Piae cantiones

Title page of the first edition of the Piae Cantiones , Greifswald 1582 (copy from the Royal Library of Stockholm )

First page of the song Gaudete .

Piae Cantiones, or with a more detailed title: Piae Cantiones ecclesiasticae et scholasticae veterum episcoporum ( Religious church and school songs of the old bishops ) is a Swedish-Finnish collection of church and school chants that was written in the 16th century by the Rostock student Theodoricus Petri , who came from Finland Ruutha was issued. It first appeared in Latin in Greifswald in 1582 , in a Finnish edition in 1616, and in Rostock in 1625 in a second edition expanded by Daniel Friderici , and was repeatedly reissued in Finland until the end of the 19th century. In the 19th century, a copy of the first edition came to Great Britain and sparked its own impact story. Christmas carols in particular are still sung today.

Structure and content

The first edition from 1582 contains 74 chants divided into eleven groups:

• 24 Christmas carols: Cantiones de nativitate Domini et Salvatoris nostri Iesu Christi
• 9 Passion and Easter songs: De passione Domini nostri Iesu Christi
• 1 Pentecost song : In festo pentecostes
• 3 Trinity songs: De Trinitate
• 2 Last Supper songs: De Eucharistia
• 4 prayers in song form: Cantiones precum
• 14 songs about human nature: De fragilitate et miseriis humanæ conditionis
• 10 school songs De vita scholastica
• 2 songs about unity De concordia
• 3 narrative songs Historicæ cantiones
• 2 spring songs De tempore vernali cantiones

The Christmas part is preceded by a neo-Latin poem Carmen congratulations in natal Savatoris Domini nostri Jesu Christi by Heinrich Husanus .

The collection contains both monophonic and polyphonic songs notated in white mensural notation . Of the 74 songs, 12 are composed for several voices: 7 for two voices, 3 for three voices and two for four voices. However, the parts of the polyphonic pieces are not notated in a modern score arrangement, but rather individually one after the other.

• Cantiones de nativitate Domini et Salvatoris nostri Jesu Christi

1. Angelus emittitur
2. Salve flos et decor Ecclesiæ
3. Puer nobis nascitur
4. Verbum caro factus est
5. De radice processerat
6. Congaudeat turba fidelium
7. Ave maris stella lucens miseris
8. Lætetur Jerusalem, Sion plaudat filia
9. Person ent hodie
10. Psallate scholarum contio
11. Ave maris stella Divinitatis cella
12. This est lætitiæ
13. Ecce novum gaudium
14. Resonates in laudibus
15. In dulci jubilo (Latin / Swedish)
16. Omnis mundus jucundetur
17. Florens juventus virginis
18. Laus virginis, Nati sonat cum jubilo
19. Unica gratifera
20. Psallat fidelis concio cum gaudio
21. Paranymphus adiens (two voices)
22. Ad cantus lætitiæ (two-part)
23. Puer natus in Bethlehem (two-part TB)
24. Gaudete, gaudete Christ est natus (four-part SATB)

• De passione Domini nostri Jesus Christ

25. Author humani generis
26. A dextris Dei Dominus
27. Christ pro nobis passus est
28. Amoris opulentiam
29. Jesus humani generis
30. Cedit hiems eminus (three-part STB)
31. Ætas carmen melodiæ (three-part STB)
32. Jucundare jugiter (three-part STB)
33. Jesu dulcis memoria (four-part SATB)

• In festo pentecostes

34. Quando Christ ascenderat

• De trinitate

35. Benedicite tres personas
36. Bene quondam dociles
37. Triformis relucentia

• De eucharistia

38. Divinum mysterium
39. Jesus Christ nostra salus

• Cantiones precum

40. O rex coelorum domine
41. O Christe Rex piissime
42. Ave Rex regum omnium
43. Parce Christe spes reorum (two voices)

• De fragilitate et miseriis humanæ conditionis

44. Vanitatum vanitas
45. Insignis est figura
46. Mirum si læteris
47. O mentes perfidas
48. Nunc floret mendacium
49. Mundanis vanitatibus
50. In hoc vitæ stadio
51. Honestatis decus
52. Scribe proposui
53. Jam verus amor
54. Mars precurrit in planetis
55. Invaluit malitia
56. Cum sit omnis caro
57. Jeremiæ prophetiæ

• De vita scholastica

58. Castitatis speculum
59. O scholares discite
60. Scholar convenite
61. Disciplinæ filius
62. Olla mortis patescit
63. In stadio laboris
64. Schola morum floruit
65. Sum in aliena provincia
66. O scholares voce pares
67. Regimen scholarium (two-part)

• De concordia

68. O quam mundum
69. Lætemur omnes socii

• Historicæ cantiones

70. Zachæus arboris ascendit (two-part)
71. Homo quidam rex nobilis
72. Ramus virens olivarum (on the martyrdom of Bishop Heinrich von Uppsala )

• De tempore vernali cantiones

73. In vernali tempore
74. Tempus adest floridum

Lore history

The origins of the lyrics and melodies are varied and only clarified for a little over half of the chants: in addition to mainly Swedish-Finnish songs, there are influences from northern Germany and Denmark, so that Folke Bohlin was able to establish: “The Piae Cantiones are partly a testimony for the cultural togetherness of the Baltic Sea region ”.

At the time of publication, the Kingdom of Sweden, which Finland was then part of, had strict censorship laws. Research suspects that the title mentioned but not mentioned church and school man from Turku, who corrected the texts , is Jacobus Finno , who also studied in Rostock in 1567. Most of the corrections were made with the intention of relating medieval Marian chants more to Christ in the spirit of the Reformation . However, through an almost mechanical replacement, this led to strange results and distorted the text, as in Ave maris stella, divinitatis cella .

The foreword of the first edition was signed in Rostock on May 23, 1582. The collection was dedicated to Ruutha Christiano Horn, libero baroni from Aminna : Krister Klasson Horn (1554–1612) on Åminne near Halikko in western Finland, son of the Swedish admiral and naval hero Klas Kristersson Horn (1520–1566). As a young man he was known for his humanistic erudition and owned a large library. Krister Horn will have funded the print. Later he supported Sigismund III. Wasa against Charles IX. (Sweden) and fell out of favor for it, as did Ruutha.

It can be assumed that the collection was actually supposed to be printed in Rostock, but that the work was sent to Augustin Ferber the Elder for printing reasons. Elderly ( bl. 1575-1619) was awarded in Greifswald. Ferber was based in Rostock until 1580. As of 2005, 22 copies of the first edition are known, 15 of them in Swedish, 5 in Finnish and 2 in libraries outside Scandinavia. In 2017 one copy was offered at an auction in Stockholm .

In 1612 a Finnish translation appeared in Helsinki that contained no references to Ruutha.

In 1625 the brothers and nephews of Ruuthas commissioned a new edition that was published in Rostock. It was edited by Heinricus Martini Fattabur and Matthias Jacobäus (Tolia). Both had studied in Rostock; Fattabur was now rector and Jacobäus teacher at the cathedral school in Wiborg. The foreword was followed by a dedication poem by Johannes Simonius , the senior of the philosophy faculty in Rostock. The cantor of the Marienkirche in Rostock, Daniel Friderici , created some new multi-part movements. Samuel Cröell and Johannes Henrici, two students from Wiborg, had made contact with him. The new edition contains 16 new recordings, including Grates nunc omnes and Psallite unigenito and has a total of 90 pieces.

The Piae Cantiones in Great Britain

The British diplomat George John Robert Gordon , who worked in Stockholm from 1843 to 1854 , was close to the Anglo- Catholic renewal movement of the Church of England . During his time in Stockholm from 1847 to 1853 he regularly wrote articles for The Ecclesiologist magazine , in which he described the liturgical life and churches of the Lutheran Church of Sweden and presented them as exemplary for a liturgical and spiritual renewal of the Anglican Church.

Probably in Stockholm, Gordon acquired a copy of the first edition of 1582. The composer Pehr Frigel (1750–1842) was one of the previous owners . In 1853 he made it available to John Mason Neale , thus establishing a very special history of the collection's impact in Great Britain. Together with the composer Thomas Helmore, Neale used the text and melodies from it for two publications. First published in 1853 twelve Carols for Christmas-tide by Novello in London. The melodies were all from Piae Cantiones ; the texts were either more or less free transcriptions. For Good King Wenceslas , Helmore took the melody of the spring song Tempus adest floridum . A collection of twelve Carols for Easter-tide followed the following year . The Christmas carols in particular quickly gained great popularity and found their way into many English-language hymn books. For the Christmas carol Of the Father's love begotten , a translation of Neales to Venantius Fortunatus , Helmore used the melody of Divinum mysterium , a Eucharistic hymn.

Helmore gave the copy before his death in 1890 on to the Anglican priest and hymnologist George Ratcliffe Woodward (1848-1934). Woodward published a new edition of the Piae Cantiones in 1910 for the Plainsong & Medieval Music Society . He tried to reverse Finno's changes and restore the original wording of the Marian chants.

The first edition was sent to the British Library through the Society .

With newer editions and arrangements, e.g. As in the 100 Carols for Choirs ( hundreds of Christmas and hymns for choirs ) by David Willcocks and John Rutter at the Oxford University Press published, the carols from the Pieae Cantiones continue to be disseminated before. Many of the works it contains are an integral part of the Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols at King's College Chapel , Cambridge , a traditional service that takes place every Christmas Eve and is broadcast on the BBC .

literature

expenditure

• PIAE CANTIO = || NES ECCLESIA- || STICAE ET SCHOLA = || STICAE VETERVM EPISCOPO- || rum, in Inclyto Regno Sueciae paßim vsurpatae, || nuper studio viri cuiusdam Reuerendiß: de Ecclesia || Dei et Schola Aböensi in Finlandia optimè || meriti accuratè à mendis corre- || ctae, et nunc typis com || missae, opera || THEODORICI PETRI || Nylandensis. || His adiecti sunt aliquot ex Psalmis recentioribus. Greifswald: Augustin Ferber 1582 ( P 1765 in VD 16. )
  Digitized. Project Runeberg
• Cantiones piae et antiquae ,: veterum episcoporum & pastorum in inclyto regno Sveciae, praesertim in Magno Ducatu Finlandiae usurpatae, & primum operâ viri nobilis Theodorici Petri Rwtha, anno 1582, typis commissae :. Nunc autem sumptibus virorum nobilium Johannis & Bartholdi Petri Rwtha; Item Jacobi, Petri & Theobaldi Bartholdi Rwtha, fratrum, fratueliumq [ue] pm Theodorici Rwtha, denu cum quibusdam marginalibus & locis s. scripturae viris orthodoxis dioecesis Wijburg: illustratae prodeunt, his accesserunt etjam cantiones quedam novae. Rostock 1625
  urn : nbn: fi: jyu-200806035390 (digitized copy of the Jyväskylä University Library)
• Piae Cantiones, ecclesiasticae et scholasticae veterum episcoporum, in Inclyto Regno Sueciae passim usurpatae, olim studio viri cuiusdam Reverendiss: de Ecclesia Dei et Schola Aboensi in Finlandia optime meriti accurate amendis correctae. et typis commissae opera Theodorici Petri Nylandensis. His adiecti sunt aliquot ex Psalmis recentioribus. Imprimebatur Wisingsburgi, per Celsiss: Regni Drotzeti Typographum Johannem Kankel Anno 1679
• George R. Woodward (Ed.): Piæ Cantiones. A Collection of Church & School Song, chiefly Ancient Swedish, originally Published in AD 1582 by Theodoric Petri of Nyland. London: Printed at the Chiswick Press for the Plainsong & Medieval Music Society 1910
• Heikki Klemetti: Piae Cantiones - Latinalaisia ​​Koululauluja Sekakuorolle. Latin school songs set up for mixed choir. RE Westerlund, Helsinki; Breitkopf & Härtel, Leipzig 1911
• Harald Andersén, Timo Mäkinen (eds.): Piae cantiones. Vanhoja kirkko - yes koululauluja . Helsinki 1967

Studies

• Tobias Norlind: Swedish school songs in the Middle Ages and during the Reformation. In: SIMG , 2, 1900/01, pp. 552–607 ( Textarchiv - Internet Archive )
• Timo Mäkinen: The Piae Cantiones melodies handed down from early Bohemian sources. (= Studia historica Jyväskyläensia , 2). Jyväskylä 1964
• Folke Bohlin: The collection Piae cantiones and Northern Germany. In: Dieter Lohmeier (Hrsg.): Secular and spiritual song of the Baroque: Studies on song culture in Germany and Scandinavia . In: Daphnis , 8 (1979), also: Skrifter Utgivna av Svenskt Visarkiv 7, Editions Rodopi 1979, pp. 109–120 ( books.google.de )
• Margaret Vainio: Good King Wenceslas - an “English” Carol: the appearance of Piae Cantiones melodies in 19th century England. MA Thesis, Jyväskylä 1999, urn : nbn: fi: jyu-1999858911
• Fabian Dahlström: The piae cantiones tradition in Finland 1616–1900. 1986 full text (PDF)
• Gudrun Viergutz: Contributions to the history of music lessons in the academic schools of the eastern Baltic Sea region in the 16th and 17th centuries. Jyväskylä 2005, ISBN 978-951-39-5165-8 (= Jyväskylä studies in humanities , 33) digitized

Web links

Commons : Piae Cantiones  - collection of images, videos and audio files

• Entry in the RISM
• Piae Cantiones : Sheet music and audio files in the International Music Score Library Project
• Piæ Cantiones - A Medieval Song Treasury . hymnsandcarolsofchristmas.com
• Facsimiles Piae Cantiones (Finland, 16th century). spielleut.de
• Piæ Cantiones, Anno 1582 (Ensemble Laude Novella)
• Online edition. lillhannus.net
• Piae Cantiones: The Latin Song in Medieval Finland . naxos.com

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Folke Bohlin: The collection Piae cantiones and Northern Germany. In: Dieter Lohmeier (Hrsg.): Secular and spiritual song of the Baroque: Studies on song culture in Germany and Scandinavia . In: Daphnis , 8 (1979), p. 110
2. ↑ spielleut.de
3. ↑ Folke Bohlin: The collection Piae cantiones and Northern Germany. In: Dieter Lohmeier (Hrsg.): Secular and spiritual song of the Baroque: Studies on song culture in Germany and Scandinavia . In: Daphnis , 8 (1979), p. 120
4. ↑ Entry in the Rostock matriculation portal
5. ↑ See on this in Woodward (Lit.)
6. ↑ Augustin Ferber went from Rostock to Güstrow in 1581 and to Greifswald in 1582, where he became a university printer in 1587.
7. ↑ Ferber, Augustin <der Elder> ( Memento of the original from December 14, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. at the digital historical library Erfurt / Gotha 
8. ↑ Viergutz (lit.), p. 14
9. ↑ Highlights from Rare Books, Maps and Manuscripts 20 June 2017 (PDF) Stockholms Auktionsverk, Lot No. 6029
10. ↑ Heinricus Martini Fattabur 1608 , entry Matthias Jacobäus 1614 in the Rostock matriculation portal
11. ^ Johannes Simonius in the Catalogus Professorum Rostochiensium
12. ↑ Entry in the Rostock matriculation portal
13. ↑ Entry in the Rostock matriculation portal
14. ↑ Viergutz (Lit.), p. 183
15. ^ Nigel Yates: Anglican Ritualism in Victorian Britain, 1830-1910. Oxford University Press, Oxford 1999, ISBN 978-0-19-826989-2 , pp. 118 f.
16. ^ Vainio (lit.), p. 19
17. ^ Piae Cantiones - A Medieval Song Treasury . hymnsandcarolsofchristmas.com; Retrieved December 9, 2017
18. ↑ Carols for Christmas-tide ( Wikisource )
19. ↑ The words, for the most part, are only free imitations: sometimes of the carols in hand, sometimes of others. Foreword, quoted from Carols for Christmastide at hymnsandcarolsofchristmas.com
20. ↑ George Ratcliffe Woodward: Piae Cantiones: A Collection of Church & School Song, chiefly Ancient Swedish, originally published in AD 1582 by Theodoric Petri of Hyland. London: Chiswick Press for the Plainsong & Medieval Music Society 1910
21. ↑ Signature Music Collections K.2.a.13. , see. Vainio (Lit.), p. 19
22. ↑ cf. A Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols (on King's College, Cambridge website)