Rapana venosa

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Rapana venosa
Rapana Black Sea 2008 G1.jpg
Systematics
Class : Snails (gastropoda)
Subclass : Fore gill snails (Prosobranchia)
Order : New snails (Neogastropoda)
Family : Spiny snails (Muricidae)
Genre : Rapana
Type : Rapana venosa
Scientific name
Rapana venosa
( Valenciennes , 1846)

Rapana venosa (generic name from the Latin rapa = turnip) is a predatory, sea-dwelling species from the family of spiny snails and is one of the most problematic invasive species worldwide. Specimens of this species grow very quickly, become sexually mature within 2 years and can live up to 10 years. The orange color on the inside of the shell is characteristic. The original home of the species is in Asia. Due to its high tolerance to fluctuations in temperature and the salinity of the water, Rapana venosa could spread easily.

The first description was in 1846 by Achille Valenciennes . Because of its wide distribution, Rapana venosa has been described several times. It is also under the original description combination Purpura venosa (Valenciennes, 1846) as well as under the synonyms Rapana marginata (Valenciennes, 1846), Rapana pechiliensis (Grabau & King, 1928), Rapana pontica (Nordsieck, 1969) and Rapana thomasiana (Crosse, 1861) known.

Bowl

A from the point of view of the mouth, B from the rear, C from the side
Outlined structure of the shell of Rapana venosa

Rapana venosa has a large, heavy, short-pointed housing that can reach a size of 180 millimeters.

The snail has an inflated body coil and a deep seated navel . The mouth opening of the snail shell is wide and oval shaped. Their columella (the spindle around which the snail shell winds) is wide and smooth. The housing is structured outwardly by smooth, spiral-shaped, axially arranged ribs. Inwardly, small, elongated teeth frame the edge of the outer lip. One of the main features of this snail is the dark orange color of the hypostracum on the inside of the shell . In some specimens, the inner cavity of the housing can also have a black to dark blue color that extends to the edge of the outer lip. The periostracum, on the other hand, can be colored cloudy gray to reddish brown. More or less noticeable, dark brown lines can run through the spiral-shaped ribs of the housing like an interrupted vein network.

distribution

Original habitat

Rapana venosa was originally native to parts of the Sea of Japan as far as Vladivostok in the north, the Yellow Sea , the Bohai Sea and the East China Sea to Taiwan in the east. In their Korean homeland, the snail had a high temperature tolerance, ranging from 4 ° C to 27 ° C, as well as a high oxygen and salinity tolerance , and was therefore able to spread and reproduce in many different seas. Rapana venosa lives at a rather shallow depth of around 40 meters and therefore lives in coastal or shallow regions, such as the Yellow Sea , which has a maximum depth of 105 meters.

Worldwide distribution

Now we know at least five geographical regions in which reproductive rapana-Venosa - populations are located. How this marine snail spread so quickly is uncertain. However, researchers suspect that it traveled long distances quickly in the larval stage via the ballast water of ships or that it was carried off via the trade in the mussel stocks in which it lived.

Distribution of the Rapana venosa in Europe

Black Sea and surroundings

The introduction of Rapana venosa to the Black Sea presumably took place in the 1940s. The first recordings of observations of the species were made in 1963 in Novorossiysk Bay by Drapkin, who incorrectly identified it as Rapana bezoar . The route of introduction is not one hundred percent secure. The possibility that the snail was able to get into the Black Sea in the larval stage by means of ballast water is rather unlikely due to the great distance to their home, the speed of the ship at that time, and the limited shipping traffic during the Second World War.

The second option would be transportation as part of a hull-dwelling community of organisms. In addition, the introduction of oyster seeds could have taken place, which is pure speculation based on current knowledge. Within a short time the mollusk has spread over the Caucasus and the Crimean coast and reached the Sea of ​​Azov . By 1972 Rapana venosa expanded its range in the northwest of the Black Sea and to the coast of Romania, Bulgaria and Turkey. In addition, she successfully naturalized in the Aegean and Tyrrhenian Seas . The population in the Black Sea appears to be stable, if not too rich in individuals.

Adriatic

The first discoveries in the Adriatic came in the 1970s, when fishermen in the city of Ravenna reported a snail that was unknown to them. From this point on, Rapana venosa spread in the northern Adriatic. The currently known expansion within the Adriatic extends from Fano in the south to Marano in the north.

North Atlantic

Finds in Chesapeake Bay testify to a transoceanic spread of the snail, most likely via ballast water from ships. The known distribution area within the Chesapeake Bay extends from the mouth of the Rappahannock River in the north to the Lafayette Rivers in the south, and from the Elizabeth River in the southwest to the height of the Chesapeake Bay Bridge Tunnel in the southeast.

South Atlantic

Rapana venosa was discovered for the first time in 1998 in the southern Atlantic in the inlet of Río de la Plata , where it was mostly caught by fishermen in the central to outer regions of the inlet. Their habitat in this region seems to be limited to the estuary. The reason why Rapana venosa no longer stays and spreads in the Atlantic is possibly due to the presence of the native species Stramonita haemastoma .

More finds

Some live specimens have also been found on the North Atlantic coast of France, on the coasts of New Zealand, and in Willapa Bay in Washington State.

ecology

nutrition

Rapana venosa is a carnivorous and predatory, possibly also a scavenger snail. It eats mainly other molluscs, such as living on the seabed bivalves , including oysters ( oyster ), mussels ( Adriatic mussel ( Mytilus galloprovincialis ), the genera Modiolus and geukensia ) and clams ( Anadara inaequivalvis , Chamelea gallina , Venerupis philippinarum , warty venus ( Venus verrucosa , Mercenaria mercenaria )).

Their prey selects this snail according to type and size, but prefers clams that have a hard shell. Like most spiny snails, Rapana venosa can drill a hole in the shell of the mussel. It still prefers to crush its prey by wrapping the zone around the ligament and opening the shell with its radula .

To eat its prey, it penetrates with its trunk between the open shells of the mussel and secretes a tough mucus , which can contain biotoxins , onto the weakened prey. Specimens that are not yet fully grown feed on mussels, which can be up to 30 percent larger than themselves, while larger specimens catch prey of no more than the same size. A fully grown Rapana venosa of 14 cm can eat a clam 8 cm in size within an hour.

Reproduction and development

The single- sex Rapana venosa mates in nature for a long period between winter and spring. After internal fertilization , the female lays several clusters of eggs, each consisting of 50 to 500 egg capsules. The egg capsules are attached to a hard substrate . Each egg capsule contains 200 to 1,000 eggs. A female can lay egg clusters several times in the summer without a second fertilization.

After the egg is laid, the egg capsule is white, but then becomes darker and darker (from lemon yellow to yellow). After 14 to 21 days (the exact time depends on temperature and salinity ) the pelagic larvae hatch . The dorsal tip of the egg capsule opens and the swimming larva is free. These Veliger larvae have a very long planktonic phase that can last up to 80 days. They are spread by the ocean currents. The larvae initially move with a bilobed velum and feed on smaller plankton. After 4 days the velum develops into a four-lobed velum. After 14 to 17 days the velum is about twice as long and feet and eye stalks are formed. By absorbing algae , the larvae grow very quickly and reach a shell length of 1.5 mm in 21 days. After the planktonic phase, the larvae finally migrate to the ocean floor and grow into hard-shelled snails. In the first year of life the animals grow very quickly, in the second year of life they become sexually mature. Rapana venosa can live to be 10 years.

Establishment in foreign ecosystems

Several factors contribute to the fact that Rapana venosa can assert itself as an invasive species outside of its natural habitat . Probably the biggest advantage over the native (naturally occurring) Gastropoda is their thick shell. Because of this physical superiority, Rapana venosa is able to prey on local species of snails and to protect itself from other predatory species ( turtles or snails with a thinner shell). For Rapana venosa there is consequently an excess of prey animals in the foreign ecosystem , since the other snail species are more of a source of food than competition in finding food. In addition, natural predators are largely absent. On the basis of the last two observations, it can be assumed that an adult snail of this species can obtain food without any great threat and reproduce undisturbed. In addition, the young animals already feed on a large number of mussels and oysters, which also contributes to the rapid establishment of Rapana venosa .

Imposex

Imposex is a phenomenon that also occurs in Rapana venosa as a result of the accumulation of pollutants in the oceans. The development of external male genital organs is characteristic in female individuals. Organotin compounds such as tributyltin (TBT) have been proven to be responsible for this undesirable development . Such compounds are contained in biocides and antifouling agents that have been used for decades as an additive in ship paints . The poisonous substance prevented the marine encrustation on boats and ships. Since 2008 the International Maritime Organization has banned TBT as an additive in ship colors. So far, however, no loss of reproductive functions of the female Rapana venosa as a result of the imposex has been observed, however the tissue weight of the females affected by the imposex increases.

literature

  • R. Mann & JM Harding: Invasion of the North American Atlantic Coast by a Large Predatory Asian Mollusc . Biological Invasions, 2, 1, pages 7-22, 2000 doi: 10.1023 / A: 1010038325620
  • H. Saglam and E. Duzgunes: Deposition of Egg Capsule and Larval Development of Rapana venosa (Gastropoda: Muricidae) from the South-Eastern Black Sea. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 87, Issue 4, Pages 953-957, 2007 doi: 10.1017 / S0025315407056330
  • Diego A. Giberto, Agustín Schiariti and Claudia S. Bremec: Diet and Daily Consumption Rates of Rapana venosa (Valenciennes, 1846) (Gastropoda: Muricidae) from the Río de la Plata (Argentina-Uruguay). Journal of Shellfish Research, issue 30, 1, pages 349-35, 2011 doi: 10.1017 / S0025315407056330
  • Dario Savini and Anna Occhipinti-Ambrogi: Consumption rates and prey preference of the invasive gastropod Rapana venosa in the Northern Adriatic Sea. Helgoland Marine Research Volume 60, Edition 2, pages 153–159, doi: 10.1007 / S10152-006-0029-4

Web links

Commons : Rapana venosa  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e "Global Invasive Species Database" ( Memento of the original from December 13, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . Rapana venosa (Mollusca). National Biological Information Infrastructure (NBII) & Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG). 2006. Retrieved January 5, 2012 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.ices.dk
  2. ↑ SL Woodward and JA Quinn: Encyclopedia of Invasive Species: From Africanized Honey Bees to Zebra Mussels. 2011 (pp. 79, 80, 82) ISBN 978-0-313-38220-8
  3. ↑ a b c d e f Museo di Storia Naturale di Venezia
  4. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k Mann, Roger; Occhipinti, Anna & Harding, Juliana M., edition (2004). Alien Species Alert: Rapana Venosa (veined whelk) ( Memento of the original from December 13, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . ICES Cooperative Research Report No 264. ICES. ISBN 87-7482-010-9 . @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.ices.dk
  5. ^ A b Rapana venosa (Valenciennes, 1846) Accessed via World Register of Marine Species on January 9, 2011
  6. ↑ Wilfried Westheide, Reinhard Rieger and Martin Lay: Special Zoology. Part 1: Protozoa and invertebrates. 2nd edition, Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, 2006 ISBN 3-8274-1575-6
  7. ↑ a b c d e f g Dario Savini, Anna Occhipinti-Ambrogi: Consumption rates and price preference of the invasive gastropod Rapana venosa in the Northern Adriatic Sea . Helgoland Marine Research, Edition 60, pp. 153-159, 2006
  8. ↑ a b c Roger Mann, Juliana M. Harding, 2000 In: Biological Invasions 2, pp. 7-22, 2000
  9. ↑ Dario Savini, Anna Occhipinti-Ambrogi, Michaela Castellazzi: Distribution of the alien Gastropod Rapana venosa in the northern Adriatic Sea. Rap. Comm. Int. Mer Medit., Vol. 38, page 590, 2007 PDF  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.ciesm.org  
  10. ^ A. Lanfranconi, M. Hutton, E. Brugnoli & P. ​​Muniz: New record of the alien mollusc Rapana venosa (Valenciennes 1846) in the Uruguayan coastal zone of Río de la Plata. Pan-American Journal of Aquatic Sciences, Issue 4, Pages 216-221, 2009 PDF
  11. ↑ a b c Diego A. Giberto, Agustín Schiariti and Claudia S. Bremec: Diet and Daily Consumption Rates of Rapana venosa (Valenciennes, 1846) (Gastropoda: Muricidae) from the Río de la Plata (Argentina-Uruguay). , Journal of Shellfish Research 30, No. 2, pages 349-358, 2011 [1] doi: 10.2983 / 035.030.0222
  12. ↑ Harding, JM; Mann, R .; Moeller, P .; Hsia, MS (2009). Mortality of the veined rapa whelk, Rapana venosa, in relation to a bloom of Alexandrium monilatum in the York River, United States (PDF; 262 kB). Journal of Shellfish Research Issue 28 pages 363–367
  13. ↑ a b c d e Saglam, H .; Duzgunes, E. (2007). (Abstract) "Deposition of egg capsule and larval development of Rapana venosa (Gastropoda: Muricidae) from the south-eastern Black Sea" Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom (Cambridge University Press) issue 87, pages 953-957
  14. ↑ a b Harding, JM (2001) "Guide to Marine Invaders in the Gulf of Maine" (PDF; 373 kB)
  15. ^ A b Roger Mann, Juliana M. Harding, and Erica Westcott, “Occurrence of imposex and seasonal patterns of gametogenesis in the invading veined rapa whelk Rapana venosa from Chesapeake Bay, USA,” (PDF; 605 kB) Marine Ecology Progress Series 310 (April 3, 2006): Pages 129-138 doi: 10.3354 / meps310129
  16. ^ Ítalo Braga de Castro et al., “Imposex in endemic volutid from Northeast Brazil (Mollusca: Gastropoda),” Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 51, Issue 5 (October 2008): Pages 1065-1069, doi: 10.1590 / S1516- 89132008000500024
  17. ↑ Federal Environment Agency Dessau-Roßlau Retrieved on January 26, 2012 at 4 p.m.