Pinus devoniana
| Pinus devoniana | ||||||||||||
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Pinus devoniana in Mexico |
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| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Pinus devoniana | ||||||||||||
| Lindl. |
Pinus devoniana is an evergreen conifer from the genus of the pines ( Pinus ) with usually five-growing needles, mostly 25 to 40 centimeters long and 15 to 35 centimeters long seed cones. The natural range is in the south of Mexico and in Guatemala. The species is classified as not endangered inthe IUCN Red List . The wood is often used as firewood in its natural range. Despite its very long needles, large cones and red-brown bark, it is rarely used in horticulture.
description
Appearance
Pinus devoniana grows as an evergreen tree , 20 to 30 meters high. The trunk is usually upright and reaches a chest height diameter of 80 to 100 centimeters. The trunk bark is thick, very rough, scaly and divided into elongated, reddish brown to dark brown plates, which are separated by deep, vertical, black cracks. The branches are spread out and then ascending or ascending near the tip and form an open, broad pyramidal or dome-shaped crown. Young shoots are 15 to 20 millimeters thick, stiff, curved, very rough and scaly.
Buds and needles
The lower leaves are dark brown to blackish gray, up to 20 or 25 millimeters long, awl-shaped , dry-skinned, bent back and provided with an irregularly serrated and ciliate border. The vegetative buds are large, ovate-pointed and not resinous. Terminal buds are 20 to 40 millimeters long, lateral buds are shorter. The needles usually grow in groups of five, rarely in groups of four or six in a 30 to 40, rarely up to 45 millimeter long, often very resinous needle sheath that shortens to 20 to 35 millimeters under the influence of weather. They are shiny green, either stiff and straight or flexible and hanging, mostly 25 to 40, rarely from 17 or 45 centimeters long and 1.1 to 1.6 millimeters thick. The edge of the needle is finely sawn, the end sharp-pointed. There are clear stomata lines on all sides of the needle . Usually three or four, less often up to six resin canals are formed. The needles stay on the tree for two to three years.
Cones and seeds
The pollen cones are initially purple-pink and later turn light brown. They are cylindrical and 20 to 40 millimeters long. The seed cones grow singly, in pairs or whorls of three or four near the ends of the branches on short, permanent stems. Adult cones vary in size and shape, but are often ovate-oblong with a slate base and curved. They are mature and open 15 to 35 centimeters long with diameters of 8 to 15 centimeters. The 150 to 250 seed scales are almost rectangular, thickly woody, stiff or, with the use of force, somewhat flexible, straight or slightly bent back. The apophysis is usually raised, rhombic in outline, cross keeled and shows various shades of brown. The umbo is dorsal. It is raised, flat or sunk, gray-brown and reinforced with a sting that usually falls off soon .
The seeds are obliquely broad-egg-shaped, flattened, 8 to 10 millimeters long, 5 to 7 millimeters wide, light brown and often darkly spotted. The seed wings are obliquely ovate to oblong, 25 to 35 millimeters long, 10 to 15 millimeters wide, with a straight side, light brown and darker striped.
Crown with cones
tribe
Needled branches
Young shoot with pollen cones
Opened seed cone
Distribution, ecology and endangerment
The natural range of Pinus Devoniana located in Mexico in the states of Sinaloa , Nayarit , Jalisco , Zacatecas , Aguascalientes , San Luis Potosi , Queretaro , Hidalgo , Michoacán , México , in Mexico City , Morelos , Tlaxcala , Puebla , Veracruz , Guerrero , Oaxaca and Chiapas and in the southern highlands of Guatemala.
The species grows at altitudes of mostly 900 to 2500 meters, more rarely from 700 or up to 3000 meters. The climate is warm-temperate to subtropical with an annual rainfall of 1000 to 1500 millimeters and a dry season that lasts from November to May. The distribution area is assigned to winter hardiness zone 9 with mean annual minimum temperatures between −6.6 and −1.2 ° Celsius (20 to 30 ° Fahrenheit ). Dia Art grows on different types of soil, most often on soils of volcanic origin. Pinus devoniana grows in open, often secondary, mixed forests of pines and oaks ( Quercus spp.) Or together with Pinus oocarpa as a pioneer plant on mountain slopes affected by fire. They are often found together with other pine species, depending on the geographical latitude and altitude, for example with Pinus oocarpa , Pinus montezumae , Pinus pseudostrobus , Pinus maximinoi and, more rarely, with Pinus cembroides in lower elevations and Pinus hartwegii in higher ones. In the forests one can also find representatives of the oaks ( Quercus ) and the sweetgum trees ( Liquidambar ) and in the undergrowth representatives of the genera Calliandra and Leucaena , the acacia ( Acacia ), the genus Dodonaea , the shamberry ( Gaultheria ) and the mimosa ( Mimosa ). Like other pine species, Pinus devoniana goes through a grass stage in forests with dry periods in which the young pines do not grow taller than grass and are very fire-resistant.
Several species of dwarf mistletoe ( Arceuthobium ) grow parasitically on Pinus devoniana , so in Oaxaca and Chiapas Arceuthobium aureum subsp. petersonii , in Durango, Sinaloa and Jalisco Arceuthobium durangense , in southern Mexico Arceuthobium globosum subsp. grandicaule and more rarely also in Oaxaca Arceuthobium oaxacanum . Also featured are also Psittacanthus macrantherus on this type. As insect pests occur representatives of diprionidae (Diprionidae) from the genus Neodiprion on that damage the needles. Beetles of the genera Ips , Dendroctonus , Pityophthorus and the pine weevil ( Pissodes ) as well as the moth (Tortricidae) of the genus Rhyacionia attack the bark. The cones are attacked by the beetle species Conophthorus michoacan and the hymenoptera (Hymenoptera) Megastigmus albifrons . Representatives of the moth from the genus Cydia and the borer (Pyralidae) Dioryctria erythropasa attack the seeds.
In the Red List of the IUCN is Pinus Devoniana classified as endangered ( "Lower Risk / least concern"). It should be noted, however, that a reassessment is pending.
Systematics and research history
Pinus devoniana is a species from the genus of the pines ( Pinus ), in which it is assigned to the subgenus Pinus , Section Trifoliae and Subsection Ponderosae . It was first scientifically described by John Lindley in 1839 in Edwards's Botanical Register . The type specimen came from the Mexican city of Mineral del Monte in the state of Hidalgo. The generic name Pinus was already used by the Romans for several types of pine. The specific epithet devoniana honors the sixth Duke of Devonshire , William Spencer Cavendish (1790-1858), who was very interested in gardening. The species is often below that of Maximino Martinez established synonym Pinus Michoacana Martinez known. Martínez worked on the systematics of the pines of Mexico during World War II and therefore had no access to the publications of John Lindley. However, he suspected that it could be Pinus devoniana or another species already described.
The appearance of needles and cones is very variable, so that the species has been described under a variety of names. However, the transitions between the different manifestations are continuous, so that a formal taxonomic subdivision is not justified. This variability is also caused by hybridization with the closely related species Pinus montezumae , with which it has a large area of overlap. The transitions are so continuous that both species could also be seen as varieties of one species. The correct name of the taxon would then be Pinus montezumae var. Macrophylla (Lindl.) Parl. However, it differs from Pinus montezumae in the grass stage, which makes it more resistant to fire. It therefore colonizes deforested or burned areas much more quickly, while Pinus montezumae is more likely to be found in older forests.
Further synonyms of the species are Pinus filifolia Lindl. , Pinus grenvilleae Gordon , Pinus macrophylla Lindl. , Pinus magnifica Roezl , Pinus michoacaensis Roezl , Pinus Michoacana Martínez , Pinus nec-plus-ultra Roezl , Pinus ocampii Roezl , Pinus pawlikowskiana Roezl ex Carrière , Pinus pawlikowskiana Roezl ex Gordon , Pinus quevedoi (Martínez) Gaussen , Pinus skinneri Forbes ex Gordon , Pinus verschaffeltii Roezl ex Carrière , Pinus wincesteriana Gordon , Pinus zamoraensis Roezl ex Gordon and Pinus zitacuarensis Roezl .
use
Pinus devoniana is a widespread and numerous species in southern Mexico and Guatemala. However, the trees are not very tall, have few straight trunks and often low-lying branches. It is therefore rarely used as a supplier of wood. On the other hand, the wood is often used locally as firewood. The wood is also used to make fence posts, boxes, furniture and handles. Pinus devoniana is rarely used in horticulture, although it is one of the species with the longest needles and forms large cones and a red-brown trunk bark.
swell
literature
- Aljos Farjon: A Handbook of the World's Conifers . tape 2 . Brill, Leiden-Boston 2010, ISBN 90-04-17718-3 , pp. 664-666 .
- James E. Eckenwalder: Conifers of the World. The Complete Reference . Timber Press, Portland, OR / London 2009, ISBN 978-0-88192-974-4 , pp. 427 .
- Helmut Genaust: Etymological dictionary of botanical plant names. 3rd, completely revised and expanded edition. Nikol, Hamburg 2005, ISBN 3-937872-16-7 , p. 487 (reprint from 1996).
Individual evidence
- ^ Aljos Farjon: A Handbook of the World's Conifers , Volume 2, pp. 664–665
- ↑ a b c d e f James E. Eckenwalder: Conifers of the World , p. 427
- ↑ a b c d e Aljos Farjon: A Handbook of the World's Conifers , Volume 2, p. 665
- ↑ a b Christopher J. Earle: Pinus devoniana. In: The Gymnosperm Database. www.conifers.org, November 23, 2012, accessed June 16, 2013 .
- ↑ Pinus devoniana in the endangered Red List species the IUCN 2012. Posted by: Conifer Specialist Group, 1998. Accessed June 16, 2013.
- ↑ Pinus devoniana. In: The International Plant Name Index. Retrieved June 16, 2013 .
- ↑ a b Aljos Farjon: A Handbook of the World's Conifers , Volume 2, p. 664
- ↑ Exactly: Etymological dictionary of botanical plant names p. 487
- ↑ Pinus devoniana. In: The Plant List. Retrieved June 16, 2013 .
- ^ Aljos Farjon: A Handbook of the World's Conifers , Volume 2, pp. 665-666
Web links
- Pinus devoniana at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed June 16, 2013.