Prose Tristan

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Isolde serves the magic potion
Eros and Thanatos inextricably united.
Beginning of a fateful love that inexorably leads to death.
Tristan as a knight of the round table
The grail appears to the Arthurian knights
Miniature of a manuscript, 15th century

Prosa-Tristan , French “Le Roman de Tristan en Prose”, describes an oversized, old French novel from the early 13th century, which has been handed down in over 80, partly preciously illuminated manuscripts with numerous variants and in different versions.

In this prose resolution of the verses of the 12th century, “the great European myth of adultery ”, “ Tristan and Isolde ”, is told in a completely new way in an expanded context and in a complex way. The prose authors immensely expanded the “Tristan and Isolde material” with many insertions from the fairy-tale Celtic legends of the “ matière de Bretagne ”, with the help of elements that they found in the Arthurian novels of the old French Vulgate cycle , the “Livre du Graal en prose » , extracted.

Here the famous adulterous couples Tristan-Isolde and Lancelot - Guenièvre are brought together in a crossover and compete for the readers' favor with the late medieval audience. Tristan is raised to the rank of Arthurian Knight and, as a relative of biblical keepers of the Grail, joins the number of those who go in search of the Grail.

The well-known Tristan and Isolde fabric merges with the popular Arthurian fabric to create “one of the greatest novels of the 13th century”. The French medievalist Philippe Ménard made this euphoric judgment in 1987 in the foreword of his old French edition of the “Roman de Tristan en prose”:

“Un des plus grands romans de chevalerie du XIII e siècle, le Tristan en prose, est encore, pour l'essentiel, inédit. »

“ One of the greatest chivalric novels of the 13th century, the prose Tristan, has essentially not yet been published. "

In 1997, with the publication of the ninth volume by the Geneva publishing house Librairie Droz, this edition was found according to Codex 2542, fol. 469v — 500v, the ÖNB in Vienna concluded after more than two thousand pages.

In 1997–2007, Philippe Ménard made a second attempt. His team of renowned French Romanists edited another version of the novel based on the Paris manuscript, BnF fr. 757, in five volumes on approx. 3,000 pages, published by the Paris publisher Honoré Champion.

«Roman indigenous»

Because of the immense length and the multi-strand digressions and interpolations , the Norwegian romanist Oluf Eilert Lǿseth spoke of a "novel indigeste", of a "difficult to digest, inedible novel".

The authors use the literary process of «entrelacement», the systematic interweaving through interruptions and deferrals. No adventure is a self-contained unit. On the one hand, previous episodes that have been temporarily disregarded form continuous branches, on the other hand, subsequent episodes, nearby or further away, are prepared. It is difficult for the reader to maintain an overview.

The fateful love affair, the main motif of the verses of the 12th century, moves more and more into the background in the course of the prose novel in favor of the overabundance of bloody heroic deeds that the Arthurian knights have to endure . The constantly arguing heroes are less concerned with the search for the Grail, that is, striving for spiritual perfection, than competing for the title of fame, “li mieudres cevaliers du monde” (“the best knight in the world”).

This purely worldly striving leads to catastrophe, to the collapse of the imaginary Arthurian empire of "Logres".

“ Prosatristan no longer asks the last questions about meaning, but satisfies the thirst for material of the late medieval audience. Uninhibited fantasy, colorful adventurism, joy in the ostensibly material, broad, episodic swelling ... "

- Gottfried Weber and Werner Hoffmann: Gottfried von Straßburg. 1981, pp. 50/51. limited preview in Google Book search

Since the heroes of the novel only indulge in violence, they remain “li cevalier terrien”, “the earthly knights”, except for Galahad. The son of Lancelot and Elaine Gralsträgerin of corbenic , daughter of the Fisher King , reached after a long search perfection . He becomes a “cevaliers celestiel”, a “heavenly knight” . To him alone the last mystery of the Grail is revealed, which suddenly transports him into the " Other World ".

In this immense “réécriture”, rewriting of the Tristan verse narratives and the Arturian prose romance cycles, “in which all the narrative registers of courtly literature are given a multiple rendezvous”, the “aventure” of the traveling Arthurian knights of the round table and the search for the Grail are in the table Foreground. The role of blond Isolde fades in the course of the story, the title of the novel is limited to Tristan.

Heroes of the prose novel are the protagonist Tristan, Kahedin, his loyal companion, the Seneschal Keu , King Arthur, the unfaithful King Marke, Mordred , the treacherous nephew of King Arthur, the murderous Gawain , his brother Agravain, Lamorak, Perceval's brother, Lancelot , the rival adulterer and father of the flawless Galahad , who will ultimately see the mystery of the Grail as the chosen one .

Two original creations of the authors of the prose tristan are the dark-skinned Saracen knight Palamedes, who is hopelessly in love with Isolde, and Dinadan, a subversive skeptic and mocker, an anti-hero . Even if Dinadan admires Tristan as the best knight in the world, "li mieudres cevaliers du monde" , he publicly criticizes the ideals of chivalry, which have degenerated into bloody arguing and jousting, and avoids senseless duels. When Agravain questions his bravery and asks if he is still a real knight, Dinadan replies:

“Je sui uns cevaliers errans, fait Dynadans, ki cascun jour vois querant sens, ne point n'em puis a mon oes retenir. »

“ I'm a knight errant, replies Dinandan, who goes in search of the meaning of the world every day, but I can't find anyone to hold onto. "

- Edition Philippe Ménard: Le roman de Tristan en prose. , Volume 4, Librairie Droz Geneva 1991, Chapter XI, § 153.

This quote reflects the gloomy mood of the prose tristan. In contrast to the Vulgate cycle, belief in a salvation mythology is slowly being lost. The course of world history appears to be blind and without a goal. A higher meaning can no longer be recognized. The Arthurian world is inexorably towards its end.

"The Quest and Achievement of the Holy Grail"
Galahad , "heavenly knight",
without fail,
behold the mystery of the Grail .
Edwin Austin Abbey's wall painting that adorns the Boston Public Library .
King Marke fatally injures the harp-playing Tristan.
Miniature from manuscript, around 1470, BnF ms. fr. 112, fol. 144r .

The role of the villain and traitor ("félon") is played by Isoldes' husband, King Marke of Cornwall , who supports the invasion of the Saxons and who will ultimately destroy King Arthur's empire. As “un des plus desloial roy du monde”, as “one of the most unfaithful kings in the world” , he is ultimately not buried in consecrated ground.

The harp-playing poet Tristan had already hinted at the motif of the death of love in Marie de France's Lai Chevrefoil in the famous verses 77/78:

V 77 'Bele amie, si est de nus:
V 78 Ne vus sanz mei, ne mei sanz vus! '

V 77 'Beautiful friend, that's how it is with us:
V 78 Neither you without me, nor I without you! '

In contrast to the tales of verse, the death of love in the prose novel is depicted in a brutally realistic manner. King Marke wants to take revenge on the two of them for their adultery:

"Or dist li contes que un jour estoit entrés mesire Tristans es cambres la roïne et harpoit un lai qu'il avoit fait. »

" The story goes that one day Tristan entered the queen's chamber and played a Lai on the harp for her that he had composed himself ."

- Philippe Ménard (ed.): Le roman de Tristan en prose , Volume IX, pp. 187/188 Droz publishing house, Geneva 1987–1997, ISBN 978-2600001908 .

The jealous king hears this and fatally injures his nephew with a lance poisoned by the fairy Morgain . Thereupon the dying Tristan brutally kills his Isolde, who had always assured him beforehand that she could not live without him. Otherwise she would certainly have chosen suicide. Drunk with love, the dying Tristan draws his lover so tightly that «Iseut la bloie», blonde Isolde, suffocates in this deadly embrace:

Lors estraint la roïne contre son pis de tant de force com il avoit, si qu'il li fist le cuer partir, et il meïsmes mourut en cel point, si que bras a bras et bouce a bouce morurent li doi amant et demourerent en tel manner embracié.

“ Then he pressed the queen against his chest with such force that her heart gave out, and he himself died at that moment, so that the two lovers died arm in arm and mouth to mouth and remained embraced in this way. "

- Philippe Ménard (ed.): Le roman de Tristan en prose , Volume IX La fin des aventures de Tristan et de Galaad , p. 199 (83.14-18), limited preview in the Google book search

Prosatristan, with its ever new expansions, was very popular until the 16th century, as evidenced by the many printed editions published between 1489 and 1586.

Parts of the prosatristan served Sir Thomas Malory in the 15th century as the source of his Middle English prose compilation of the entire Arthurian cycle, which was printed by his publisher William Caxton under the (incorrect) title “ Le Morte Darthur ” as an incunabulum from 1458, with a foreword by Caxton has been.

Analyzes and text editions

" Even a shows a first look at the manuscript tradition of the Prose Tristan and the research going discussion that the does not exist> Prose Tristan," but quite a large number of different, in particular by their> Interpolationspolitik <distinctive versions ... "

- Dietmar Rieger : Tristan's change. On the old French prosatristan and its "auctores" , 1999, p. 441.

In 1890, the Norwegian Romanist Oluf Eilert Lǿseth was the first to try to provide an overview of the abundance of manuscripts and the barely manageable plot of this « indigestible novel», this indigestible opus monumentale , when he wrote his 543-page book «  Le Roman de Tristan en prose. Analyze critique  »published. Lǿseth subdivided the intertwined, multi-stranded threads into 619 sections. This structuring of the prose tristan in 619 " paragraphs " has since served philologists and editors as a reference when they want to classify a passage in the story of the prose novel . After studying all 34 manuscripts accessible to him, Lǿseth distinguishes between two main versions of the novel. A short VI and a long, cyclical V. II.

In 1925 the French Romanist Eugène Vinaver published a critical bibliography on Prosatristan: “  Etudes sur le Tristan en prose. Les Sources - Les manuscrits - Bibliography critique  ».

In 1975 the French mediaevalist Emmanuèle Baumgartner undertook her book “  Le Tristan en prose. Essai ď interprétation d'un roman médiéval  »a further attempt to shed light on the enormous wealth of material with the numerous digressions . Emmanuèle Baumgartner sifted through 78 manuscripts and fragments, where, like Lǿseth in 1890, she worked out two main versions, the shorter VI and the long cyclical V. II. They also classified a version V. III. and a version V. IV.

1963-1985 Renée L. Curtis was the first female philologist who had the courage to tackle a historical-critical edition of at least the first part of the gigantic work. After several years of prior conscientious stemmatological analysis of 24 manuscripts, which she divided into five "text families", ae, according to the criterion "common errors", she chose a very old code of the "family a", the manuscript "C", as the basic handwriting , Carpentras, ms. 404. According to palaeographic expert reports, it dates “C” to the middle of the 13th century. With this edition, RL Curtis wants to come close to the generally assumed, non-preserved original text. With its three volumes 1963, 1975 and 1985 it covers the events according to §§ 1–92 Löseths.

In the years 1987–1997, the medievalist Philippe Ménard continued the edition of the prose tristan at the point where Curtis had left off. The Ménard edition contains the events of §§ 92-571 Löseths. After ten years of meticulous editing, its edition comprises nine volumes with a total of 2000 pages. This edition, long-awaited by philologists, is the main manuscript of the Codex Vienna, ÖNB , Cod. 2542, fol. 469v — 500v, based.

In 1997–2007, Philippe Ménard made a second attempt. His team of renowned French Romanists edited the "VI" version of the novel based on the Paris manuscript, BnF fr. 757. The five volumes with a total of 3,000 pages have been published by the Paris publishing house Honoré Champion.

A special feature of the prose-Tristan are 26 short lyrical insertions, 17 of which call themselves lais and whose musical notation is passed down in the Vienna Codex 2542. The Romanist Dietmar Rieger believes that in some of these lyrical insertions he sees traces of a lost "primal" prose tristan:

" These lais, mostly love monologues, were probably already in the" archetype "of prose tristan ."

- Dietmar Rieger : Tristan's change. For the old French prosatristan and its "auctores" , p. 439, limited preview in the Google book search

Both the British Romanist Renée L. Curtis, editor of the First Part of the Prosatrist, and Emmanuèle Baumgartner, represent this thesis of a lost “Ur” -Prosa-Tristan, which was written before 1240.

Sources of Prosatristan

Sources of the prose resolution of the Tristan and Isolde material are the fragmented verse narratives of the 12th century, the " Thomas-Tristan ", the " Béroul-Tristan " and the two poems "Folie Tristan" (Tristan as a fool), in which The focus is on the legend of the lovers from Cornwall , the story of the fatal love of Tristan and Isolde .

In addition, the author of this novel prose have the Tristan and Isolde-fabric "arturisiert", that is, they have him in the Arthurian legends of the Knights of the Round Table included. Sources of the prose work of the Arthurian material are the courtly versomaniac of the founder of the old French Arthurian epic , des Trouvères Chrétien de Troyes , his five Arthurian novels (1170–1191), 1. Erec et Enide , 2. Cligès , 3. Der Karrenritter (Lancelot) , 4. Iwein or the Knight of the Lion , and 5. the unfinished story of the Grail or the novel by Parzival . In this last novel, the old French title of which is "Li contes del Graal, Percevaus, li galois" , Chrétien invents one of the greatest archetypes of Western literature, the myth of the "Graal".

Chrétien opens his Parzival with a peasant metaphor:

07 Crestïens seme et fet semance
08 D'un romans que il ancomance,
09 Et si lo seme an sin bon leu
10 Qu'il ne puet estre sanz grant preu.

Kristian sows the seeds
of a novel that he begins
on soil so fertile
that it has to grow very well

Chrétien de Troyes' sowing of literary ideas, the Grail myth and the Arthurian world, will produce many blossoms throughout Western literature.

A few years after his death, Chrétien's “literary seed” († 1190) evokes four “continuations” of his Perceval Grail novel :

  • the first sequel, the "Continuation Gauvain ", Anonymous , before 1200
  • the second continuation, the "Continuation de Wauchier de Denain", before 1210
  • the third sequel, the “Continuation de Manessier” , around 1225
  • the fourth continuation, the "Continuation de Gerbert de Montreuil ", in verse, around 1235, also called "Gerbert's continuation"

This overly long corpus of four continuations comprises 60,000 verses.

The " Perlesvaus " or "Li hauz livres du Graal" ("The High Book of the Grail"), one of the first old French prose novels , is a further continuation of the unfinished verse novel Chrétien de Troyes' published after 1210.

Shortly after Chrétien's death, Robert de Boron Christianized Chrétien's Celtic-pagan Grail mysticism in his verse novel “Li Romanz de l'Estoire dou Graal” or “Joseph d'Arimathie” by linking it with the legend of Joseph of Arimathäa , the was known to him from the apocryphal "Acta Pilati" of the Gospel of Nicodemus (EvNik).

This is followed by a prose resolution of Robert de Boron's Versjoseph, old French "Li Livres dou Graal" . This "Book of the Grail" comprises three parts: the prose Joseph, a prose Merlin and a prose Perceval, the Didot Perceval . This trilogy is called the Little Grail Cycle , which Bernard Cerquiglini published in full in 1981 based on the Modena manuscript.

The Great Grail Cycle called Vulgate cycle includes another trilogy: I. the "Lancelot propre", German The Lancelot proper, II. The "Queste del Saint Graal", German The search for the Holy Grail, and III. "La Mort Le Roi Artu", German King Arthur's death.

The authors of the Prose Tristan took parts of these diverse continuations of the novel ideas "sown" by Chrétien and rewrote them in ever new variations.

To the author question

In Romance studies , the question of the author remains controversial. In the prologue, manuscripts name a "Luce del Gat" as the author and also refer to a "Hélie de Boron" and Gautier Map as other authors. The question is whether the naming of these names is not just a manuscript fiction popular with medieval copyists , that is, an "author confusion".

German-language tradition

In Germany only translated fragments of a prosaic Tristan novel in a double sheet from the 16th century have survived. They are kept in the “Fürstlich Hohenzollernschen Hofbibliothek Sigmaringen”, Hs. 358. They are fragments of two episodes.

literature

Bibliographies

Lexicons

  • Norris J. Lacy (Ed.): The New Arthurian Encyclopedia. Garland Publishing, Inc, New York 1996, ISBN 0-8153-2303-4 .

(Partial) editions

  • 1886 partial edition by Joseph Bédier : La mort de Tristan et d'Iseut, d'après le manuscrit fr. 103 de la bibliothèque nationale comparé au poème allemand d'Eilhart d'Oberg . In: Romania, vol. 15, no. 60, 1886, pp. 481-510. on JSTOR .
  • 1932 Partial edition by Alfons Hilka of Folia 64r – 68v of the manuscript Paris, BnF, fr. 757: The youth history of Perceval in Prosa-Lancelot and in Prosa-Tristan , in: Zeitschrift für Romansische Philologie , Volume 52, 1932, pp. 513-536 on Gallica .
  • 1963–1985 Partial edition Renée L. Curtis, based on manuscript “C”, Carpentras Bibliothèque Inguimbertine, ms. 404. Renée L. Curtis (Ed.): Le roman de Tristan en prose , 3 volumes:
  • 1974 Edition of 17 lais of the old French prose tristan:
    • (FR) Tatiana Fotitch, Ruth Steiner: Les lais du roman de Tristan en prose d'après le manuscrit de Vienne 2542. Critical edition. Munich Romanistic Works, Issue 38, Wilhelm Fink Verlag, Munich, 1974.
  • 1976 Joël Blanchard: Le Roman de Tristan En Prose: Les Deux Captivites De Tristan . Éditions Klincksieck Paris 1976, ISBN 978-2252019030 . Partial edition based on the BnF manuscript, fr. 772, Sigel "T" (mixed version of the novel "V. III.").
    • Review: AJ Holden, in: Romania, Volume 98, n ° 391, 1977, pp. 412-417: on Persée .
  • (Ed.) 1987-1997 Édition Philippe Ménard, publishing DROZ, according to Code 2542 of the Austrian National Library , Sigel "A" (long version of the novel "V. II."): Le Roman de Tristan en prose , series "TLF" ( textes littéraires français ), Librairie Droz, Geneva. Nine volumes, more than 2000 pages:
    • Volume 1, Des aventures de Lancelot à la fin de la "Folie Tristan" . Édité par Philippe Ménard, TLF 353, Librairie Droz, Geneva 1987, ISBN 978-2-600-00190-8 , ( French ) limited preview in Google book search.
    • Volume 2, You bannissement de Tristan du royaume de Cornouailles à la fin du tournois du Château des Pucelles . Édité par Marie-Luce Chênerie et Thierry Delcourt, Librairie Droz, Geneva 1990, ISBN 978-2-600-02654-3 .
    • Volume 3, Du tournoi du Château des Pucelles à l'admission de Tristan à la Table Ronde . Édité par Gilles Roussineau, Librairie Droz Geneva 1996, ISBN 978-2-600-00184-7 .
    • Volume 4, Du départ de Marc vers le royaume de Logres jusqu'à l'épisode du lai “Voir disant” . Édité par Jean-Claude Faucon, TLF 408, Librairie Droz Geneva 1991, ISBN 978-2-600-01180-8 .
    • Volume 5, De l'arrivée des amants à la Joyeuse Garde jusqu'à la fin du tournoi de Louveserp . Édité par Denis Lalande et Thierry Delcourt, Librairie Droz Geneva 1992, ISBN 978-2-600-02681-9 , limited preview in Google Book Search
    • Volume 6, You séjour des amants à la Joyeuse Garde jusqu'aux premières aventures de la "Queste du Graal" . Édité by Emmanuèle Baumgartner, Philippe Ménard and Michelle Szkilnik. Librairie Droz, Geneva 1994, ISBN 978-2-600-02701-4 .
    • Volume 7, De l'appel d'Yseut jusqu'au départ de Tristan de la Joyeuse Garde . Édité par Danielle Quéruel et Monique Santucci, Librairie Droz, Geneva 1994, ISBN 978-2-600-00050-5 .
    • Volume 8, De la quête de Galaad à la destruction du château de la lépreuse . Édité par Bernard Guidot, Jean Subrenat, TLF Librairie Droz, Geneva 1995, ISBN 978-2-600-00108-3
    • Volume 9, La fin des aventures de Tristan et de Galaad . Édité par Laurence Harf-Lancner, TLF 474, Librairie Droz, Geneva 1997, ISBN 2-600-00190-5 . ( limited preview in Google Book search)
      • Review: Emmanuèle Baumgartner, in: Cahiers de civilization médiévale, 42e année (n ° 167), Juillet-septembre 1999, pp. 294-296: on Persée
  • 1997–2007 Edition Philippe Ménard, CHAMPION publishing house, based on the BnF fr. 757, Sigel "N" (short version of the novel "VI"), Champion Verlag , CFMA series ( Classiques français du moyen âge ), Paris, five volumes, approx. 3,000 pages:
    • Volume 1, Joël Blanchard and Michel Quereuil (eds.), CFMA 123: Des aventures de Lancelot à la fin de la “Folie Tristan” , 1997, 543 pages, ISBN 2852036258 .
      • Review by Philippe Walter, in: Cahiers de civilization médiévale, 41e année, supplément annuel 1998. Comptes Rendus. p. 13; on Persée
    • Volume 2, Noëlle Laborderie and Thierry Delcourt (eds.), CFMA 133: De la folie de Lancelot au départ de Tristan pour la Pentecôte du Graal , 1999, 535 pages, ISBN 978-2745300829 .
      • Review: Richard Trachsler, in: Cahiers de Civilization Médiévale, 2002, pp. 185-187: on Persée .
    • Volume 3, Jean-Paul Ponceau (ed.), CFMA 135: De l'arrivée des amants à la Joyeuse Garde jusqu'à la fin du tournoi de Louveserp , 2000, 517 pages, ISBN 978-2600026819 .
    • Volume 4, Monique Léonard and Francine Mora (eds.), CFMA 144: Du départ en aventures de Palamède à l'issue du tournoi de Louveserp jusqu'au combat de Tristan et de Galaad , 2003, 720 pages, ISBN 978-2745307460 .
    • Volume 5, Christine Ferlampin-Acher (ed.), CFMA 153: De la rencontre entre Tristan, Palamède et le Chevalier à l'Écu Vermeil à la fin du roman , 2007, 595 pages, ISBN 978-2-7453-1526- 7 .
      • (EN) Review: Janina P. Traxler, in: Arthuriana, vol. 19, no. 1, 2009, pp. 82-83, on JSTOR .

Secondary literature

  • (FR) Emmanuèle Baumgartner: Le “Tristan en prose”. Essai ď interprétation d'un roman médiéval . Droz Publishing House, Geneva 1975. In-8 °, xiii-351 pages.
  • (FR) Emmanuèle Baumgartner: La harpe et l'épée. Tradition et renouvellement dans le Tristan en prose. Sedes, Paris 1990, ISBN 2-7181-1748-6 .
  • (FR) Emmanuèle Baumgartner: Tristan et Iseut: De la légende aux récits en vers , Presses Universitaires de France, Paris 1993, ISBN 978-2-13-045712-1 .
  • (FR) Colette-Anne van Cooleput: Aventures quérant et le sens du monde. Aspects de la reception productive des premiers romans du Graal cycliques dans le “Tristan en prose” , In: Cahiers de civilization médiévale, 32e année, Leuven University Press 1986; limited preview in Google Book search
    • Review by Joël Blanchard, in: Cahiers de Civilization Médiévale Année 1989, 32–125, pp. 94–95: on Persée
  • (EN) Renée L. Curtis: The problems of the authorship of the Prose Tristan. , Romania, 79, 1958, p. 314-338. online - on Persée.
  • (FR) E. Lǿseth: Le Roman de Tristan, Le Roman de Palamède et La compilation de Rusticien de Pise : analyze critique d'après les manuscrits de Paris , Verlag Emile Bouillon, Paris 1890. Full text online - on Internet Archive .
  • Dietmar Rieger : Tristan's change. To the old French prosatristan and its "auctores". In: Tristan and Isolt in the late Middle Ages . Lectures at an interdisciplinary symposium from June 3 to 8, 1996 at the Justus Liebig University in Gießen, editors: Xenja von Ertzdorff and Rudolf Schulz, Verlag Brill Rodopi 1999, ISBN 90-420-0605-6 , limited preview in Google Book search
  • Denis de Rougemont : L'Amour et l'Occident , 1939, Paris 2001, ISBN 978-2-264-03313-0 .
    • Love and the West . Translated from the French by Friedrich Scholz. Kiepenheuer & Witsch 1966. - First complete translation by Friedrich Scholz, with a postscript by the author. Diogenes, Zurich 1987, ISBN 3-257-21462-6 . - Translated by Friedrich Scholz and Irène Kuhn . Frietsch, Gaggenau 2007, ISBN 978-3-937592-16-9 .
  • Ernstpeter Ruhe and Richard Schwaderer (eds.): The old French prose novel: Function, functional change and ideology using the example of the 'Roman de Tristan en prose . (Colloquium Würzburg), Verlag Wilhelm Fink 1977, ISBN 978-3-7705-1835-7
  • (FR) Eugène Vinaver : Un chevalier errant à la recherche du sens du monde , in: À la recherche d'une poétique médiévale. Librairie Nizet, Éditions Klincksieck , Paris 1970, ISBN 978-2-7078-0214-9 , pp. 163-177.
  • Gottfried Weber and Werner Hoffmann: Gottfried von Straßburg , 5th edition edited by Werner Hoffmann, Metzler Stuttgart 1981, ISBN 978-3-476-15015-8 , limited preview in Google book search.

Web links

References

  1. ↑ (FR) Emmanuèle Baumgartner: Tristan et Iseut: De la légende aux récits en vers , p. 5.
  2. ↑ BnF ms. 116, fol. 610v
  3. ↑ Le roman de Tristan en prose. Published by Philippe Ménard, Verlag Droz Geneva 1987, Volume 1, p. 8: ISBN 978-2-600-00190-8 , French restricted preview in the Google book search.
  4. ↑ "La légende de Tristan et Iseult, l'du archétype grand mythe européen de l'adultère". Denis de Rougemont : L'Amour et l'Occident. 1939, 2001, ISBN 978-2-264-03313-0
  5. ^ Philippe Walter (Ed.): Le Livre du Graal. Three volumes, Volume 1: Joseph d'Arimathie - Merlin - Les Premiers Faits du roi Arthur . Bibliothèque de la Pléiade , Gallimard, Paris 2001, ISBN 978-2-07-011342-2 .
  6. ↑ Dietmar Rieger : Tristan's change. To the old French prosatristan and its "auctores". In: Tristan and Isolt in the late Middle Ages . Lectures at an interdisciplinary symposium from June 3 to 8, 1996 at the Justus Liebig University in Gießen, editors: Xenja von Ertzdorff and Rudolf Schulz, Verlag Brill Rodopi 1999, ISBN 90-420-0605-6 , limited preview in Google Book search
  7. ↑ a b Le roman de Tristan en prose. Edited by Philippe Ménard, Verlag Droz Geneva 1987, Volume 1, p. 7: ISBN 978-2-600-00190-8 , French restricted preview in the Google book search.
  8. ↑ a b Édition Philippe Ménard, based on the manuscript BnF fr. 757, Sigel "N" (short version of the novel "VI"), Champion Verlag , CFMA series ( Classiques français du moyen âge ), Paris, five volumes, 1997–2007.
  9. ↑ Oluf Eilert Lǿseth: Le Roman de Tristan, le Roman de Palamede de Pise: analyze critique d'après les manuscrits. Publisher Emile Bouillon, Paris 1890, p. XII .
  10. ↑ An explanation of this literary scientific term «entrelacement» can be found on p. 226, footnote no. 7, limited preview in the Google book search, in: Patrons in the Middle Ages from a European perspective: From historical actors to literary text concepts. Volume 4, V&R unipress Göttingen 2017, ISBN 978-3-8471-0736-1 .
  11. ^ Graphics from the Ménard edition
  12. ↑ see the article " Logres " in the anglophone Wikipedia!
  13. ↑ Dietmar Rieger : Tristan's change. To the old French prosatristan and its "auctores". In: Tristan and Isolt in the late Middle Ages. Lectures at an interdisciplinary symposium from June 3 to 8, 1996 at the Justus Liebig University in Gießen, editors: Xenja von Ertzdorff and Rudolf Schulz, Verlag Brill Rodopi 1999, ISBN 90-420-0605-6 , limited preview in Google Book search
  14. ↑ The translation from Old French comes from the main author of this article. See also: Colette-Anne van Cooleput: Aventures quérant et le sens du monde. 1986, p. 85 restricted preview in the Google book search
  15. ↑ see also: Löseth §258, p. 175 and Eugène Vinaver : Un chevalier errant à la recherche du sens du monde , in: À la recherche d'une poétique médiévale. Librairie Nizet, Éditions Klincksieck , Paris 1970, ISBN 978-2-7078-0214-9 , pp. 163-177.
  16. ^ Quote from: after BnF, ms. fr. 340, fol. 207b, in: Fanni Bogdanow: The Romance of the Grail: A study of the structure and genesis of a thirteenth-century Arthurian prose romance. Manchester University Press 1966, Appendix II, p. 269, lines 207/208, ISBN 978-0-7190-0167-3 .
  17. ↑ All translations from Old French into German are from the main author of this article.
  18. ↑ Lǿseth § 549, p. 388 . Based on the long version of the novel in the complete manuscript "A", ÖNB , Cod. 2542
  19. ^ Strasbourg portal
  20. ↑ (FR) Desonay Fernand: Eugène Vinaver. Le roman de Tristan et Iseut dans l'oeuvre de Thomas: Malory . In: Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire, tome 5, fasc. 4, 1926. pp. 1023-1025; Review - on Persée
  21. ↑ The old French title of the final part of the Prose-Lancelot-Graal cycle , according to which Claxton incorrectly copied the title for Malory's Arthurian compilation, is correctly " La Mort Le Roi Artu "
  22. ↑ Norris J. Lacy (Ed.): The New Arthurian Encyclopedia. Garland Publishing, Inc, New York 1996, ISBN 0-8153-2303-4 , p.296.
  23. ↑ In: Tristan and Isolt in the late Middle Ages . Lectures at an interdisciplinary symposium from June 3 to 8, 1996 at the Justus Liebig University in Gießen, editors: Xenja von Ertzdorff and Rudolf Schulz, Verlag Brill Rodopi 1999, ISBN 90-420-0605-6 , limited preview in Google Book search
  24. ↑ Oluf Eilert Lǿseth: Le Roman de Tristan, le Roman de Palamède et La compilation de Rusticien de Pise  : analyze critique d'après les manuscrits de Paris. Emile Bouillon Publishing House, Paris 1890. Full text online - on Internet Archive
  25. ↑ Löseth, op. Cit. S. XII
  26. ↑ Review by Desonay Fernand. Eugène Vinaver. Etudes sur le Tristan en prose. Les Sources - Les manuscrits - Bibliographie critique. In: Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire, tome 5, fasc. 4, 1926. pp. 1022-1023. Review on Persée
  27. ^ (FR) Emmanuèle Baumgartner: "Le Tristan en prose". Essai ď interprétation d'un roman médiéval . Droz Publishing House, Geneva 1975. In-8 °, xiii-351 pages. Review by Françoise Vielliard - on Persée
  28. ↑ Emmanuèle Baumgartner: "Le Tristan en prose" , p. 67 and p. 71.
  29. ↑ Renée L. Curtis: Le Roman de Tristan en prose , Volume 1, Max Hueber Verlag, Munich 1963, ISBN 978-0-85991-181-8 , p. 23, limited preview in Google Book Search
  30. ^ Renée L. Curtis: Pour une édition définitive du "Tristan en prose" . In: Cahiers de civilization médiévale, 24e année (n ° 94), avril-juin 1981. pp. 91-99; Full text online .
  31. ^ Digitized version of the microfilm from Vienna, ÖNB, Cod. 2542.
  32. ^ Emmanuèle Baumgartner: Le "Tristan en prose". Essai ď interprétation d'un roman médiéval . Droz Publishing House, Geneva 1975, pp.298 / 300.
  33. ↑ Tatiana Fotitch, Ruth Steiner: Les lai du roman de Tristan en prose d'après le manuscrit de Vienne 2542. Critical Edition. Munich Romanistic Works, Issue 38, Wilhelm Fink Verlag, Munich, 1974, pp. 137-178
  34. ↑ Review by Emmanuèle Baumgartner: Renée L. Curtis. - Le Roman de Tristan en prose, II. 1976 . In: Cahiers de civilization médiévale, 22e année (n ° 86), April-June 1979. pp. 191–192, on: full text on Persée
  35. ^ Renée L. Curtis: Le Roman de Tristan en prose , Volume I, Max Hueber Verlag, Munich 1963, ISBN 978-0-85991-181-8 , limited preview in the Google book search
  36. ↑ Daniel Poirion , Philippe Walter (eds.): Le Livre du Graal , Volume 1, Joseph d'Arimathie , Merlin , Les Premiers Faits du roi Arthur . Bibliothèque de la Pléiade , Éditions Gallimard, Paris 2001, ISBN 978-2-07-011342-2 , p. IX.
  37. ↑
    Wikisource: Perceval ou le conte du Graal  - Sources and full texts (French)
  38. ^ Rudolf Simek : Arthurian Lexicon. Myth and history, works and characters of the European Arthurian poetry, p. 118, article: Continuations of the Perceval des Chrétien . Reclam, Stuttgart 2012, ISBN 978-3-15-010858-1 .
  39. ↑ Édition Mary Williams - on Internet Archive.
  40. ↑ (FR) Continuation of Perceval in verse - Les Continuations versifiées du Conte du Graal.
  41. ↑ Bernard Cerquiglini (ed.): Robert de Boron : Le roman du Graal. Manuscrit de Modène. Union Générale d'Édition, 10/18 series, Paris 1981, ISBN 2-264-00336-7 . Review: E. Jane Burns. In: Romance Philology. vol. 39, no. 3, 1986, pp. 376-378, full text on JSTOR
  42. ↑ William A. Nitze writes about this in the preface, p. XV, of his edition: Robert de Boron, Le Roman de l'Estoire dou Graal . (CFMA 57) Honoré Champion, Paris 1999, ISBN 978-2-7453-0192-5 : “... un abrégé du cycle, mis sous le seul nom de Robert de Borron, incorporé à la vaste compilation qu'est le Tristan en prose. »(A short version of the cycle was incorporated into the huge compilation, the Prosatristan, under the sole name of Robert de Borron.)
  43. ^ Renée L. Curtis: The Problems of the Authorship of the Prose Tristan . In: Romania, 1958, Vol. 79, No. 315 (3), 1958, pp. 314-338: on JSTOR , Renée L. Curtis: Who wrote the Prose Tristan? A new look at an old problem , in: Neophilologus 67, 35-41 (1983) and Emmanuèle Baumgartner: Luce del Gat et Hélie de Boron. Le chevalier et l'écriture . In: Romania, Volume 106 n ° 423-424, 1985, pp. 326-340: on Persée
  44. ^ Emmanuèle Baumgartner: Le "Tristan en prose". Essai ď interprétation d'un roman médiéval. Droz Publishing House, Geneva 1975, pp. 90/91.
  45. ↑ Dietmar Rieger : Tristan's change. To the old French prosatristan and its "auctores". In: Tristan and Isolt in the late Middle Ages . Lectures at an interdisciplinary symposium from June 3 to 8, 1996 at the Justus Liebig University in Gießen, editors: Xenja von Ertzdorff and Rudolf Schulz, Verlag Brill Rodopi 1999, ISBN 90-420-0605-6 , limited preview in Google Book search
  46. ^ Rudolf Voss: The German Tristan Romanes of the Late Middle Ages - Variations on a problematic theme . In: Tristan and Isolt in the late Middle Ages . Lectures at an interdisciplinary symposium from June 3 to 8, 1996 at the Justus Liebig University in Gießen, editors: Xenja von Ertzdorff and Rudolf Schulz, Verlag Brill Rodopi 1999, ISBN 90-420-0605-6 , pp. 337/338, limited preview in Google Book search