Saline Staßfurt

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The Staßfurt Saline was a plant for the extraction of evaporated salt from natural salt springs in the city of Staßfurt .

Approximate location of the former Kokturhof of the Staßfurt salt works.

Historical dating

  • View of the Staßfurt salt works around 1600

  • Site plan of the Staßfurt salt works from 1817

  • Site plan of the Staßfurt salt works from 1852

According to a legend, in the town of Staßfurt, first mentioned in a document in 806 , a Wendenführer who was captured and released during the wars of Charlemagne (* 748, † 814) discovered salt springs here, which "bubbled" on both sides of the Bode . It is also assumed that the old castle, which once stood next to the old Staßfurt salt works, was originally built to protect the naturally emerging salt springs.

“It is no longer possible to determine when the oldest lending rights to salt mining took place. As in the acquisition of Saline by the Prussian Fiscus ownership titles should be detected by the Pfännern, that the tenure of the other was found that documents were only present where etc by purchase, testamentary provisions a Eigenthumsübergang had taken place, Kothen not more could be found. The oldest existing title was a cadastre [about = land register entry] from 1461, which referred to 1/4 Soole on a Kothe with which the church in Staßfurt was entrusted. Individual messages come from a much earlier time; but they are only small fragments that are not related to each other and do not provide a complete picture of the conditions at that time. Here belongs the historical fact that Count Bernhard von Aschersleben and Anhalt , later Duke of Saxony , a younger son of Albert the Bear, in 1195 transferred a Soolgut near Staßfurt (Salis aram apud Stassfurt) to the church at Cölbik ( Kölbigk near Ilberstedt ) at soul masses for his parents, himself and his sons. "

The medieval pancake

Salt content of selected brines

The castle, which has been mentioned in documents since the 8th century, probably came into the possession of the von Schladen family in the 12th century , who, along with other Pfänners, also participated in the use of the brine springs. A brisk boiling operation is known as early as the first half of the 13th century. Since the productivity of the brine springs emerging in several places could not meet the increasing demand, it was important that the abbess of the Hecklingen monastery , Anna von Schladen, who was in office around the middle of the 15th century , “... contributed significantly to the sinking of a large new brine well , who in the best times of the pancake [there was evidence that there were 30 Kothe in 1524] almost always alone supplied all the necessary tools for the operation and was also in use during the later fiscal operation. In addition, he supplied the richest brine of all wells (17 solder) [= 17% salt content]. Its depth has not been able to be determined precisely because of the aftermath that has occurred over the centuries. At a depth of 183 feet [= approx. 55 m] the bottom was not quite reached. The well was sunk in a roughly rectangular shape, stood in the Buntsandsteingebirge without room and miraculously had no inflows of sweet water despite its short distance from the Bode, just as little as there is a connection with the only 70 feet [= approx. 21 m] remotely located 'small Soolbrunnen'. "

From today's point of view, the sinking of such a deep well in the water-bearing red sandstone deserves the greatest respect. The "how" - or with what means and methods - should still be researched.

Johann Thölde reported on details of the Staßfurt salt works in his Haliographia anno 1603 (see the following illustrations from a book edition anno 1622) that two wells are used, one of which - powered by horse art  - is 35 fathoms (= approx. 63 m) deep is.

The brine, scooped up by means of buckets, is conducted through wooden channels into all Kothe (Kothe = house, also called "Salzkotte"), in which the salt is boiled. These are set up underground, their roofs are at ground level. 2 pans are used: 1/2 shoe (1 shoe = approx. 32 cm, i.e. approx. 16 cm) deep, 6 shoe long and 5 shoe wide. For each one-hour boiling operation, the output was a "work" of 2 "pieces" (1 piece measured 8 1/2 "Metzen" at the time; 1 Metz = approx. 1515 grams, value of goods 8 groschen ). One Kothe managed 50 works per week; As a wage, the master boiler received 6 pfennigs for each “piece” of salt , and a servant 1/2 thaler per week.

  • Mention of the Staßfurt saltworks in Thöldes "HALIOGRAPHIA" in 1622.

  • ditto, page 161

  • ditto, page 162

  • ditto, page 163

"[...] The amount of salt production can be determined according to two old calculations from 1524 and 1591 for 3340 works in the first and 2341 works in the latter. According to Thölde's description, a work had 2 pieces of 8 1/2 hats each; according to data from the end of the 18th century, 1 piece held 3 bushels, or 48 metzels, and weighed 155 pounds; under the - albeit arbitrary - assumption that the Metze has remained essentially unchanged and the factories have grown in size in accordance with operational progress, a Metz at that time would have weighed 3.23 old pounds or 1.515 kg. According to this, the two mentioned productions are calculated at around 86,000 kg and 60,000 kg.

Regarding the yield, the old church book states that in some years the Kirchenkoth yielded 400 to 600 thalers, in 1689 even 900 thalers of net profit. "

Here Thölde's publication on the Staßfurt salt works:

"[...] The variety of facilities that one encounters at the various salt works testifies to the different views of their authors, but also to the zeal with which one strived for greater perfection. This subheading includes differences in the size and shape of the pans; they are found from 200 to 3000 square feet of floor space; the bottom surfaces partly in square form, partly as rectangles with more or less difference between the long and the narrow side, partly in circular form. Their depths are less different - the difference in the distance between the bottom of the pan and the stove and the roast; they are found with and without circulatory passages; and again of various kinds. The pans themselves are found made in various ways, with screws and rivet nails, or some constructed from flat panels riveted together, the latter with single or double rows of rivet nails. The pans below the smoke trap are partly completely free, partly lidded, partly enclosed by a jacket; the smoke itself is found listed under very different conditions and connected with the exit opening. Originally one and the same pan was intended for heating the brine, for boiling it and for suction; Later, experiments were made with special heating pans, with their own boiling, cooking or sturgeon pans, and with separate suction pans. Even the drying facilities for storing salt in the magazines have already been subjected to various changes and tests. "

Technical deficiencies in the boiling plant, difficulties in obtaining heating material and the competition from the Schönebecker Saline caused a steady decline in earnings since the beginning of the 18th century. In 1719 the sale of salt in the Principality of Halberstadt ceased completely; Instead of the Staßfurt saltworks, the people of Halberstadt got it cheaper from Schönebeck.

Some technical details about the salt works have been handed down from this time:

“[...] Then next to the large artificial fountain [that was the deep fountain standing in the red sandstone, whose pumping station was a Göpel enterprise; hence the name 'Kunstbrunnen'] regularly also the small fountain in operation; the sool was lifted from both of them by means of buckets. If there were 51 or 17 works (previously only 2 for 1 work) per week, each man received 80 buckets from the large well and 68 buckets from the small well. Accordingly, there were about 8 bucket fillings (of 180 Berliner Maß each) on each work. One work yielded an average of 3 Berlin bushels of salt weighing about 155 pounds; 22 1/2 pieces totaling 30 1/2 cents were counted for a load. The number of manure workers together with their families was 173 souls in 1796. "

The transition to the Prussian treasury

The aforementioned difficulties in the saltworks itself as well as the growing competition from other saltworks have made the Staßfurt saltworks more economically viable since the beginning of the 18th century. Many Kothen changed their owners over the decades - mostly to nobles - so that ultimately a noble pancake determined the fate of the Kothen, which still produced 30 evaporated salt. Of course, these aristocratic families did not settle themselves, but leased these kothen to so-called “koth masters” as owners of the respective “boiling justice”.

Increasingly, the only way of averting a total financial fiasco was to sell the boiling plants to the state.

“[…] From the offer of sale of October 4, 1794 and the attached income calculation, it emerges that the pawning company calculated the net income for a year at 2400 thalers, which according to their statements could be increased to 9000 thalers. She then demanded a total of 100,000 Thalers as the purchase price for the salt works, which consisted of 30 kothen, 2 salt wells, 2 art buildings, a house with stable and floor for the art servants and horses, the Pfännerstube in the town hall and a pan forge. The previous annual average rate was based on a salt quantity of 22,756 pieces of 2 1/4 bushels each. "

The sales negotiations dragged on for two years because initially only 5 of 15 waste owners agreed to the sale proposal. In 1797 they agreed on a purchase price of 85,000 thalers.

"[...] The conclusion of the purchase contract, however, now posed various formal difficulties, since a large number of manure owners could not prove their title of property, which was required for the purchase according to general land law. Since this deficiency could only be remedied by a formal public notice procedure, but such a procedure had to delay the sale very much, and the town was already beginning to suffer from the weak operation of the saltworks, a rescript of May 19, 1797 determined that the takeover of the salt works would already take place effected before the conclusion of the sales contract and should be accelerated if possible. Accordingly, the takeover by the Saline Commission took place on May 29, 30 and 31, 1797, and on June 1, 1797 the factory was put into operation under royal administration by a salt factory built on the same. "

The purchase contract was signed by the authorized representative of the pensions, the town councilor Schlitte (date of April 28, 1797) and the head of the salt department of the General Directory, Your Excellency von Struensee (date of February 28, 1800).

The last purchase money was on 2/3. Paid March 1803. The new operator was called the "Salinen-Directions-Commission". 14 kothe ​​were immediately demolished, the boiling pans reduced to 16. Soon afterwards, a new boiler house was built - it was put into operation on November 16, 1800 - and the old one was torn down the following year. The new Siedehaus “[...] was a solid cross-shaped house with a steep pitched roof, 193 feet (= approx. 58 m) long and 45 feet (= approx. 13.5 m) deep, which had 2 sturgeon, 2 Suction pans that contained the necessary furnaces, a drying room, an official apartment and a cash room. The disturbance pans had a footprint of 21 × 11 1/2 feet [= approx. 22 m²], the suction pans were square with 21 feet [= approx. 40 m²] side length laid out. "

The Prussian salt works

Fuel requirement at the Staßfurt salt works

The annual amount of evaporated salt produced peaked in 1857 with 27,587 quintals (= quintals). For the years 1796 to 1800 and 1804 to 1808 Westphal lacks information on this. As was the case under the earlier Pfänizenship, the supply of the salt works with fuel was also very problematic under the Prussian management.

The archives contain the report of the administrator at the Königliche Saline Staßfurt called Backe, which contains: […] “The firing was made of wood until 1800, but since this became more and more expensive and could no longer be purchased, this is how they have been used since this time of hard coal and lignite. Long straw and waves are only used every time the fire is started. ”A load of salt required: 1 shaft, 12 bushels of hard coal and 32 bushels of brown coal. The adjacent table shows the amount of heating material required for an annual settlement of 2000 load.

Saline products were "white salt" (vacuum salt) and so-called "black salt", which was sold under the name "waste salt".

“Soon another gray salt was separated off, and later the inferior salt, which was finally knocked out, and the waste were classified even further and partly without further additives as sweeping salt, fertilizer salt, partly after denaturation with soot or ash as soap boiler salt, or with red paint and vermouth powder sold as cattle salt. Up until the 1830s, the salt was given free of charge to the tax authorities, who then sold it on. "

Salineninspektor Backs zu Staßfurt wrote about the distribution of sales and the price relationships in 1807:

“[…] The price for the domestic market is 72 Rthlr [= Reichstaler ] 7 ggr. = Good groschen per load of white salt ; = Twelve Reichstaler or 2 gGR = good groschen = 2 1/2 silver groschen )] 3 pf [= 3 pfennig ] Preuss. Courant if the sellers in the Principality of Halberstadt are not more than four miles away from here. Those places that are more than 4 miles from here pay 1 Rthlr for each additional mile. 12 ggr. Less per load, which is remunerated as wages. All the sellers in the Duchy of Magdeburg pay without distinction, the distance is as far as they want, 72 Rthlr per load. 7 ggr. 3 pf. The price for foreign countries is 33 Rthlr per load. or per piece a. 2 3/4 bushels holding 1 Rthlr. 22 g.Preuss. Courant. The price of gray salt is a load of 15 Rthlr. "

In 1808, Staßfurt salt was exported to the Principality of Quedlinburg , the Duchies of Dessau , Köthen and Bernburg as well as to the County of Barby and the Amt of Endorf . Salt deficits [were authorized storage and sales houses for salt] for the administration of indirect taxes, which were supplied by the Staßfurt saltworks and counted as part of the domestic sales area, were in Alleringersleben , Aschersleben , Barnebeck , Halberstadt , Hornburg , Hettstedt , Neuhaldensleben , Osterwieck , Oschersleben , Oebisfelde , Quedlinburg, Veltheim , Weferlingen , Wernigerode ; There were also sellers in Aken and Calbe .

The closure of the salt works

As early as 1797 (according to an archived letter from the chief of the General Salt Department, von Struensee, dated May 20, 1797) there were considerations to end the salt works for economic reasons. In this letter it says: [...] "Since the salt works in Staßfurt could very well be completely dispensed with at present, it is only in order not to deprive the city of Staßfurt of this food branch that this salt works will continue to be operated before hand should. ”[sic] If necessary, the Schönebeck saltworks, which is also in fiscal possession and working much more profitably, could easily have covered the entire need for evaporated salt.

“[…] In particular, the intention was to increase the production of the salt works with the help of the old target sources located on the northern bank of the Bode, near Alt-Staßfurt, and it was calculated that a production of 10,000 loads = ~ 200,000 dz annually would be possible could be. A measurement made in 1805 showed that the large well was 1 2/3 cbf per minute. Cubic feet of Soole with 12.25 pounds of salt.

Of the other fountains, the small artificial fountain delivered: 1/2 cbf per min. 12 pounds. Soole, the well I in the brawn (47 feet deep) 3, 344 cbf. á 8 1/2 pounds of salt, the well II in the brawn (13 feet deep), 30 'from the former) 2, 266 cbf. á 9 pounds of salt, the well III in the brawn (7 feet deep), 180 'from I? [not specified] 3 pounds of salt each.

Since the brine was relatively weak, so it should have been gradirt, and at the same time therefore they took the building of a Gradirhauses prospect. In 1817 the plan to enlarge the saltworks with the help of the Gradir company was resumed. In addition, it was thought of leading the Soolmenden, who could not be soiled in Staßfurt because of the difficulties in obtaining fuel, through a Soolline made of iron pipes to the Elmer Gradirwerk . "

In addition, a larger horse art was to be built instead of the old and dilapidated one; In 1805 the plan was even drawn up to relocate a field linkage from the Staßfurt mill to transmit power from it to the salt works. Three other events were to have a decisive influence on the salt works: On the one hand, the fuel requirements of the salt works improved through the opening of the lignite mining near Löderburg , Unseburg and Börnecke in the early 1850s. Soon afterwards the boiling house burned down and it was only on May 8, 1855 that the newly built house could be put back into operation. And what was likely to bring about the great turning point in the history of the Staßfurt salt mining: The first deep drilling in search of suspected underground salt deposits was paved.

Bergrat Borlach was the first to suspect that where there are salt springs, there must be underground salt deposits. Initial search drillings for bored salmon at Artern yielded no results. Later, it was at Jagstfeld find. The son of the former saltworks administrator Backs, who in the meantime had risen to the ridge, managed to find salt near Artern in 1837 by means of a new borehole.

At the suggestion of C. Reinwarth, who in a report dated June 3, 1838, advocated the drilling of a borehole for the purpose of promoting "better brine", on April 23, 1839 at the Staßfurt Kokturhof (old name for a saline farm; comes from the Latin "coctura") : the boil) such a search hole set up. After twelve years, this drilling work was stopped on May 31, 1851 at a depth of 581 m (see also exploration work on the Salinehof in Staßfurt ).

However, pierced Epsom salts made the use of the borehole unusable for boiling operations. After long deliberations and risk assessments, the decision was made to sink two shafts (the “von der Heydt” and “von Manteuffel” shafts, which later became the world's first shafts producing potash salt).

The mining of rock salt began in the shafts in 1857. The production of evaporated salt on the Staßfurt saltworks was only operated with a boiling pan in 1857.

The following is the last statistical information before the final cessation of boiling operation:

"[...] As in the past, the shaft water raised in rock salt mining was used for their operations, of which 155482 Kbfss. [= Cubic feet] 17.275 pound soole, from which, during 223 days of real operating time on a pan area of ​​728 square feet, 25524 Ctnr. [= Hundredweight] white salt, 160 ctnr. yellow and sweeping salt, together 25684 Ctnr. were generated. This results in a boiling loss of 9.049 pCt. [= Percent] and a salt yield of 13.63 ctn. per square foot pan surface and 1 day of operating time. 0.560 tons of Löderburg lignite or 4.96 Kbfss were burned per centner of salt. pine wood equivalent, for the evaporation of 100 Kbfss. Water was 88.34 Kbfss. Wood equivalent required. The occupation consisted of 22 workers, by whom in addition to the above-mentioned quantity of 25,684 ctn. white and yellow salt 219 Ctnr. Industrial salt and 827 Ctnr. Pfannenstein were made. "

In 1858 the horse art was stopped, the brine wells were filled in and at the end of the following year boiling was stopped forever.

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Pfänner: an owner of a saline / boiling pan / kothe; Pancake: the totality of such owners. Taken from: Brockhaus' Kleines Konversations-Lexikon from 1911. Volume 2, page 390. ( online )
  2. ↑ [...] "The Kothe is generally called a small, bad, poor house, and is most common in Lower Saxony with this meaning. But the small huts in the salt works, where the salt is boiled, are particularly well known in this sense. ”Brockhaus Conservations-Lexikon, 1809, Volume 7, Page 534. ( online )
  3. ↑ Johannes Westphal: History of the Royal Salt Works in Staßfurt, taking into account the general development of the potash industry. Memorandum on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the Staßfurt salt mining industry. Journal for mining, metallurgy and saltworks in the Prussian State 50, (1902), B. Abhandlungen, page 1.
  4. ↑ Johannes Westphal: History of the Royal Salt Works in Staßfurt, taking into account the general development of the potash industry. Memorandum on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the Staßfurt salt mining industry. Zeitschrift für das Berg, - Hütten- und Salinenwesens im Prussischen Staate 50, (1902), B. Abhandlungen, page 2. Important note: The author of this article is not sure whether Johannes Westphal is the measure applicable in Prussia after 1816 for 1 foot = 31.3854 cm. In the following, the foot measurement of "approx. 30 cm" is assumed to be completely sufficient for historical considerations.
  5. ↑ a b Pierer's Universal Lexicon from 1857, Volume 14, Page 826. ( online )
  6. ↑ [...] “On the Prussian salt pans, a work is called the boiling of a filled pan in 2 or 3 extracts. When the brine is boiling it is crimped three times in succession to remove part of the earthy parts before they burn up as a stone. Most of the salt pans do 5 works a week, then stone. The operating time on all Prussian salt works (with the exception of Halle, which continues to boil all year round) is 35 to 38 weeks; in winter there is a standstill. ”Taken from: Friedrich von Alberti: The saltworks in Germany, excellent pyrotechnic relationship. In: German quarterly font. Fourth issue, Stuttgart and Tübingen, published by and under the responsibility of JG Cotta'schen Buchhandlung, 1839, pages 12 and 13. ( online )
  7. ↑ Johannes Westphal: History of the Royal Salt Works in Staßfurt, taking into account the general development of the potash industry. Memorandum on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the Staßfurt salt mining industry. Journal for the mountain, metallurgy and saltworks in the Prussian State 50, (1902), B. Abhandlungen, page 3.
  8. ↑ Karl Christian von Langsdorf: New easy-to-understand instructions for salt works with excellent consideration of halurgical geognosy and the most expedient institutions for the extraction of richer saltwater sources. New academic bookstore by Karl Groos, Heidelberg and Leipzig 1824, pages XVI to XVIII.
  9. ^ A b Johannes Westphal: History of the Royal Salt Works in Staßfurt, taking into account the general development of the potash industry. Memorandum on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the Staßfurt salt mining industry. Journal for the mountain, metallurgy and saltworks in the Prussian State 50, (1902), B. Abhandlungen, page 4.
  10. ↑ Johannes Westphal: History of the Royal Salt Works in Staßfurt, taking into account the general development of the potash industry. Memorandum on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the Staßfurt salt mining industry. Journal for the mountain, metallurgy and saltworks in the Prussian State 50, (1902), B. Abhandlungen, page 5.
  11. ^ A b c Johannes Westphal: History of the Royal Salt Works in Staßfurt, taking into account the general development of the potash industry. Memorandum on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the Staßfurt salt mining industry. Journal for the mountain, metallurgy and saltworks in the Prussian State 50, (1902), B. Abhandlungen, page 6.
  12. ↑ Johannes Westphal worked as a mining assessor in the "Berginspektion zu Staßfurt" - the Prussian state works administration of the salt works and later of the Staßfurt salt works - and had direct access to the archives of these salt works. For this reason, its publication from 1902 should have priority over those from later times. Source: Journal for the mountain, - Hütten- und Salinenwesen im Prussischen Staate 50, (1902), page 8: The staff of the Königl. Prussian mine administration.
  13. ^ Description of the Royal Westphalian Saltworks in Staßfurt. Files of the Oberbergamt Halle: St. Cap. X No. 1, H. 1. on the lighting of the Staßfurt salt works since 1800; (Today under inventory "F 19 Oberbergamt Halle. Spezialia: Salzbergwerk und Saline Staßfurt (with brown coal mine Löderburg) (1800–1935)" of the state archive of Saxony-Anhalt, location Wernigerode). In: Johannes Westphal: History of the Royal Salt Works in Staßfurt taking into account the general development of the potash industry. Memorandum on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the Staßfurt salt mining industry. Journal for the mountain, metallurgical and saltworks in the Prussian State 50, (1902), B. Abhandlungen, page 8.
  14. ↑ "Welle" = brush bundle http://etymology_de.deacademic.com/12138
  15. ↑ Backs: Description of the Royal Westphalian Saltworks at Staßfurt. Files of the Oberbergamt Halle, St. Cap. X
  16. ↑ 1 2/3 cubic feet is approximately 0.0513 cubic meters. Compare Cubic feet in: Brockhaus' Kleines Konversations-Lexikon, Volume 1, Seite ( online )
  17. ↑ 1 trade pound from the year 1722 corresponds to today's 468.489 grams (gr.), So the mentioned 12.25 pounds are about 5739 gr. Trading pound in: Pierer's Universal-Lexikon from 1857, Volume 13, Page 27. ( online )
  18. ↑ Johannes Westphal: History of the Royal Salt Works in Staßfurt, taking into account the general development of the potash industry. Memorandum on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the Staßfurt salt mining industry. Journal for the mountain, metallurgy and salt works in the Prussian State 50, (1902), B. Abhandlungen, page 10.
  19. ↑ Pfannenstein: as Pfannenstein, Salzstein, Schmöpp, Schepp, Salzschepp or Kesselstein, the firm bark that accumulates in the steaming pans of the salt boilers when they boil (suction) is called. Pfannenstein contains a lot of table salt, but also gypsum, sodium sulfate (sulphate of soda) and other ingredients. -In: Günter Pinzke: "The Saline Conow". Verlag Books on Demand, Norderstedt, 153 pages, 43 illustrations, ISBN 978-3-7322-7860-2 , page 142.
  20. ^ "The salt works and rock salt mining in the Prussian state in 1859" (edited from official sources.): A. Salt works of the state. -In: Journal for the mining, metallurgy and saltworks in the Prussian State, 8th volume, Verlag der Königliche Wissensen Ober-Hofbuchdruckerei (R. Decker) Berlin 1860, page 163.

literature

  • Cancrin, Franz Ludwig von: Design of the salt works. Third part which contains the art of boiling and the construction of new salt works. Andreasche bookshop, Frankfurt am Main 1789.
  • Emons, Hans-Heinz; Walter, Hans-Henning: With the salt through the millennia, history of white gold from prehistoric times to the present. VEB German publishing house for basic industry, Leipzig 1984.
  • Emons, Hans-Heinz; Walter, Hans-Henning: Old salt works in Central Europe, on the history of salt production from the Middle Ages to the present. VEB German publishing house for basic industry, Leipzig 1988.
  • Emons, Hans-Heinz; Walter, Hans-Henning: Historical development and future tendencies of evaporated salt production with special consideration of the former salt works in the Saxon-Thuringian area (= meeting reports of the Saxon Academy of Sciences in Leipzig. Volume 119, Issue 3). Akademie-Verlag, Berlin 1986.
  • Kull, Brigitte: Sole & Salt make history. 50 years of state archeology, 150 years of archaeological research in Bad Nauheim. Philipp von Zabern, Mainz 2003.
  • Langsdorf, Karl Christian von: New easy-to-understand instructions for salt works with excellent consideration of HALURGICAL GEOGNOSY and the most expedient arrangements for the extraction of richer brine sources. Karl Groos' new academic bookstore, Heidelberg and Leipzig 1824.
  • Hocquet, Jean-Claude: White gold. Salt and power in Europe from 800 to 1800. Stuttgart 1993, p. 17.
  • Stange, Albert (Ed.): 50 Years of Germany's Potash Industry. Hans Walter, Berlin 1912.
  • Thölde, Johann: HALIOGRAPHIA, That is: Thorough and specific description of all salt minerals. Leipzig 1603, Eisleben edition 1622 digitized: Digitized version of the University and State Library Düsseldorf
  • Vogel, Jakob: A shimmering crystal: a history of knowledge of salt between early modern times and modern times . Böhlau, Cologne / Weimar 2008, ISBN 3-412-15006-1 .

Coordinates: 51 ° 51 ′ 10.3 "  N , 11 ° 34 ′ 58.3"  E