1483 |
| DATE OF DEATH | September 3, 1546 |
| PLACE OF DEATH | Suceava |