Southern Tamandua

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Southern Tamandua
Southern Tamandua.jpg

Southern Tamandua ( Tamandua tetradactyla )

Systematics
Superordinate : Sub-articulated animals (Xenarthra)
Order : Tooth arms (pilosa)
Subordination : Anteaters (Vermilingua)
Family : Myrmecophagidae
Genre : Tamanduas ( Tamandua )
Type : Southern Tamandua
Scientific name
Tamandua tetradactyla
( Linnaeus , 1758)

The Southern Tamandua ( Tamandua tetradactyla ) is an anteater belonging to the genus Tamanduas . Its distribution area extends over large parts of South America east of the Andes , where it inhabits different landscapes, which are more or less tree-covered. There it is solitary and moves both on trees and on the ground. The main food consists of insects which form colonies . One young is usually born per litter. The Northern Tamandua , which has only been regarded as an independent species since 1975 , is closely related . The entire population of southern Tamandua is not considered to be threatened.

features

Habitus

The southern tamandua is a medium-sized anteater species and reaches a head-trunk length of 35 to 65, occasionally up to 88 cm, plus a tail of 37 to 67 cm in length. The shoulder height is around 30 cm, while the weight varies between 3.5 and 7.0 kg; generally females are slightly smaller than males. On average, the Southern Tamandua is a little larger than its sister species, the Northern Tamandua ( Tamandua mexicana ). The basic color of the coat, which is quite short-haired with 4 cm hair length, is cream-yellow to orange-yellow on the head, back and legs as well as on the tail. Often there is a darker drawing on the upper body reminiscent of a vest. In contrast to the Northern Tamandua, which always wears such a black vest on a beige or light brown background, it is less clear or faded in the Southern Tamandua. Such a black vest is only clearly developed in the southernmost populations of the southern Tamandua. The color of the fur serves as a camouflage in the trees, as a potential predator cannot fully grasp the animal due to the refraction of the color. Albinotic individuals have so far been recorded extremely rarely . The tail is less hairy than that of the great anteater ( Myrmecophaga tridactyla ), but the hair at the base of the tail is up to 9 cm long, but the tip of the tail is rather hairless and serves as a grasping organ. The sturdy head has an elongated, conical snout, which, however, does not appear as clearly pronounced as that of the great anteater. The mouth, which is completely toothless, houses a tongue up to 40 cm long, which is covered with sticky saliva. The eyes are rather small and the ears clearly rounded and with a length of about 5.0 to 5.4 cm larger than the Northern Tamandua. Usually the tip of the snout and the eye region are slightly darker in color than the rest of the head. The limbs are generally short but strong. There are four toes on the forefoot, hence the epithet tetradactylus - the four-toed one, with clearly pronounced, sickle-shaped claws, the third claw being the longest; a rudimentary fifth toe has no claws. On the rear foot, which is around 9 cm long on average, there are five, slightly elongated toes with shorter claws, which are an adaptation to climbing trees.

Skull and skeletal features

The skull reaches an average length of 12 cm and the width of the brain skull is 4.1 to 4.3 cm. The rostrum is extended and covers about half the length of the skull, but the nasal bone is 4.5 cm in length, shorter than the frontal bone . The rudimentary cheekbones are striking . Especially on the skull there are some externally invisible distinguishing features that are decisive for the delimitation of the southern from the northern Tamandua. These include the shape of the infraorbital foramen with an incomplete border and a smaller number (three pairs) of small depressions near the eye socket. The rather graceful lower jaw is up to 11 cm long.

There are 17 thoracic and 3 lumbar vertebrae on the spine, but there can also be 18 thoracic and only 2 lumbar vertebrae. The typical xenarthric joints (secondary joints) can usually be observed in the 3 to 4 rearmost thoracic and lumbar vertebrae. In contrast to other anteaters, the ribs have only slight widenings at the rear ends. The number of caudal vertebrae ranges from 31 to 39, which is less than that of Northern Tamandua with 40 to 42.

Sensory performances and vocalizations

The sense of sight and hearing are rather poorly developed in the southern Tamandua, but the sense of smell is very well developed and is used when looking for food. It is a noisy animal that often makes grunting noises when eating.

distribution

Distribution area

The southern Tamandua inhabits South America east of the Andes . The distribution area extends from the south of Colombia and Venezuela via Suriname , Brazil to the north of Argentina and Uruguay , in the latter state it was only detected in the 1990s. He has also settled on the island of Trinidad off the north coast of South America. The Tamandua species lives in areas from sea level up to heights of about 2000 m, the highest evidence so far comes from the Reserva Nacional El Nogalar de Los Toldos in the northern Argentine province of Salta and is at 2355 m. The total distribution area is given as 12.8 million square kilometers, whereby the size of the actually inhabited area is unknown. It is possible that the southern boundary of the habitat has recently been shifted, as several individuals have also been reported from the Argentine province of San Luis since 2009 . Overall, the southern Tamandua can be found in quite different habitats . It occurs in tropical rainforests , in mangrove forests , in the Atlantic coastal forests ( Mata Atlântica ) and in gallery forests near savannah landscapes . It also inhabits the dry forests of the Gran Chaco and the more humid forests of the Pantanal , while in Mato Grosso, Brazil, it occurs mainly in forests that are covered with Attalea palm trees. In general, the populated areas should be dense undergrowth and close to water. The density of the population depends on the habitat and reaches 0.34 individuals per square kilometer in the Pantanal, in forest landscapes it is somewhat larger with 0.41 individuals in the same area, as well as in more open landscapes such as the cerrado with 0.39. It is lowest in flood plains with 0.12 animals per square kilometer. A much higher population density was observed in Venezuela with 3 individuals per square kilometer.

Way of life

Territorial behavior

Southern Tamandua in the branches

In general, the southern Tamandua lives solitary and is active during the day, at twilight or at night, but night activity increases where it is more closely followed by people. An activity cycle lasts about eight hours, with a distance of up to three kilometers. Up to four and a half hours of activity alternate with up to one and a half hours of rest. In more forested areas, the Tamandua species is able to climb trees. It uses the long, flexible tail as a grasping organ and branches to move in the trees, on the ground the long claws of the front feet are turned inwards, while the main weight lies on the outer edges of the feet. The species moves slowly and, unlike the giant anteater, may not be able to gallop quickly. Individual individuals maintain territories from 1 to 3½, sometimes even 4 km² in size, which sometimes overlap with those of the great anteater. While sleeping, the Southern Tamandua retreats in tree hollows, dense vegetation or in burrows dug by other mammals, mostly armadillos . During investigations in the Panatal he was most often registered as a subsequent user of the giant armadillo's burrows . It is also found relatively often in abandoned termite and ant nests, which it occasionally enlarges, just like those of the smaller armadillos, so that an average 19 cm wide and 20 cm high structure is created. An animal was observed in the Brazilian Cerrado region that used the same den for three days in a row.

nutrition

The southern Tamandua feeds mainly on insects that form colonies, including ants and termites , but also bees and wasps , whose nests it breaks open with the sharp claws of its forefeet. Due to its semi-arboreal (“part-tree-dwelling”) way of life, the Tamandua species can track down both soil-dwelling and tree-dwelling colonies, with its good sense of smell being helpful. The time it takes to eat a single nest is rather short due to the chemical defense of the insects and is between 1 and 5 minutes, so that an animal has to visit several colonies every day. Among the ingested insects, in addition to the adult animals, their larvae and eggs are also eaten. The composition of the food varies from person to person. Two stomach contents analyzed showed on the one hand 69% ants and 31% termites, on the other hand 95% termites and 5% ants. As a rule, workers and sex animals are preferred among termites, while soldiers are less popular. Representatives of the genus Nasutitermes can very often be detected, but they are not killed directly at their nests, but rather opportunistically . On the other hand, ants of the genera Caponotus and Cephalotes have also been found, and occasionally also ant soldiers . For the Gran Chaco region , stomach examinations revealed a total of 11 different genera of ants with almost two dozen different species as the food source for Southern Tamandua. The feeding behavior is also quite different between the individual individuals, so that the same food resource can be used differently by two animals. Daily food intake usually results in 30 to 65% protein and 10 to 50% fat , which is distributed differently within the individual food groups. In addition to the actual insects, parts of the nest are also consumed, such as honey or beeswax . The southern tamandua only rarely eats plant material such as fruits or seeds, for example the grasses , and so far the hunt for iguanas and their consumption has been observed very rarely .

Reproduction

Little is known about the reproduction of Southern Tamandua. The oestrus lasts an average of 42 to 43.5 days. During the rut , the males court the females. This is also the only phase in which several individuals come together. Advertising is done by sniffing, chasing each other, or boxing. The gestation period lasts between 130 and 190 days, although it can be as short as 85 days. Usually a young is born which is suckled for up to six months; Two young animals are also extremely rarely born. A young animal weighs between 100 and 450 g and usually has the same color as the adult animal, but the fur on the back is significantly longer. In the beginning, the mother animal often carries the young animal on its back, where it primarily learns to track down food. Young animals reared in captivity gained up to 13.5 g per day in the first six months, then around 6.9 g until they were one year old. The longest lifespan of a zoo animal was nine and a half years, life expectancy in the wild is unknown.

Predator and enemy behavior

Erect South Tamandua

The biggest predators are puma , jaguar and ocelot , but foxes , smaller cats and harpies can also kill southern tamandua. Investigations in the Gran Chaco only revealed 2 indications each of 106 feces from the jaguar and 95 feces from the puma to the killing of the southern Tamandua by the two cat species. In the Brazilian state of São Paulo , only 1 evidence was found in 13 faeces of the puma and 14 of the ocelot. During an observation of 10 jaguars, including five male and five female animals, from October 2001 to April 2004 in the southern Pantanal , a total of 7 captured southern tamanduas were found, which made up only 1.6% of all hunted animals in this period. An endangered Tamandua stands up on its hind legs, often with a stone or tree trunk in the background, and raises its front feet with the sharp claws on either side of the snout. When attacked, it carries out blows with its claws, which can also be fatal.

Parasites

External parasites primarily include ticks from the genus Amblyomma , fleas from the genus Tiamastus, and mosquitoes from the genus Psoralges . As internal parasites are mainly nematodes as Delicata , Graphidiops and Moennigia detected but also acanthocephala as Gigantorhynchus and tapeworms as Mathevotaenia were identified in Southern Tamadua. Furthermore, coccidia have also been identified as parasites with Eimeria . In addition, the Tamanduaart acts as a carrier of the protozoon Leishmania , which, transmitted by sand flies , can cause leishmaniasis in humans. Occasionally, Chagas disease , which is dangerous for humans, occurs, which is caused by the single cell Trypanosoma cruzi . Furthermore, the bacteria Leptospira were detected as the causative agent of leptospirosis and Brucella as such of brucellosis . In 2018, the disease of a southern tamandua from canine distemper virus was documented for the first time .

Systematics

Internal systematics of the recent anteaters according to Delsuc et al. 2012
  Vermilingua  
  Cyclopedidae  

 Cyclopes


  Myrmecophagidae  
  Tamandua  

 Tamandua mexicana


   

 Tamandua tetradactyla



   

 Myrmecophaga




Template: Klade / Maintenance / Style

The southern Tamandua is a species from the genus Tamandua , to which the Northern Tamandua ( Tamandua mexicana ) also belongs. The Tamanduas in turn are part of the Myrmecophagidae family , which also includes the great anteater ( Myrmecophaga tridactyla ). Within the subordination of anteaters (Vermilingua) the Myrmecophagidae are the Schwestertaxon the Cyclopedidae to which the dwarf anteater ( Cyclopes ) as their shall be made only living member today. Based on molecular genetic studies it was determined that the Myrmecophagidae and the Cyclopedidae separated in the Middle Eocene around 38 million years ago. The division of the Myrmecophagidae into the lines of development of Tamandua and Myrmecophaga began, according to the same studies, in the transition from the Middle to the Upper Miocene 13 million years ago.

Despite the long-time separation of the Tamanduas from the giant anteater, which was determined by molecular genetics, the genus Tamandua fossil can be identified for the first time in the Pleistocene of South America and is also very well documented from the Holocene . A predecessor of the two anteater genera is possibly Protamandua from the Santacruzian around 16 million years ago and mediates in size between Tamandua and Cyclopes , but is more generalized than these two. Neotamandua dated somewhat more recently from the Upper Miocene of the La Venta Formation in Colombia and the Pliocene of the Araucano Formation in Argentina , according to morphological studies this is probably more closely related to Myrmecophaga .

Historical drawing of South Tamandua by JG Keulemans , 1871

The following four subspecies can be distinguished:

The southern Tamandua was first scientifically named by Carl von Linné (Linnaeus) in 1758 as Myrmecophaga tetradactyla , and he also assigned the genus Myrmecophaga to the dwarf anteater Cyclopes didactylus and the great anteater ( Myrmecophaga tridactyla ) as additional species based on the number of claws Forefoot toes differed. Linnaeus gave "America Meridionali" as the type locality for southern Tamandua. The genus name Tamandua was first used in 1825 by John Edward Gray without mentioning a specific species, but he considered the anteaters to be a subfamily of the armadillos . As early as 1821, however, Gray had used the term "Tamandua" as a specific epithet for Myrmecophaga tamandua , the scientifically first, now correct use as Tamandua tetradactyla , also by Gray, dates back to 1843 . The name "Tamandua" comes from the Tupi language of Brazil and is made up of the words tacy ("ant") and monduar ("to catch"). The word was conveyed to Europe via Portuguese ( tamanduá ). For a long time, the genus Tamandua with the species Tamandua tetradactyla was considered monotypical , it was not until 1975 that Ralph M. Wetzel split off the Northern Tamandua ( Tamandua mexicana ) due to numerous morphological and morphometric deviations from the Southern Tamandua.

Threat and protection

Southern Tamandua in the Frankfurt Zoo

The southern Tamandua is sometimes hunted as a food resource, but in some areas of its range it is considered less edible due to its bad smell. A study among the Waimiri Atroari ethnic group in the central Amazon lowlands, which ran from 1993 to 1994 over a year, showed that the then 800 people, killed a total of 2 specimens of this anteater species within this period. With a total weight of only 5 kg, this resulted in a share of 0.02% of the total biomass hunted by the Waimiri Atroari over the year. In some cases, the bones ground into powder are used as a remedy for thrombosis , and individual animals are also killed by dogs or are victims of traffic accidents. In some regions, the southern tamandua is also kept as a pet. The destruction of the landscape and the expansion of human settlements and agricultural areas, especially eucalyptus plantations, have a greater impact on the total population . Natural fire also has a negative effect on wild populations. Due to its widespread use, the IUCN lists Southern Tamandua as “not endangered” ( least concern ). It occurs in numerous nature reserves, such as the Saracá Taquera National Forest and the Emas National Park , both in Brazil.

literature

  • Alessandra Bertassoni: Myrmecophagidae (Anteaters). In: Don E. Wilson and Russell A. Mittermeier (eds.): Handbook of the Mammals of the World. Volume 8: Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona 2018, pp. 74–90 (pp. 89–90) ISBN 978-84-16728-08-4
  • Virginia Hayssen: Tamandua tetradactyla. Mammalian Species 43 (875), 2011, pp. 64-74
  • Ronald M. Nowak: Walker's Mammals of the World. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999 ISBN 0-8018-5789-9

Individual evidence

  1. Sergio D. Ríos, Christian Ruiz Díaz and Paul Smith: Reporte de un ejemplar albino de Tamandua tetradactyla (Linnaeus, 1758) (Pilosa, Myrmecophagidae) en el suroeste de Paraguay. Edentata 20, 2019, pp. 35-38
  2. Ronald M. Nowak: Walker's Mammals of the World. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999 ISBN 0-8018-5789-9
  3. a b c d e f g h i j Virginia Hayssen: Tamandua tetradactyla. Mammalian Species 43 (875), 2011, pp. 64-74
  4. a b c d e f g h i j k Paul Smith: Southern Tamandua Tamandua tetradactyla (Linnaeus 1758). Fauna of Paraguay 3, 2007, pp. 1-15
  5. a b c d Alessandra Bertassoni: Myrmecophagidae (Anteaters). In: Don E. Wilson and Russell A. Mittermeier (eds.): Handbook of the Mammals of the World. Volume 8: Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona 2018, pp. 74–90 (pp. 89–90) ISBN 978-84-16728-08-4
  6. Daya Navarrete and Jorge Ortega: Tamandua mexicana. Mammalian Species 43 (875), 2011, pp. 56-63
  7. Alejandro Fallabrino and Elena Castiñeira: Situación de Los Edentados en Uruguay. Edentata 7, 2006, pp. 1-3
  8. Norberto Ángel Nigro, Nicolás Lodeiro Ocampo, Fernando Falke and Héctor Nieba: Mayor altitud registrada para el oso melero, Tamandua tetradactyla (Linnaeus, 1758): 2,355 msnm. Edentata 17, 2016, pp. 61-63
  9. a b Flávia Miranda and DA Meritt Jr .: Tamandua tetradactyla. Edentata 11 (2), 2010, pp. 109-110
  10. Matías Ayarragaray Tabuenca, María Laura Gomez Vinassa and Noelia Celeste Fernández: Registros de oso melero (Tamandua tetradactyla) en la provincia de San Luis, Argentina. Ampliación del límite austral de la distribución de la especie. Edentata 19, 2018, pp. 57-60
  11. Arnaud Léonard Jean Desbiez and Ísis Meri Medri: Density and Habitat Use by Giant Anteaters (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) and Southern Tamanduas (Tamandua tetradactyla) in the Pantanal Wetland, Brazil. Edentata 11 (1), 2010, pp. 4-10
  12. Arnaud L eonard Jean Desbiez and Danilo Kluyber: The Role of Giant Armadillos (Priodontes maximus) as Physical Ecosystem Engineers. Biotropica 45 (5), 2013, pp. 537-540
  13. Flávio HG Rodrigues and Jader S. Marinho-Filho: Diurnal Rest Sites of Translocated Lesser Anteaters (Tamandua tetradactyla) in the Cerrado of Brazil. Edentata 5, 2003, pp. 44-46
  14. Jorge Alberto Gallo, Agustín Manuel Abba, Luciana Elizalde, Dante Di Nucci, Tatiana Agustina Ríos and María Cecilia Ezquiaga: First study on food habits of anteaters, Myrmecophaga tridactylaand Tamandua tetradactyla, at the southern limit of their distribution. Mammalia 81 (6), 2017, pp. 601-604
  15. Sergio E. Oyarzun, Graham J. Crawshaw and Eduardo V. Vaides: Nutrition of the Tarnandua: 1. Nutrient Composition of Termites (Nasutitermes spp.) And Stomach Contents From Wild Tamanduas (Tamandua tetradactyla). Zoo Biology 15, 1996, pp. 509-524
  16. Vivian E. Sandoval-Gómez, Héctor E. Ramírez-Chaves and David Marín: Registros de hormigas y termitas presentes en la dieta de osos hormigueros (Mammalia: Myrmecophagidae) en tres localidades de Colombia. Edentata 13, 2012, pp. 1-9
  17. Vanderson Corrêa Vaz, Ricardo Tadeu Santori, Ana Maria Jansen, Ana Cláudia Delciellos and Paulo Sérgio D'Andrea: Notes on food habits of armadillos (Cingulata, Dasypodidae) and anteaters (Pilosa, Myrmecophagidae) at Serra da Capivara National Park (Piauí State , Brazil). Edentata 13, 2012, pp. 84-89
  18. Kent H. Redford: Dietary specialization and variation in two mammalian myrmecophages (variation in mammalian myrmecophagy). Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 59, 1986, pp. 201-208
  19. David Matlaga: Mating Behavior of the Northern Tamandua (Tamandua mexicana) in Costa Rica. Edentata 7, 2006, pp. 46-48
  20. Satoshi Kusuda, Tomoko Endoh, Hiroyuki Tanaka, Itsuki Adachi, Osamu Doi and Junpei Kimura: Relationship between gonadal steroid hormones and vulvar bleeding in southern tamandua, Tamandua tetradactyla. Zoo Biology 30 (2), 2011, pp. 212-217
  21. Guillermo Pérez Jimeno: Crianza Artificial y Manejo Reproductivo de los Tamanduá (Tamandua tetradactyla) en el Jardín Zoológico de Rosario, Argentina. Edentata 5, 2003, pp. 25-28
  22. Sandra MC Cavalcanti and Eric M. Gese: Kill rates and predation patterns of jaguars (Panthera onca) in the southern Pantanal, Brazil. Journal of Mammalogy 91 (3), 2010, pp. 722-736
  23. Filipe Dantas-Torres, Daniel B. Siqueira, Luciana C. Rameh-De-Albuquerque, Denisson Da Silva E Souza, Alexandre P. Zanotti, Débora RA Ferreira, Thiago F. Martins, Michelle B. De Senna, Paulo GC Wagner, Marcio A. Da Silva, Maria FV Marvulo and Marcelo B. Labruna: Ticks Infesting Wildlife Species in Northeastern Brazil with New Host and Locality Records. Journal of Medical Entomology 47 (6), 2010, pp. 1243-1246
  24. Indiara dos Santos Sales, Márcio Manhães Folly, Luize Néli Nunes Garcia, Tatiane Mendes Varela Ramos, Mariana Cristina da Silva and Martha Maria Pereira: Leptospira and Brucella antibodies in Collared anteaters (Tamandua tetradactyla) in Brazilian zoos. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 43 (4), 2012, pp. 739-743
  25. Michele Lunardi, Gabriela Molinari Darold, Alexandre Mendes Amude, Selwyn Arlington Hesadley, Luciana Sonne, Kelly Cristiane Ito Yamauchi and Fabiana Marques Boabaid: Canine distemper virus active infection in order Pilosa, family Myrmecophagidae, species Tamandua tetradactyla. Veterinary Microbiology, 2018 doi: 10.1016 / j.vetmic.2018.04.030
  26. a b Frédéric Delsuc, Mariella Superina, Marie-Ka Tilak, Emmanuel JP Douzery and Alexandre Hassanin: Molecular phylogenetics unveils the ancient evolutionary origins of the enigmatic fairy armadillos. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 62, 2012, 673-680
  27. Frédéric Delsuc, Sergio F Vizcaíno and Emmanuel JP Douzery: Influence of Tertiary paleoenvironmental changes on the diversification of South American mammals: a relaxed molecular clock study within xenarthrans. BMC Evolutionary Biology 4 (11), 2004, pp. 1-13
  28. Gillian C. Gibb, Fabien L. Condamine, Melanie Kuch, Jacob Enk, Nadia Moraes-Barros, Mariella Superina, Hendrik N. Poinar and Frédéric Delsuc: Shotgun Mitogenomics Provides a Reference Phylogenetic Framework and Timescale for Living Xenarthrans. Molecular Biology and Evolution 33 (3), 2015, pp. 621-642
  29. ^ Sue D. Hirschfeld: A new fossil anteater (Edentata, Mammalia) from Colombia, SA and evolution of the Vermilingua. Journal of Paleontology 50 (3), 1976, pp. 419-432
  30. Timothy J. Gaudin and Daniel G. Branham: The Phylogeny of the Myrmecophagidae (Mammalia, Xenarthra, Vermilingua) and the Relationship of Eurotamandua to the Vermilingua. Journal of Mammalian Evolution 5 (3), 1998, pp. 237-265
  31. ^ John Edward Gray, An outline of an attempt at the disposition of Mammalia into tribes and families, with a list of the genera apparently appertaining to each tribe. Annals of Philosophy NS 10, 1825, pp. 337–344 (p. 343) ( [1] ; PDF; 609 kB)
  32. John Edward Gray: On the natural arrangement of vertebrose animals. London Medical Repository 15, 1821, pp. 297-310 (305) ( [2] ; PDF; 898 kB)
  33. Ralph M. Wetzel: The species of Tamandua Gray (Edentata, Myrmecophagidae). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 88 (1), 1975, pp. 95-112
  34. Jump up Roselis Remor de Souza-Mazurek, Temehe Pedrinho, Xinymy Feliciano, Waraié Hilário, Sanapyty Gerôncio and Ewepe Marcelo: Subsistence hunting among the Waimiri Atroari Indians in central Amazonia, Brazil. Biodiversity and Conservation 9 :, 2000, pp. 579-596
  35. Flávia Miranda and DA Meritt Jr .: Tamandua tetradactyla. In: IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.1. ( [3] ); last accessed on July 16, 2013
  36. Leonardo de Carvalho Oliveira, Sylvia Miscow Mendel, Diogo Loretto, José de Sousa e Silva Júnior and Geraldo Wilson Fernandes: Edentates of the Saracá-Taquera National Forest, Pará, Brazil. Edentata 7, 2006, pp. 3-7
  37. James Sanderson and Leandro Silveira: Observations of Xenarthra in the Brazilian Cerrado and Guyana. Edentata 5, 2003, pp. 40-44

Web links

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