Red-neck juice tasty
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Red-naped juice delicacies ( Sphyrapicus nuchalis ) |
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| Sphyrapicus nuchalis | ||||||||||||
| SF Baird , 1858 |
The red-naped sap licker ( Sphyrapicus nuchalis ) is a North American species of woodpecker from the genus of sap lickers ( Sphyrapicus ) within the subfamily of the real woodpeckers (Picinae) . With the yellow-bellied juice lick, it is the smallest of the four types of juice lick. The red-necked juice lick occurs in the Rocky Mountains from western central Canada to Texas and is not uncommon in many parts of its range. Most of the species' populations are short- or medium-range migrants. Like all other types of sap lickers, the red-necked sap lickers feed on tree sap, insects and berries.
The specific epithet derived neck of lat. And nucha = refers to the red-colored necks of these woodpecker red-naped sapsucker and fire-head Saftlecker are sister species , which together with the yellow-bellied sapsucker a Super species form. Until 1983 they were regarded as a subspecies of Sphyrapicus varius , the specific epithet of which is thus understandable. Their distribution areas are largely well separated from one another, but overlap in some regions where hybrids between the two species are often found.
The red-naped sap liner was previously considered a pest in orchards and was persecuted. However, its population is stable today and is not considered to be endangered.
The geographical variation is slight, so that no subspecies are described.
Appearance
Red-neck juice delicacies reach a total length of 21 centimeters. Their weight is between 35 and 61 grams. With the same size as the European medium woodpecker, they are more than a third lighter than the latter. The sexes do not differ in terms of height and weight. The sexual dimorphism, which is not very pronounced in this species , mainly affects the color of the head, as in most woodpeckers.
Shoulders and back are flocked and spotted on a shiny black, slightly greenish iridescent ground, very white or dirty white. White predominates on the flanks, black in the middle. The rump and the upper tail-coverts are mostly black on the sides and mostly white in the middle. Except for the central control feathers, whose inner flags are spotted black on a white background, the tail is black. Sometimes the outer control springs have a white border. The middle wing-coverts and the outer lobes of the large wing-coverts are white; they form the white wing field that is characteristic of all types of juice lickers. Most of the hand wings and the outermost arm wings are banded white on the outer flags, all arm and hand wings are lined with white at the tip. The shield springs have white banding on the inside flags. All other areas of the wings are black. The underside, below the black chest band, is pale yellow in the upper area, further towards the tail and dirty-white or light brownish on the flanks and particularly intense black on the flanks like arrowheads. The under tail-coverts are white. The beak is black, the featherless area of the legs and the toes are green-gray. The irises of the eyes are brown.
In males, the forehead and crown are bright carmine red or red poppy red . This red area is limited by a sickle-shaped black-blue band that is widest at the occiput and tapers laterally over the eyes. Below this band is the not always clearly pronounced red spot that gives it its name. The chin, cheeks and throat are bright carmine red, very fine - and partly interrupted - bordered by a black streak of beard . A clear black eye stripe extends over the eyes to the neck, underneath an equally wide white band runs in an arc from the beak bristles to the upper, lateral neck area. The red throat is bordered by a sickle-shaped black shield towards the chest.
In females, the chin and throat are white, and some red can usually be seen in the cheek area. This makes the black streak of beard, which is only hinted at in the males, a clear feature. About 10% of the females show a very similar red distribution of the head plumage as the males.
Young birds differ significantly from adult ones, they are very similar to young yellow-bellied sap-litters. The top is dark brown, the back rather black, often black and white flocked. The white rump shows distinct black bands. The flanks are very clearly darkly spotted and dotted, the belly is undrawn, pale yellow, whitish towards the center. The lower throat area, chest and neck are darkly marked in the shape of a shell on a pale brownish background. A light stripe over and under the eyes can usually be seen. Males usually have a little red on the chin, forehead, and crown. At the end of the summer, red-naped juice delicacies molt into second youth plumage, which largely resembles the adult dress. Only the sickle-shaped black breastplate is not yet formed. This area is yellow-brown. They molt into adult plumage in the first late winter.
Move
Red-naped sap-tasters hop on both legs, clinging to the surface, up or down trunks and also move in this way on horizontal surfaces. As with most woodpeckers, the flight is arcuate and quick. A few quick flaps of the wings in the upward phase are followed by the downward phase with close-fitting wings.
distribution and habitat
The Rotnacken-Saftlecker is primarily a resident of the Rocky Mountain area. Its distribution area extends from central and southeastern British Columbia and central and western Alberta through Idaho , Montana , Wyoming and eastern Nevada , Utah , central and western Colorado, south to southeast Arizona , southwest and northeast New Mexico to the extreme northwest Texas . In a narrow strip, the species is also found mainly on the eastern flank of the Cascade Mountains in Washington and Oregon and in islands of distribution west of the Rocky Mountains in the Warner Mountains and the White Mountains , east of the Rockies in the Cypress Hills in south- east Bavaria and south-west Skatchewan and in the Black Hills and adjacent regions. Breeding occurrences are also likely to exist on the eastern slopes of the Sierra Nevada and in the Sweetwater Mountains in California .
In this area, the species populates mainly deciduous forests with poplars , but also occurs in mixed forests and poplar trees within light yellow pine forests , in park landscapes with poplars and firs , in logs in which deciduous trees have remained, in small willow , birch or poplar trees open pastureland, as well as in montane and subalpine forests with Douglas firs , larches , firs and spruce stands . Occasionally the species colonizes forest islands near the tree line and appears as a breeding bird in larger, tree-lined gardens. In oak or oak-pine forests, the red-naped sap-yummy does not breed.
The winter distribution includes the southern part of the breeding area, in exceptional cases north to southern Oregon, occasionally on the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada and more often in the valley of the Colorado River . The species also winters on Baja California and in Mexico from the Pacific coast in a wide area south to Jalisco and east to Chihuahua and Durango . Occasionally, red-necked juice delicacies reach Guatemala and Honduras .
The vertical distribution is between 300 and 3000 meters.
In winter, the species appears in different tree-lined landscapes, especially in pine-oak, oak- juniper forests and very light, savannah-like pure oak stands, in woody trees that accompany rivers, but also in large parklands and in orchards. In Arizona the highest winter occurrences are at 1700, in Mexico they reach up to 2500 meters.
Hybridization zones
In south and south-west Alberta the areas of distribution of the red-naped sap litter and the yellow-bellied sap litter touch each other; in some places they also overlap. Along the apex of the cascade chain, the breeding areas of the fiery head sap litter and the red nape sap licker come very close to each other and overlap in certain areas. In these areas hybrids are found that show the plumage characteristics of the parents in sliding coordination. As far as is known, hybrids give birth to fertile young, so that the identification of hybridized birds of the following generations is very difficult.
Space requirements
Red-necked juices are territorial during the breeding season and occasionally also claim territories in their winter quarters. The size of the district is mainly dependent on its creditworthiness and fluctuates between 1.67 hectares and 45.2 hectares, whereby both benchmarks are likely to represent exceptional values. The woodpeckers usually do not move further than 500 meters from the breeding cave. The farthest flight to a source of food was determined to be 1.4 kilometers. The minimum nest distance is 100 meters.
hikes
Red-necked juicers are mainly short- and medium-distance migrants. Females tend to migrate longer distances than males. Only breeding birds from Arizona and New Mexico overwinter predominantly in the breeding area. The breeding sites in southern Canada and the northern USA will be vacated by the end of August; the Zug summit is in mid-September. In the southernmost wintering areas, the first red-naped sap-lilies appear towards the end of October. The winter quarters will be vacated from mid-March. The first woodpeckers appear in the breeding areas at the beginning of April.
Individual evidence
- ↑ James A. Jobling: The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. Helm, London 2010; ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4 , p. 376.
- ↑ Walters et al. (2002) Introduction
- ↑ Data sheet BirdLife international ( Sphyrapicus nuchalis ) pdf engl.
- ↑ Winkler et al. (1995) p. 222
- ↑ Winkler et al. (1995) p. 222
- ↑ Walters et al. (2002) Appearance
- ↑ Walters et al. (2002) Habitat
- ↑ Walters et al. (2002) Distribution
- ↑ Walters et al. (2002) Habitat
- ↑ Winkler et al. (1995) p. 222
- ↑ Walters et al. (2002) Territoriality
- ↑ Walters et al. (2002) Migration
literature
- Eric L. Walters, Edward H. Miller, and Peter E. Lowther: Red-breasted Sapsucker (Sphyrapicus ruber) . IN: The Birds of North America Online (A. Poole, Ed.). Ithaca: Cornell Lab of Ornithology; Retrieved from the Birds of North America Online 2002 [no page numbers]
- Hans Winkler , David A. Christie and David Nurney: Woodpeckers. A Guide to the Woodpeckers, Piculets, and Wrynecks of the World. Pica Press, Robertsbridge 1995, ISBN 0-395-72043-5 , pp. 68-69 and 222-23.
- Hans Winkler: Family Picidae (Woodpeckers) In: del Hoyo, Elliott and Sargatal (Eds.): Handbook of the Birds of the World. Vol. 7 (Jacamars to Woodpeckers) Lynx Ediciones Barcelona 2002 pp. 274-419 and 452-453; ISBN 84-87334-37-7
Web links
- Sphyrapicus nuchalis onthe IUCN Red List of Threatened Species .
- Videos, photos and sound recordings of Sphyrapicus nuchalis in the Internet Bird Collection