Sant'Anna di Stazzema

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Memorial of Sant'Anna di Stazzema

Sant'Anna di Stazzema is a village in Tuscany ( Italy ) in the municipality of Stazzema ( province of Lucca ). Internationally, it became known through a massacre of the civilian population by Waffen SS troops on August 12, 1944. Its inadequate legal processing in Italy and Germany is also perceived as a scandal. There were probably around 560 deaths, including around 130 children.

geography

Sant'Anna is between 600 and 650  meters above sea level on the southern edge of the Apuan Alps . The place is 5 km south of the capital and 24 km northwest of the regional capital Lucca . The village with about 30 inhabitants (as of 2006) can only be reached from the south via a road from Camaiore , which winds as a panoramic road over the hills of Versilia . From the neighboring towns of Farnocchia (east), Capezzano (west) and Valdicastello (southwest), Sant'Anna can be reached via mule tracks . The village is an "open village" without a real town center. Around the small St. Anna church from the 16th century are grouped 17 houses scattered over the hills, each of which has its own name. Sant'Anna is framed by the mountains Gabberi, Lieto, Rocca and Ornato.

View of the houses in the village as seen from the church (top left the memorial, left the museum of the Resistenza)

history

Sant'Anna has its origins as a shepherd's settlement in the 16th century, when the surrounding hills were used as pastureland by Farnocchia. For a long time agriculture with the products milk, cheese, pig fattening, chestnut flour as well as firewood and charcoal production was the main source of income. Mining , which has been in operation in the region since the Etruscan period and with interruptions until the end of the 1980s, provided another economic pillar . Were mined pyrite , chalcopyrite, galena , limonite , magnetite , hematite and barite and iron ore. Lime was also burned in lime kilns.

Around 1750 the village had 174 inhabitants in 30 families, then in 1784 192 inhabitants. Sant'Anna's tax revenue in 1784 was just 150 lire. In the 1930s, around 400 people lived in the village. On the initiative of the Carabinieri sergeant Severino Bottari, a school was built that replaced the home tuition that had been common up until then. Girls were also taught at school for the first time; they had previously been denied schooling. The schoolhouse also served as a home for the teacher, as a meeting room for the village and as a medical station.

massacre

Political starting point

After the Allies had pushed the German forces back to the Arno in the summer of 1944 and pressed the Gothic position behind it , the Germans ordered the population of Sant'Anna di Stazzema to evacuate the mountainous area. The population did not obey this order. Resistance , which saw itself strengthened by the retreat of the German troops , also called for resistance .

In times of peace, around 300 people lived in Sant'Anna di Stazzema with its widely scattered hamlets and farms. In the course of the war, numerous refugees fled the Allied bombing raids from the nearby coastal areas in the mountains. Partisans also stayed there. Part of the population sympathized with them and another part with the Italian fascists. Even the politically differently oriented partisan groups were at odds with one another. This situation was aggravated by the fact that convicts who had fled from the prison of Massa and German deserters were also staying with the partisans around Sant'Anna di Stazzema.

At the beginning of August 1944, a spy who was alleged to be a deserter among the partisans informed the Germans about the situation in and around Sant'Anna. It was then decided to “ gang up ” in the area of ​​Monte Gabberi, southeast of Sant'Anna, and in the village of Farnocchia. During this operation, Farnocchia was found abandoned on August 8, 1944. The place was set on fire. There were skirmishes with partisans on Monte Gabberi, some partisans fell and five soldiers were wounded. A new and more extensive counter-attack was then prepared on August 12, 1944.

Involved military

Most of the German war crimes in Italy in 1944 were committed by units of the 16th SS Panzer Grenadier Division “Reichsführer SS” . The historian Carlo Gentile assumes that the accumulation of war crimes in this division in its particular brutality can be traced back to ideological fanaticism and racist attitudes towards the population, because at the cadre level people had prevailed who had previously had particularly brutalizing experiences in the war of extermination and hadn't just made a glimpse of it. Young, poorly trained, inexperienced and easily influenced recruits were subordinate to this leadership cadre, whose life experiences, convictions and influences could turn into deadly actions at any time.

The second battalion of the SS-Panzergrenadier-Regiment 35, led by SS-Hauptsturmführer Anton Galler, was certainly involved . This regiment was detached from this front on August 5, 1944 - due to heavy losses - and stationed a few kilometers from Stazzema. The fighting strength was only about 300 men and the management level was thinned out. This regiment was part of the 16th SS Panzer Grenadier Division "Reichsführer SS" . The participation of the 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th companies of Regiment 35 has been proven. The 16th Panzer Grenadier Division was involved in several war crimes in Italy such as the massacres of Fivizzano , Mazarbotto and Bergiola Foscalina .

Other members of the 16th SS Panzergrandier Disivion, who operated repair workshops in the Valdicastello area, may also have been involved. The same applies to the SS field replacement battalion 16 of the 16th SS Panzer Grenadier Division, which in the space Ripafratta, Valleccchia and Seravezza in the north of Stazzema dislocated was.

It is assumed that some combat groups of the Wehrmacht also helped secure the combat area, possibly the teaching battalion of the Mittenwald Mountain School , part of the High Mountain Hunter Battalion 3, which was in the Vezza Valley.

There is also said to have been a meeting between a mountain infantry lieutenant and SS-Obersturmbannführer Helmut Looß , whom the Waffen-SS-General Max Simon, as division commander of the 16th SS-Panzergrandadier Division, had commissioned to fight partisans in the rear area of ​​the Gothic position.

execution

On the morning of August 12, 1944, combat troops reached Sant'Anna di Stazzema, encircling the place from four directions. The 2nd Battalion of the SS-Panzergrenadier-Regiment 35 under the command of Galler formed the main force and arrived from the direction of Pietrasanta at 5:00 in the morning in Sant'Anna. On the way there, they forced the inhabitants of the two hamlets of Morconi and Argentiera to follow them.

When the combat units had reached their starting positions, they fired red flares. Many younger men fled Sant'Anna because they believed that this was the sign of forced labor recruitment. The soldiers then fired at the windows and doors of the houses in Vaccarceccia and drove about 100 people into stables and detained them there, including the residents of Morconi and Argentiera. Hand grenades were thrown into these buildings and the civilians inside were shot with handguns. Then the Waffen SS set fire to the bodies. The same thing happened in Franchi and Colle.

In the Coletti settlement, other people were shot dead in their houses. 19 people are to be brought to Valdicastello. On the way they were placed in a hollow in the area and shot.

In Coletti, SS men rounded up 22 people on a farm and shot them. There were only women and children. Coletti's houses were set on fire and the bodies were burned.

The largest shooting of 120 to 140 people took place in the square in front of the village church of Sant'Anna. The Waffen SS rounded up the residents of Sant'Anna, Pero and Vinci on this square, set up two machine guns and shot at the crowd. The corpses were then doused with gasoline and set on fire. To speed up the combustion process, furniture and wood from the houses were thrown onto the fire.

That morning the troops left the place that they had also looted. They reached Valdicastello around 1 p.m. 14 people who had to carry objects for them on this way were shot there. Following this, the 260 people who had been brought there were divided into two groups. 200 were brought to Lucca , which were then transported to Germany for work. 60 men were brought to the division assembly camp in Nozzano, where they were to be questioned. There they were harassed and tortured. The 60 civilians were sorted out by a German deserter from the Wehrmacht as a helper for the SS men. He had been in the mountains with the partisans and had been arrested by the Waffen SS. Of the 60 men, 53 were shot in the later course of the Bardine di San Terenzo massacre in what is known as a reprisal for partisan attacks.

The behavior of the German military during the three-hour massacre was in some cases so contradicting that it can hardly be explained. It seems that the hamlets and farms to the east were exempt from the massacres. In Merli the soldiers ordered civilians captured to go to the assembly point in Valdicastello, which was intended for the civilians. A soldier escorted them and did not shoot them, but shot them over their heads. In Colle, soldiers ordered civilians to go to the assembly point, but as they marched past another company, they were shot by it.

Number of victims

The exact number of victims can no longer be determined, it fluctuates between 400 and 560. Most of the corpses were badly burned and some of them were recovered from houses that were in danger of collapsing. Quite a few corpses remained unburied. Most of the time, mass graves were laid, and there were hardly any individual burials. Identification was difficult. The survivors first had to take care of their own survivors. Today it is assumed that there are demonstrably 389 identified victims.

Post-war period and legal reappraisal

Sant'Anna di Stazzema was partially rebuilt after the events of August 1944. A first commission of inquiry into the incidents was set up by the US Army in autumn 1944 , after US troops found numerous human bones and heard the first witnesses in September 1944 after the liberation of the place. The commission set up by the 5th US Army was not only able to use the statements of German prisoners of war to identify the units responsible for the massacre, most of which belonged to the 2nd Battalion of the 35th SS Panzer Grenadier Regiment, but also some individual SS Officers and NCOs who led these units and who were later charged in Italy.

In 1945 the Allies conducted further investigations into the case before the Italian Military Prosecutor General took up the case in 1946. The investigations into those responsible for the massacre continued into the 1950s. In the wake of the debate about German rearmament and the Federal Republic's accession to NATO , the investigations were abruptly stopped so as not to pour grist on the mill of the critics of rearmament, as the Italian Foreign Minister Gaetano Martino publicly stated in October 1956. Less than four years later, in January 1960, the files relating to the massacre of Sant'Anna di Stazzema and other German war crimes were marked “provisionally” and archived.

Until 1994, the files on the incident were stored in a sealed cabinet with the door facing the wall in Palazzo Cesi , the seat of the military prosecutor's office in Rome, later called the “ cabinet of shame ”. So the perpetrators remained undisturbed for almost 60 years. It was not until the end of 1995 that the files from the cabinet of shame were forwarded to the public prosecutor in La Spezia, and proceedings were opened in 2002. In April 2004, on the basis of these withheld files, ten people were indicted in the La Spezia Military Court (Italy). However, this was not the first trial that was conducted in the matter. As early as 1947, SS General Max Simon was indicted and found guilty before an English military court for the massacre of Sant'Anna di Stazzema, which was one of a total of six charges. In the 1951 trial of Walter Reder , the events in Sant'Anna di Stazzema were also part of the indictment, with Reder not being found guilty of the matter, contrary to other charges.

Italian prosecutor's investigation and convictions

In April 2004, opened military court of La Spezia ( Tribunale Militare di La Spezia ) a lawsuit against several still living in Germany perpetrators, on June 22, 2005, ten former were SS -Angehörige sentenced to life imprisonment. The judgment was upheld in 2006 by the Court of Appeal in Rome in the second instance and in 2007 by the Supreme Court of Cassation in the third and last instance.

The following officers of the Waffen-SS have been sentenced to life imprisonment under Italian law:

  • Werner Bruß (* 1920), SS-Unterscharfuhrer in the 7th Company of the 2nd Battalion / SS-Panzergrenadier-Regiment 35
  • Alfred Mathias Concina (1919–2012), SS-Unterscharführer in the 7th Company of the 2nd Battalion / SS-Panzergrenadier-Regiment 35
  • Ludwig Göring , (1923–2011), SS Rottenführer in the 6th Company of the II. Battalion / SS Panzer Grenadier Regiment 35
  • Karl Gropler (1923–2013), SS-Unterscharführer in the 8th Company of the II. Battalion / SS-Panzergrenadier-Regiment 35
  • Georg Rauch (1921–2008), SS-Untersturmführer and adjutant of the company commander Anton Galler of the II. Battalion / SS-Panzergrenadier-Regiment 35
  • Horst Richter (* 1921), SS-Unterscharführer in the 5th Company of the 2nd Battalion / SS-Panzergrenadier-Regiment 35
  • Heinrich Schendel (* 1922), SS-Unterscharfuhrer in the 6th Company of the 2nd Battalion / SS-Panzergrenadier-Regiment 35
  • Alfred Schöneberg (1921–2006), SS-Unterscharführer in the 7th Company of the 2nd Battalion / SS-Panzergrenadier-Regiment 35
  • Gerhard Sommer (* 1921), SS-Untersturmführer , company commander in the 7th Company of the II Battalion / SS Panzer Grenadier Regiment 35
  • Ludwig Heinrich Sonntag (* 1924) SS-Unterscharführer in the 6th Company of the 2nd Battalion / SS-Panzergrenadier-Regiment 35

Germany did not extradite the convicted war criminals and did not carry out the judgments itself, so that none of the convicts was punished or even had to go to prison.

Investigations by the public prosecutor's offices in Stuttgart and Hamburg

The Stuttgart public prosecutor's office has been investigating nine of those later convicted in Italy since 2002. Five other people not charged in the La Spezia trial were not investigated. On October 1, 2012, the Stuttgart public prosecutor closed the investigation under Section 170 (2) of the Code of Criminal Procedure on the grounds that the accused could not be proven either murder or complicity in murder. In contrast to the Italian judges, the Stuttgart public prosecutor's office did not see sufficient certainty that the massacre was "a planned and ordered extermination against the civilian population".

On August 5, 2014, the Higher Regional Court (OLG) Karlsruhe lifted the closure decision of the Stuttgart public prosecutor in the case Gerhard summer from Hamburg (AZ: 3 Ws 285/13). According to the judges, Sommer is “sufficiently suspicious” to have been involved in the massacre “in a criminally responsible manner”. It referred the case to the Hamburg public prosecutor. This closed the investigation in May 2015, because the accused "would have a high probability of being charged with cruel and low-motive murder in 342 cases", but he is permanently incapable of standing due to a profound dementia. The victim's attorney said she would not initiate any coercion proceedings. The Nazi massacre thus remains unpunished.

Remembrance and aftermath

Enio Mancini, who survived the massacre as a boy, has built a memorial and a museum (opened in 1991) on the site of the former village, in which, among other things, photos and personal effects can be viewed. On the 60th anniversary of the massacre, the then German Interior Minister Otto Schily ( Schröder II cabinet ) was the first German politician to attend a memorial service in the town. On March 24, 2013, the German Federal President Joachim Gauck and the Italian President Giorgio Napolitano visited the site and commemorated the victims. Gauck said that it hurts the sense of justice if perpetrators cannot be convicted and punished because the instruments of the rule of law do not allow this. In 2013, two survivors of the massacre, Enio Mancini and Enrico Pieri, received the Stuttgart Peace Prize for their commitment to coming to terms with international understanding. A delegation made up of survivors and relatives was also received by Prime Minister Winfried Kretschmann .

Reconstructed organ by Glauco Ghilardi, 2007

In 2002 the musician couple Maren and Horst Westermann from Essen founded an initiative to restore the organ in the small church of Sant'Anna that was destroyed by German troops. They collected donations with the help of benefit concerts, and on July 29, 2007 the organ was ceremoniously put back into operation. The initiative was under the patronage of the presidents of Germany ( Johannes Rau ) and Italy ( Carlo Azeglio Ciampi ) and was also supported by the Tuscan provincial government, the province of Lucca and the municipality of Stazzema as well as other Tuscan institutions. Since 2007 the German-Italian Society Friends of the Angel of Peace Sant'Anna di Stazzema has been staging a series of concerts every summer, and from 2011 onwards will be supplemented by lectures and an exhibition.

In 2012, the German-Italian Commission of Historians presented a comprehensive report on German war crimes in Italy , which it had compiled over the course of about three years.

In 2018, the mayor of Stazzema launched the "Anagrafe Nazionale Antifascista" virtual citizens' register with the "Stazzema Charter" out of concern about the increasing authoritarian tendencies.

Also in 2018, Enrico Pieri, as a child one of the few survivors, transferred his house in Sant'Anna to the community and the "Parco Nazionale de la Pace". With the support of the German government, a youth meeting center is to be built there.

Since 2017 there has been a peace camp organized by the Naturfreunde Jugend (BW) in St. Anna around August 12th, made up of 17 to 27-year-old participants who, among other things, deal artistically with the history of the village.

In 2019, Sant'Anna di Stazzema and Moers form a new town twinning on the anniversary of the war crime .

Representation in films

The massacre forms the historical background to the ARD / ORF television film Bergfried from 2016.

The story of the legal appraisal is told in the film "The Collini Case" based on the book by Ferdinand von Schirach

The film Buffalo Soldiers '44 by Spike Lee (2008) is set in Sant'Anna around the time of the massacre.

photos

Famous pepole

literature

Scientific literature
  • Friedrich Andrae: Also against women and children: the war of the German armed forces against the civilian population in Italy 1943 - 1945 . Piper, Munich 1995, ISBN 3-492-03698-8 .
  • Claudia Buratti, Giovanni Cipollini: Vite bruciate. La strage di Sant'Anna di Stazzema 1944-2005. L'Unità, Rome 2006.
  • Carlo Gentile: Wehrmacht and Waffen-SS in Partisan War: Italy 1943–1945. Schöningh, Paderborn 2012, ISBN 978-3-506-76520-8 . Cologne, Univ., Diss., 2008.
  • Carlo Gentile: Le SS di Sant'Anna di Stazzema: azioni, motivazioni e profilo di una unità nazista. In: Marco Palla (Ed.): Tra storia e memoria. 12 agosto 1944: la strage di Sant'Anna di Stazzema. Carocci, Rome 2003, pp. 86-117
  • Carlo Gentile: Sant'Anna di Stazzema. In: Gerd R. Ueberschär (Ed.): Places of horror. Crimes in World War II. Primus, Darmstadt 2003, ISBN 978-3-896782328 , pp. 231-236
  • Gabriele Heinecke, Christiane Kohl, Maren Westermann Ed .: The massacre of Sant'Anna di Stazzema: with the memories of Enio Mancini. Laika, Hamburg 2014 ISBN 978-3-944233-27-7
  • Gerhard Schreiber : German war crimes in Italy. Perpetrator, victim, law enforcement. Beck, Munich 1996 ISBN 3-406-39268-7
  • Marco De Paolis: Sant'Anna di Stazzema. Il processo, la storia, i documenti. Viella, Rome 2016 ISBN 978-88-6728-641-6
Epic

See also

Web links

Commons : Sant'Anna di Stazzema  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. Surrounded by clouds. Sant'Anna, part of the Stazzema parish at santannadistazzema.org, accessed October 13, 2013
  2. Touring Club Italiano : Toscana. Milan 2003, ISBN 88-365-2767-1 , p. 120.
  3. Official website of the ISTAT ( Istituto Nazionale di Statistica ) for the statistical data of the Province of Lucca, accessed on October 11, 2012 (Italian)
  4. ^ Carlo Gentile: Wehrmacht and Waffen-SS in Partisan War: Italy 1943–1945. Schöningh, Paderborn 2012, ISBN 978-3-506-76520-8 . P. 217
  5. ^ Carlo Gentile: Wehrmacht and Waffen-SS in Partisan War: Italy 1943–1945. Schöningh, Paderborn 2012, ISBN 978-3-506-76520-8 . P. 219
  6. ^ Carlo Gentile: Political Soldiers. The 16th SS Panzer Grenadier Division "Reichsführer-SS" in Italy in 1944. In: Sources and research from Italian archives and libraries. Edited by Historical German Institute in Rome ( available online ), 2001, pp. 529-561, here pp. 555/556.
  7. ^ Carlo Gentile: Wehrmacht and Waffen-SS in Partisan War: Italy 1943–1945. Schöningh, Paderborn 2012, ISBN 978-3-506-76520-8 . P. 218
  8. ^ Carlo Gentile: Wehrmacht and Waffen-SS in Partisan War: Italy 1943–1945. Schöningh, Paderborn 2012, ISBN 978-3-506-76520-8 . P. 220
  9. ^ Carlo Gentile: Wehrmacht and Waffen-SS in Partisan War: Italy 1943–1945. Schöningh, Paderborn 2012, ISBN 978-3-506-76520-8 . P. 219
  10. ^ Carlo Gentile: Wehrmacht and Waffen-SS in Partisan War: Italy 1943–1945. Schöningh, Paderborn 2012, ISBN 978-3-506-76520-8 . 219/220
  11. ^ Carlo Gentile: Wehrmacht and Waffen-SS in Partisan War: Italy 1943–1945. Schöningh, Paderborn 2012, ISBN 978-3-506-76520-8 . Pp. 220-227
  12. ^ Carlo Gentile: Wehrmacht and Waffen-SS in Partisan War: Italy 1943–1945. Schöningh, Paderborn 2012, ISBN 978-3-506-76520-8 . P. 224
  13. ^ Carlo Gentile: Wehrmacht and Waffen-SS in Partisan War: Italy 1943–1945. Schöningh, Paderborn 2012, ISBN 978-3-506-76520-8 . P. 225
  14. ^ Sentenza del Tribunale militare di La Spezia, in data 22 July 2005, depositata il 20 September 2005. La posizione degli imputati. In: difesa.it. Retrieved September 30, 2019 (Italian).
  15. ^ Parla il boia di Sant'Anna “Così uccidevamo gli italiani”. In: repubblica.it. October 29, 1999, accessed October 29, 2019 (Italian).
  16. a b Procedimento penale sull'eccidio di Sant'Anna di Stazzema. In: santannadistazzema.org. Retrieved September 30, 2019 (Italian).
  17. "It deeply hurts our sense of justice" , Süddeutsche Zeitung of March 23, 2013.
  18. Heike Demmel: The massacre of Sant'Anna di Stazzema - Sluggish investigations in Germany ( Memento from April 17, 2013 in the Internet Archive ), resistenza.de
  19. Wolfgang Most: The cabinet in Palazzo Cesi - Late wave of lawsuits against former German soldiers in Italy ( Memento from November 26, 2013 in the Internet Archive ), resistenza.de
  20. Silvia Buzzelli, Marco De Paolis, Andrea Speranzoni: La ricostruzione giudiziale dei crimini nazifascisti in Italia. Questioni preliminari. Giappichelli, Turin 2012 ISBN 978-88-348-2619-5 pp. 145-146
  21. a b c Lars Reissmann: http://www.antifaschistische-nachrichten.de/fileadmin/users/antifana/pdf/2006/24an2006.pdf
  22. Republika Italiana in Nome del Popolo Italiano il Tribundal Militare della La Spezia (court judgment of June 22, 2005 in Italian) (PDF), June 22, 2006. Retrieved October 3, 2019
  23. a b c Heike Dommel on the homepage resistenza.de: The massacre of Sant'Anna di Stazzema - Sluggish investigations in Germany ( Memento from August 19, 2014 in the Internet Archive )
  24. Hermann G. Abmayr, Häußlers Fehler , KONTEXT: Weekly newspaper of April 17, 2013
  25. Julia-Maria-Amberger: A medal after all , TAZ of November 10, 2013, accessed on June 13, 2016
  26. Henning Klüver: Massacre in Sant'Anna - A wound that does not heal in the STZ from August 13, 2014
  27. Hermann Abmayr, The unpunished crime . Tagesspiegel October 15, 2012, http://www.tagesspiegel.de/politik/ns-kriegsverbrechen-das-ungesuehnte-verbrechen/7253220.html
  28. dejure.org
  29. ↑ The massacre of Sant 'Anna, court sees sufficient suspicion against former SS men on Spiegel online, accessed on August 13, 2014
  30. Hamburger to be tried for massacre in Tuscany , Hamburger Abendblatt dated August 5, 2014, accessed August 13, 2014
  31. Nana Frombach: Public Prosecutor closes investigations against alleged Nazi war criminals. May 28, 2015, accessed May 29, 2015 .
  32. Andreas Müller: No charges in the Sant Anna case - Nazi massacre remains unpunished , stuttgarter-zeitung.de on October 8, 2015
  33. Otto Schily: Address at the commemoration of the massacre of August 12, 1944 in Sant'Anna di Stazzema , August 12, 2004
  34. ^ Gauck and Napolitano commemorate the SS massacre in Sant'Anna di Stazzema Deutschlandradio, March 24, 2013
  35. Stuttgarter Zeitung: Stuttgarter Friedenspreis 2013 - Kretschmann finds the right words , accessed on November 15, 2013
  36. An organ for Sant'Anna
  37. Neue Musik Zeitung: Reconciliation with pipes, keys and pedals , accessed on October 13, 2013
  38. ^ Report of the German-Italian historians commission set up by the foreign ministers of the Federal Republic of Germany and the Italian Republic in 2009
  39. ^ Virtual anti-fascist civil register. Retrieved December 25, 2019 (Italian).
  40. Sant'Anna di Stazzema, Germania finanzia ostello per giovani , Germany's participation in the youth meeting place, Luccaindiretta.it, October 26, 2018
  41. Never again Sant'Anna! A journey into the past and the future together , accessed on August 6, 2019
  42. ^ The town twinning between St. Anna di Stazzema and Moers has been sealed. In WAZ , Matthias Alfringhaus August 12, 2019
  43. ^ The Collini case | filmportal.de. Retrieved August 12, 2019 .
  44. ^ In the intoxication of self-glory Frankfurter Rundschau of March 30, 2005, accessed on August 13, 2014

Coordinates: 43 ° 58 '  N , 10 ° 16'  E