Pyotr Grigoryevich Grigorenko

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Cyrillic ( Ukrainian )
Петро́ Григо́рович Григоре́нко
Transl. : Petro Hryhorovyč Hryhorenko
Transcr. : Petro Hryhorovych Hryhorenko
Cyrillic ( Russian )
Пётр Григо́рьевич Григоре́нко
Transl .: Pëtr Grigor'evič Grigorenko
Transcr .: Pyotr Grigoryevich Grigorenko
Pyotr Grigorenko
Portrait of Pyotr Grigorenko on a 2 ₴ coin from Ukraine from 2007

Pyotr Grigorevich Grigorenko ( Ukrainian transcribed spelling Petro Hryhorenko ; born October 3 jul. / 16th October  1907 greg. In Boryssiwka , Taurida Gubernia , Russian Empire ; † 21st February 1987 in New York , USA ) was a Soviet Major General , dissident and Human rights activist .

Life

Pyotr Grigorenko was born into a poor peasant family in Boryssivka (now in Prymorsk district of the Ukrainian Oblast of Zaporizhia ) on the shores of the Sea of Azov . He worked as a mechanic, fireman and engine driver and became a member of the Communist Party in 1927 . Between 1929 and 1931 he studied at the Kharkov Institute of Technology and was a member of the Central Committee of the Komsomol of Ukraine.

officer

In 1931 he became a professional soldier in the Red Army and from autumn 1937 he studied at the General Staff Academy. He was promoted to major on February 23, 1938. In 1939 he graduated with honors. During the German-Soviet War he served in the Far East and the Baltic Front and was wounded twice. On February 2, 1945 he was given the rank of colonel .

Between 1945 and 1961 he worked in research and teaching at the Military Academy MW Frunze . During this time he became a candidate in military science , professor of cybernetics and author of 83 works on military history, theory and cybernetics. In 1959 he was promoted to major general.

dissident

In a speech at a party conference in Moscow on September 7, 1961, he criticized Stalinism and the policies of Nikita Khrushchev . He was then severely reprimanded, relieved of his teaching post at the Military Academy, and transferred to the Far Eastern Military District. In the autumn of 1963, while on vacation in Moscow, he founded the illegal "Union of the Struggle for the Revival of Leninism " whose members consisted of Grigorenko's sons and some of their friends - students and officers. On February 1, 1964, he and his sons were arrested by the KGB at KGB airport , brought to Moscow and imprisoned in Lefortovo Prison . After he did not show repentance, as requested, and renounced his previous view, he was demoted on charges of anti-Soviet activity, deprived of his awards and pensions, expelled from the Communist Party and declared insane.

In the years that followed, he suffered massive persecution and was repeatedly arrested and subjected to psychiatric treatment . In 1971, the Ukrainian psychiatrist Semen Hlusman prepared a psychiatric report on Grigorenko, in which he concluded that Grigorenko was sane and was imprisoned in mental institutions for political reasons. In 1972 Hlusmann was sentenced to seven years in a labor camp and three years in exile in Siberia for refusing to diagnose Grigorenko with a mental illness. A psychiatrist commission in Tashkent also certified Grigorenko as having a "clear consciousness". However, a team of doctors from the Serbsky Institute in Moscow, headed by a KGB colonel, found Grigorenko to have an alleged "pathological paranoid personality development" with the presence of reformist ideas.

Among other things, Andrei Sakharov campaigned in 1974 in a letter to the American President Richard Nixon and the Soviet head of state and party leader Leonid Brezhnev for the release of Grigorenko. Amnesty International declared Grigorenko a prisoner of conscience in 1975 .

Between 1967 and 1969 Grigorenko made contact with the Ukrainian human rights movement and supported the Crimean Tatar national movement. In 1969 he demonstrated against the Soviet invasion of Prague . In May 1976 he was, along with Yuri Orlow , Alexander Ginsburg and others, a founding member of the Moscow Helsinki Group for Human Rights and from February to November 1977 the unofficial leader of the group. Through his close friend Mykola Rudenko , he helped found the Ukrainian Helsinki Group on November 9, 1976 .

emigrant

After western protests, Grigorenko, clinically diagnosed as mentally ill, received an exit visa on November 4, 1977, on the pretext of being able to travel to the USA to see his son Andrei for treatment. After he and his wife arrived in the United States, his Soviet citizenship was revoked on February 13, 1978, and his return to the Soviet Union was prohibited. In the USA, he received American citizenship and joined the Ukrainian Helsinki Group with Nadija Switlytschna and Leonid Pljuschtsch . In 1979 he had himself examined by a team of psychologists and psychiatrists from the American Psychiatric Society , who after careful examination could not find any signs of mental illness in him.

Grigorenko suffered a stroke while giving a lecture in Kansas City in 1983 , from which he never fully recovered. He spent the last years of his life bedridden in his home in Queens, New York, and died at the age of 79 in Beth Israel Hospital in Manhattan . Pyotr Grigorenko was buried in the cemetery of St. Andrew's Ukrainian Orthodox Memorial Church in South Bound Brook , New Jersey .

family

Pyotr Grigorenko married Maria Grigorenko in September 1927. 1929 was the birth of his first son Anatoly. In August 1934, the second son Georg died at the age of seven months. On August 18, 1935, another son was born, also named George. On July 1, 1937, son Victor was born. In March 1943 he divorced his first wife and married Sinaida Egorova. Son Andrei was born in September 1945.

Memorial stone for Pyotr Grigorenko on the Warsaw "Garden of the Righteous"

Honors

Pyotr Grigorenko received numerous Soviet medals and honors, which were later withdrawn from him. Including the Order of Lenin , twice the Order of the Red Banner , the Order of the Red Star and the Order of the Great Patriotic War .

In 1993 a 3 km long prospectus was named after Pyotr Grigorenko (Ukrainian Проспект Петра Григоренка ) in the Darnyzja district of the Ukrainian capital Kiev . In October 1997 he was posthumously awarded the Ukrainian Order for Bravery 1st Class by the President of Ukraine Leonid Kuchma . On October 17, 2007, the National Bank of Ukraine issued a 2 hryvnia coin in his memory and on April 7, 2015, a memorial stone was unveiled and a tree was planted in his memory in the “Garden of the Righteous” in Warsaw .

Publications (selection)

  • "Memories"; C. Bertelsmann Verlag , Munich, 1981
  • "Records from prison and madhouse", Bern, Kuratorium Geistige Freiheit, 1970
  • "The Soviet collapse in 1941", Frankfurt am Main, Possev-Verlag, 1969
  • “Shot in the neck - the Red Army on June 22, 1941”, Pyotr Grigorenko, Alexander Moissejewitsch Nekritsch (Russian. Алекса́ндр Моисе́евич Не́крич), Georges Haupt ; Europa-Verlag , Vienna / Frankfurt a. M./Zürich, 1969

Web links

Commons : Pyotr Grigoryevich Grigorenko  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d The members of the Moscow Helsinki Group (1976–1982) Grigorenko Peter G. ( Memento of the original from March 3, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (Russian); Retrieved March 5, 2016 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.mhg.ru
  2. ↑ a b Extended forensic-psychiatric investigation of the correspondence in the Grigorenko case by Semen Hlusman 1971; Retrieved March 6, 2016
  3. ^ Medicine Betrayed: The Participation of Doctors in Human Rights Abuses, page 73 , accessed March 6, 2016
  4. ^ Changing American Psychiatry: A Personal Perspective, page 95 ; accessed on March 6, 2016
  5. ↑ Curriculum Vitae of Semen Hlusman ( memento of the original from March 16, 2012 on WebCite ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. on the website of the Ukrainian Psychiatric Association; accessed on March 6, 2016 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / upa-psychiatry.org.ua
  6. ↑ SOVIET UNION uniform under the coat in the mirror from November 1, 1971; accessed on March 6, 2016
  7. ↑ SOVIET UNION behind the mask in the mirror from July 1, 1974; accessed on March 6, 2016
  8. ^ Prisoners of conscience in the USSR ( Memento of November 13, 2015 in the Internet Archive ), Amnesty International Publications ISBN 0-900058-13-7 ; accessed on March 6, 2016
  9. ↑ a b biography of Pyotr Grigorenko ; on the website of the Sakharov Center ; Retrieved March 5, 2016
  10. ↑ Ukrainian Helsinki Group employee ; Retrieved March 5, 2016
  11. ^ Soviet dissident Pyotr G. Grigorenko, a World War II ... , on UPI of December 31, 1986; accessed on March 6, 2016
  12. ↑ EDITORIAL Nadia Svitlychna 1936-2006 ; in "The Ukrainian Week" of August 27, 2006 accessed March 4, 2016
  13. ↑ Both In Prison and At Freedom , in Ukraine News of March 14, 2012; Retrieved March 5, 2016
  14. ^ A b Soviet dissident dies in New York , on UPI February 23, 1987; accessed on March 6, 2016
  15. ↑ DIED Pyotr Grigoryevich Grigorenko in the Spiegel on March 2, 1987; Retrieved March 5, 2016
  16. ↑ Ukrainian ambassador to the USA visits UOC Metropolia Center in "Ukraine weekly" of February 23, 2003; accessed on March 6, 2016
  17. ↑ Kiev Web Encyclopedia , accessed March 6, 2016
  18. ↑ Decree of the President of Ukraine No. 1155/97 of October 17, 1997 ; Retrieved March 5, 2016
  19. ↑ Commemorative coins of Ukraine on the website of the National Bank of Ukraine; Retrieved March 5, 2016
  20. ↑ Righteous 2015 - Pyotr Grigorenko on dzieje.pl of April 22, 2015; Retrieved March 5, 2016
  21. ^ Time for - time against Stalin in Die Zeit of March 13, 1970; accessed on March 10, 2016
personal data
SURNAME Grigorenko, Pyotr Grigoryevich
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Григоре́нко, Петро́ Григо́рович (Ukrainian); Hryhorenko, Petro Hryhorowytsch (transcribed in Ukrainian); Григоре́нко, Пётр Григо́рьевич (Russian)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Soviet general and dissident
DATE OF BIRTH October 16, 1907
PLACE OF BIRTH Boryssivka , Taurian Governorate , Russian Empire
DATE OF DEATH February 21, 1987
Place of death New York City , United States