Reinhard Baumeister

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Reinhard Baumeister

Reinhard Baumeister (born March 19, 1833 in Hamburg ; † December 11, 1917 in Karlsruhe ) was a German civil engineer , urban planner and university lecturer .

Life

Reinhard Baumeister was born in Hamburg in 1833 as the son of the lawyer and later President of the High Court and City Council Hermann Baumeister and his wife Wilhelmine. Woltmann born; He was thus a grandson of Reinhard Woltman, director of hydraulic engineering . Baumeister studied civil engineering at the Polytechnic in Hanover from 1849 and from 1851 at the Polytechnic in Karlsruhe ; Jakob Friedrich Eisenlohr was his most important teacher in Karlsruhe , whose daughter Anna he married in 1857. In 1853 Baumeister successfully passed the Baden state examination for engineers.

Baumeister then worked in the Baden state service on various construction projects until he was appointed full professor at the Karlsruhe Polytechnic in 1862 , where he taught students the basics of water, road and rail construction. He also taught in the field of bridge construction, placing great emphasis on high-quality architectural design. In the course of time he also turned to urban planning. In the winter semester of 1874/1875 he gave the first urban planning special lecture on urban expansion . In 1912 he retired , but returned to teaching in 1914 because of the First World War .

He is primarily regarded as the founder of scientific urban planning in Germany and the leading theoretician of urban planning towards the end of the 19th century, especially after the publication of his work Urban Extensions in Technical, Economic and Police Regions from 1876. In it Baumeister represented a balanced, universal View of urban planning, for example, integrated the demands of aesthetics, traffic, health and economics . The book gained additional prominence as the trigger for the controversy with the Viennese architect Camillo Sitte, who was primarily aware of the technical instructions in it and in 1889 wrote his own, influential book Der Städtebau according to his artistic principles in response to this. Baumeister also called for factors such as “symmetry of certain groups of houses, picturesque perspectives of streets and squares, well-chosen viewpoints, attractive series of building dimensions, etc.” to be observed.

In numerous other writings he specified his theory and thus reacted to current developments. Early on he pointed out the importance of green and open spaces in the ever expanding cities, criticized the property speculation that led to the “ tenement city ”, especially in Berlin , and developed into a supporter of the garden city movement. In 1871 he proposed an imperial law for construction. Baumeister co-founded the Association of German Architects and Engineers (1871) and the Association for Public Health Care (1873).

The connection between art and technology determined Baumeister's writings on civil engineering; his first publication was an extensive and theoretically demanding architectural form theory for engineers , in which he expressly formulated the goal of "landscape harmony" and thus went beyond the artistic and ornamental design of technical buildings.

His theoretical focus is also reflected in his practical work. He was able to demonstrate the connection between engineering and landscape in the demanding layout of rail routes through picturesque side valleys of the Rhine plain , such as the Murgtal (from 1867), Renchtal (from 1870) and Breisach Railway (from 1870).

The urban extensions that were created according to his design were particularly influential and successful. His most important works include the general construction plan for the Württemberg city ​​of Heilbronn from 1873, which was presented at the general assembly of the Association of German Architects and Engineers' Associations founded by Baumeister . V. was publicly exhibited in Berlin in 1874 and is said to have attracted international attention. The plan made the city, which had grown strongly since 1840 through the construction of four suburbs around the historic settlement core, with the planned enclosure by a generously dimensioned ring road again into a cohesive whole. He raised the T-shaped end of Kramstrasse - the traditional entrance road to the city center - through an eastern breakthrough into a continuous and traffic-friendly central street and created one for all quarters through three main streets that approach the station at an acute angle and for which two more Neckar bridges had to be created good access to the suburban train station .

In a correspondingly differentiated manner, he also developed development plans for other locations that were adapted to the circumstances and at the same time created spacious, green urban spaces, for example for the Mannheimer Oststadt (from 1872), the Rostocker Steintor-Vorstadt (1887), the Heidelberg Weststadt (from 1891) and the former fortress areas of Rastatt (from 1894).

In 1912, the former street 43 in the then independent city of Berlin-Schöneberg (from 1920 district and since 2001 part of Berlin) was named after Baumeister, as was the old Bahnhofstraße in Karlsruhe and streets in Hamburg, Rastatt and Haslach. His caricatured portrait can be found as a gargoyle on Karlsruhe's Stephanienbrunnen .

Fonts

Reinhard Baumeister: City extensions in technical, building control and economic relationships , 1876
  • Architectural form theory for engineers. Stuttgart 1866
  • City extensions in technical, building control and economic relationship . Berlin 1876
  • The technical universities . Habel, Berlin 1886, urn : nbn: de: hbz: 061: 1-75876
  • The uniform development of the Elbe region between Altona and Wedel . In: Zeitschrift für Bauwesen , Vol. 59, 1909, Sp. 439–462 ( digitized version )
  • Building regulations and housing issue . In: Brix , Genzmer (ed.): Urban planning lectures from the seminar for urban planning . Volume IV, Issue 3, Berlin 1910
  • Urban planning . In: Philipp Zorn , Herbert von Berger (editor): Germany under Kaiser Wilhelm II. , Ed. v. Siegfried Körte, Friedrich Wilhelm von Loebell a . a. 3 volumes. R. Hobbing, Berlin 1914.
  • Common good and special benefit in urban planning . In: Brix, Genzmer (ed.): Urban planning lectures from the seminar for urban planning . Volume VIII, Issue 4, Berlin 1918

literature

  • Fritz Eiselen: On the 70th birthday of R. Baumeister. In: Deutsche Bauzeitung , Volume 37, 1903, No. 22 (from March 18, 1903), p. 142 ff.
  • Wilhelm Strickler:  Builder, Reinhard. In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 1, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1953, ISBN 3-428-00182-6 , p. 656 ( digitized version ).
  • Willi Zimmermann: The first city plans as the basis for the city expansion of Heilbronn in the 19th century. In: Historischer Verein Heilbronn, 22nd publication 1957.
  • Karl-Heinz Höffler: Reinhard Baumeister 1833–1917. Founder of the science of town planning. 2nd revised edition, Karlsruhe 1977. (= series of publications by the Institute for Urban Development and Regional Planning of the University of Karlsruhe, Issue 9.)
  • Max Guther : On the history of urban planning at German universities. In: Heinz Wetzel and the history of urban planning at German universities. Stuttgart 1982
  • Ulrich Maximilian Schumann : Homage to Reinhard Baumeister. Pioneer of modern urban planning. Reinhard Baumeister Series Volume 13, Bad Saulgau 2017, ISBN 978-3-944258-08-9 .

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Go. Council Professor Dr. Master builder died. In: Badische Presse of December 12, 1917, noon edition, p. 3. ( digitized version ).
  2. ↑ Camillo Sitte: Urban development according to its artistic principles . Vienna 1889
  3. ↑ City expansions in technical, building control and economic relationships . Berlin 1876, p. 97
  4. ↑ Architectural form theory for engineers. Stuttgart 1866, p. 140
personal data
SURNAME Master builder, Reinhard
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German civil engineer and city planner
DATE OF BIRTH March 19, 1833
PLACE OF BIRTH Hamburg
DATE OF DEATH December 11, 1917
Place of death Karlsruhe