Ornamental flowers

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Ornamental flowers
Coriander leaved ornamental flower (Callianthemum coriandrifolium)

Coriander leaved ornamental flower ( Callianthemum coriandrifolium )

Systematics
Eudicotyledons
Order : Buttercups (Ranunculales)
Family : Buttercup Family (Ranunculaceae)
Subfamily : Ranunculoideae
Tribe : Callianthemeae
Genre : Ornamental flowers
Scientific name of the  tribe
Callianthemeae
W.Wang & ZDChen
Scientific name of the  genus
Callianthemum
CAMey.

The ornamental flowers ( Callianthemum ) are the only genus of the tribe Callianthemeae in the subfamily Ranunculoideae within the buttercup family (Ranunculaceae). The approximately 14 species thrive in the temperate areas of Eurasia . The generic name Callianthemum is made up of the Greek words κάλλος [kállos] for beauty and ἄνϑεμον [ánthemon] for flower.

description

Illustration from the Atlas of the Alpine Flora of the Anemone Ornamental Flower ( Callianthemum anemonoides )

Vegetative characteristics

The Callianthemum species grow as perennial , herbaceous plants . They form short, strong rhizomes as persistence organs. The hairless, green to red overflowing stem axis can be unbranched or branched. The black fibers that surround the stem at the base are typical. These are the vascular bundles of the leaf sheaths that remain there after the annual death of the leaves. Furthermore, there are lower leaves at the base of the stem axis . Most species of the genus have, in addition to the basal leaves, also stem-like leaves . The blue-green, on the underside of the leaf somewhat lighter, basal leaves are hairless. They have a relatively long petiole. They are odd- pinnate with two to three times pinnate leaves. The leaf margin is very finely notched. The stem leaves are similar in shape and division to the basal leaves, but these features weaken the higher they are arranged on the stem axis. Leaves that arise far below are often double-pinnate and have a long petiole and wide sheath, whereas the uppermost leaves are sessile and in some species do not have any division.

Generative characteristics

Habit, leaves and flowers of the ornamental anemone flower ( Callianthemum anemonoides )

The terminal inflorescences each contain only one, usually relatively large and striking flower in relation to the plant. The hermaphroditic flowers are radially symmetrical with a double flower envelope (perianth). The five broad, egg-shaped sepals , also called outer bracts, depending on the flora and the author, are green to whitish. Their length usually corresponds to half the length of the petals , which are also known as outer bracts or nectar leaves , depending on the flora and the author . They fall off prematurely. The five to twenty petals are arranged in a spiral. They are white in color, which can sometimes take on a reddish tint when they open up. Their shape can be narrow-linear to broad, obovate and circular-ovoid. It is typical that the greatest width is in the upper half of the petal. The petals are edged at the front, bitten irregularly or cut into a heart shape. Towards the base they narrow into a narrow, about 1 to 2 millimeter long orange-yellow nail . A bare nectar pit is located in the bifurcation of a bundle of vessels entering the nail . The linear stamens are available in large numbers. They are arranged in several rows in a tight spiral on the rounded flower base, with the anthers only slightly wider than the stamens . The very short-stalked, free carpels each contain an epitrope ( micropyle points upwards towards the style) ovule , which hangs to the side of the abdominal seam and is equipped with two integuments . The hanging ovule in contrast to the basal in the rest of the genus Ranunculus was the reason that Meyer detached the genus from Ranunculus and set it up as Callianthemum.

The fruit is a collective nut fruit formed. The egg-shaped to obovate, solitary nuts have a reticulate, rarely smooth surface. They are beaked, with a wing-like edge of skin often widening the beak.

Systematics

The first description of the genus Callianthemum CA Mey. took place in 1830 by the botanist Carl Anton von Meyer in Carl Friedrich von Ledebour's work Flora Altaica , Volume 2, p. 336. The type species of the genus is Callianthemum rutifolium (L.) CA Mey. Johanna Witasek owned Callianthemum rutifolium CA Mey in 1899 . newly described as Callianthemum angustifolium , whereby C. rutifolium became a synonym for it.

History of the systematic position

The systematic position of the genus Callianthemum is the subject of discussions. Originally the only Callianthemum species Linné knew, today's C. anemonoides , was listed as Ranunculus rutifolius by Linné (1753) in the genus Ranunculus . CA Meyer separated Ranunculus rutifolius from the genus Ranunculus in 1830 due to the hanging ovules and established the genus Callianthemum with the only species Callianthemum rutifolium (L.) CA Mey. on. However, Meyer understood this species to be different from Linnaeus, namely the Callianthemum angustifolium , which occurs in the Altai Mountains and described by Witasek in 1899 .

After the genus was placed near Helleborus , sometimes closer to Ranunculus or Adonis due to morphological aspects , it was identified within the buttercup family by Tamura (1993) in the context of a revision of the buttercup family and Jensen et al. (1995) in the subfamily of the Ranunculoideae in the tribe Adonideae. Wang et al. separated Callianthemum from Adonideae in 2009 and established their own tribe Callianthemeae in the subfamily Ranunculoideae, which is the only genus that contains Callianthemum, i.e. is monotypical . Morphological and molecular genetic studies formed the basis for this. Further research supported the monophyly of the Callianthemeae tribe. However, discussions arose about the family relationships between the tribes within the subfamily Ranunculoideae. While Wang et al. put the tribe Callianthemeae as sister tribus to the clade Ranunculeae -Anemoneae, suggested Cossard et al. (2016) propose to run Callianthemeae and Asteropyreae as sister groups. In the context of a phylogenomic plastid study in 2019, He, J., Yao, M., Lyu, R. et al. Callianthemeae and Helleboreae as sister groups, however, see a need for further research, for example studies that are carried out using additional markers from the core genome .

The species of the genus

Kerner's ornamental flower

According to current knowledge and taxonomic understanding (2019), the genus Callianthemum comprises about 14 species, of which about 11 species are distributed in Asia and three species in Europe. The European species are the anemone ornamental flower ( Callianthemum anemonoides ), Kerner's ornamental flower ( Callianthemum kernerianum ) and the coriander- leaved ornamental flower ( Callianthemum coriandrifolium ). Of these, the coriander-leaved ornamental flower occupies the largest, albeit disjoint, distribution area.

Comparative molecular-phylogenetic studies suggest that the genus Callianthemum can be dated back 45 to 50 million years, but the development of speciation differences between the currently existing species did not begin until about 7 million years ago. According to these investigations, the European species immigrated to Europe twice independently of one another in two lines ( Callianthemum coriandrifolium and Callianthemum anemonoides / Callianthemum kernerianum ) during the Quaternary from Asia, the region of origin of the genus, and are therefore not a monophyletic group.

Species list of the genus

Blooming Callianthemum hondoense
Leaf view of Callianthemum kirigishiense
Blooming Callianthemum miyabeanum
  • Callianthemum alatavicum Freyn , native to: Pakistan, Kashmir, Russia, Mongolia, China
  • Ornamental anemone flower ( Callianthemum anemonoides (Zahlbr.) Endl .; Syn .: Callianthemum acaule Cambess. Ex Hook. F .; Callianthemum berardii (Vill. Ex Steud.) P.Fourn. ): This endemic occurs only in the Austrian Alps ( Lower Austria, Upper Austria, Styria).
  • Callianthemum angustifolium Witasek : It occurs in northern Xinjiang , Mongolia and Russia.
  • Coriander- leaved ornamental flower or diamond- leaved ornamental flower ( Callianthemum coriandrifolium Rchb. ): It thrives in European mountains in Spain, France, Italy, Switzerland, Austria, Poland and Slovakia.
  • Callianthemum farreri W.W.Smith : It thrives at altitudes of 3500 to 4000 meters in the Chinese provinces of southern Gansu and northwestern Sichuan.
  • Callianthemum hondoense Nakai et Hara : It is endemic to Mount Kitadake in Japan .
  • Callianthemum insigne Nakai : The distribution area is in Korea.
  • Callianthemum isopyroides (DC.) Witasek : The plant colonizes the Altai Mountains and mountain regions to the west and north of them.
  • Kerner's ornamental flower ( Callianthemum kernerianum Freyn ex A.Kern. ): This endemic occurs only in northern Italy only in the area of Lake Garda .
  • Callianthemum kirigishiense (Ken Sato & Koji Ito) Kadota . The species is also listed as a subspecies of Callianthemum sachalinense . It occurs in Japan.
  • Callianthemum miyabeanum Tatew. : It is endemic to Mount Apoi in the Hidaka Mountains on Hokkaidō in northern Japan.
  • Callianthemum pimpinelloides (D.Don) JDHooker & Thomson (Syn .: Callianthemum tibeticum Witasek ), homeland: Afghanistan, Bhutan, India, Kashmir, Nepal, Pakistan, Sikkim, China, Tibet
  • Callianthemum sachalinense Miyabe & Tatew . The distribution area includes the Far East of Russia, the territory between Lake Baikal in Eastern Siberia and the Pacific Ocean.
  • Callianthemum sajanense Witasek : This species is also known as Callianthemum angustifolium Witasek var. Sajanense (rule), i.e. a variety of Callianthemum angustifolium . The plant colonizes the Altai Mountains and mountain regions to the west and north of them.
  • Callianthemum taipaicum W.T.Wang : This endemic thrives at altitudes of 3400 to 3600 meters only in Taibai Shan in the Chinese province of Shaanxi.

distribution

The species of the genus Callianthemum colonize the mountainous region of Europe and Central Asia. Their occurrence is mostly limited to alpine and subalpine locations.

use

All European and some Asian species such as C. pimpinelloides and C. angustifolium are occasionally used as ornamental plants in Central Europe. They are particularly suitable for a culture in the rock garden or alpine house . They prefer a location in full sun, facing east, on cool and damp ground. Propagation takes place by sowing and dividing the rhizome. No medical or economic use is known for any species of the genus.

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literature

  • Manfred A. Fischer, Wolfgang Adler, Karl Oswald: Excursion flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol . 2nd, improved and enlarged edition. State of Upper Austria, Biology Center of the Upper Austrian State Museums, Linz 2005, ISBN 3-85474-140-5 .
  • Eckehart J. Jäger, Friedrich Ebel, Peter Hanelt, Gerd K. Müller (eds.): Excursion flora from Germany . Founded by Werner Rothmaler. tape 5 : Herbaceous ornamental and useful plants . Springer, Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Berlin / Heidelberg 2008, ISBN 978-3-8274-0918-8 .
  • Herbert Sauerbier, Wolfgang Langer: Alpine plants - endemic from Nice to Vienna. IHW-Verlag, Eching 2000, ISBN 3-930167-41-7 .
  • Fu Dezhi, Orbélia R. Robinson: Callianthemum , p. 387 - online with the same text as the printed work, In: Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (ed.): Flora of China. Volume 6: Caryophyllaceae through Lardizabalaceae. Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis 2001, ISBN 1-930723-05-9 . (Section description and systematics).

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k Karl Heinz Rechinger, Jürgen Damboldt (Hrsg.): Illustrierte Flora von Mitteleuropa. Pteridophyta, Spermatophyta . Founded by Gustav Hegi. 2nd, completely revised edition. Volume III. Part 3: Angiospermae: Dicotyledones 1 (Nymphaeaceen, Ceratophyllaceen, Magnoliaceae, Paeoniaceen, Ranunculaceae) . Carl Hanser and Paul Parey, Munich and Berlin / Hamburg 1974, ISBN 3-446-10432-1 , p. 85 ff . (published in deliveries 1965–1974).
  2. ↑ a b c d e f Johanna Witasek : The species of the genus Callianthemum. In: Verh. Zoologische Gesellschaft Wien. 49, No. 6 1899, p. 316 ff. ( PDF on ZOBODAT ).
  3. ↑ a b c d entry Callianthemum. In: Flora of Pakistan.
  4. ↑ entry epitrop in Dictionary of Biology, Spektrum.de.
  5. ↑ Fu Dezhi, Orbélia R. Robinson: Callianthemum , p. 387 - online with the same text as the printed work, In: Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (ed.): Flora of China. Volume 6: Caryophyllaceae through Lardizabalaceae. Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis 2001, ISBN 1-930723-05-9 .
  6. ^ Publication detail for Callianthemum CA Mey. at Tropicos.
  7. ^ Entry Callianthemum CA Mey at Tropicos.
  8. ↑ Entry Callianthemum rutifolium CAMey In: The Plant List.
  9. ↑ Prof. Dr. Walter Zimmermann: About the phylogeny and the system of Ranunculaceae in Journal of Botanical Taxiconomie and Geobotany , Feddes Repertorium 1966, Volume 73/1 pp. 1–16 doi: 10.1002 / fedr.19660730102
  10. ↑ a b Guillaume Cossard, Julie Sannier, Hervé Sauquet, Catherine Damerval, Louis Ronse de Craene, Florian Jabbour, Sophie Nadot: Subfamilial and tribal relationships of Ranunculaceae: evidence from eight molecular markers In: Plant Systematics and Evolution. Volume 302, Issue 4; April 2016, S 419-431 doi: 10.1007 / s00606-015-1270-6 .
  11. ↑ Wei Wang, An-Ming Lu, Yi Ren, Mary E. Endress, Zhi-Duan Chen: Phylogeny and classification of Ranunculales: Evidence from four molecular loci and morphological data. In: Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics. Volume 11, No. 2, 2009, pp. 81-110, doi: 10.1016 / j.ppees.2009.01.001 .
  12. ↑ Jian He, Min Yao, Ru-Dan Lyu, Le-Le Lin, Hui-Jie Liu, Lin-Ying Pei, Shuang-Xi Yan, Lei Xie & Jin Cheng: Structural variation of the complete chloroplast genome and plastid phylogenomics of the genus Asteropyrum (Ranunculaceae) . in Scientific Reports 9, 15285 (2019). doi: 10.1038 / s41598-019-51601-2
  13. ↑ a b c d e f g W. Kadereit, Joachim, Maximilian Lauterbach, Martha Kandziora, John Spillmann, Reto Nyffeler: Dual colonization of European high-altitude areas from Asia by Callianthemum (Ranunculaceae) In: Plant Systematics and Evolution. 305, No. 6, May 2019, doi: 10.1007 / s00606-019-01583-5 .
  14. ^ Reto Nyffeler, Institute for Systematic Botany; John Spillmann, Institute for Systematic Botany: Recent immigrant rather than ancient tertiary element: diversification of Callianthemum (Ranunculaceae) in Europe. BioSyst.EU 2013 Global systematics, February 18–22, 2013, Vienna, Austria. Nobis Austria 2013 ( gfbs-home.de PDF).
  15. ↑ Jaakko Jalas, Juha Suominen (ed.): Atlas Florae Europaeae. Distribution of Vascular Plants in Europe. 8. Nymphaeaceae to Ranunculaceae. Akateeminen Kirjakauppa, The Committee for Mapping the Flora of Europe & Societas Biologica Fennica Vanamo, Helsinki 1989, ISBN 951-9108-07-6 , p. 31.
  16. ↑ Entry Callianthemum isopyroides CAMey In: The Plant List.
  17. ↑ Eckehart J. Jäger, Friedrich Ebel, Peter Hanelt, Gerd K. Müller (eds.): Exkursionsflora von Deutschland . Founded by Werner Rothmaler. tape 5 : Herbaceous ornamental and useful plants . Springer, Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Berlin / Heidelberg 2008, ISBN 978-3-8274-0918-8 , pp. 150 .

Web links

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