satchel
A school satchel is a bag worn on the back for transporting school supplies , similar to a rucksack or knapsack .
Other names are school folder (especially in Saxony-Anhalt, Brandenburg and Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania), school pack (here and there in Bavaria and Austria), school sack (especially in western German-speaking Switzerland BS / BL / BE / SO / AG, but also GR), school bag (common designation in Austria and South Tyrol, regionally in Switzerland VS / OW / NW / GR), school desk and similar (eastern and central German-speaking Switzerland SG / ZH / TG / GL / ZG / LU), knapsack (especially in Lower Saxony, North Rhine- Westphalia and Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, locally also in Switzerland), book bag (in Bavarian Franconia) or just satchel or satchel , satchel .
history
Historically, the satchel developed from the rucksack ( knapsack ), the soldier's calfskin and canvas knapsack . It was not until the end of the 19th century that the school satchel became widespread. Until the mid-1970s, school satchels were made almost exclusively of leather and linen , sometimes also laminated with fur (mostly calf and cow hide). Since the mid- 1970s , school bags have mainly been made from textile fabrics and plastics . The ergonomic lightweight satchel made of nylon is based on an invention of the Austrian Georg Essl III. back. Traditionally, the school bags for girls and boys are different. With traditional leather or linen satchels, boys 'satchels had a long flap, while girls' satchels had a short flap. The traditional school satchel for boys was equipped with straps (roller clasps) that were replaced by buckles over time. The traditional school satchel for girls, on the other hand, had crossed straps on the flap, which were used to close the satchel. The traditionally gender-specific design of school satchels has largely been preserved: Today, the predominantly childlike motifs and colors of the satchels are aimed either at boys (e.g. cars, knights, football) or girls (pink fairies, elves, horses). To increase traffic safety , school bags are also often equipped with signal colors and reflectors . Most modern school bags also have smaller outside pockets on the outside, for example for storing a drinking bottle or lunch box .
shape
The shape of a satchel is usually angular and its walls are rigid, similar to a briefcase or document folder, so that the notebooks and books can be transported easily without kinking at the corners. Mostly it is made in a child-friendly anatomical shape and size. Carrying straps are always there, and there is usually a carrying handle.
DIN standard
Different manufacturers produce their satchels "according to DIN 58124" or "corresponds to DIN 58124". The DIN standard DIN 58124 describes the requirements for road safety, usability and the physical characteristics of the satchel. After that, the knapsack must be equipped with at least 20 percent fluorescent material, for example. The colors orange-red and yellow are prescribed and suitable here. Ten percent of the front and side surfaces must be equipped with retroreflective materials. In a test by Stiftung Warentest , 10 out of 18 models were given the mark unsatisfactory because they do not adhere to this standard and are difficult to see in twilight and darkness. These are often siblings of standardized satchels that are sold under the same name. DIN 58124 has existed since 1990; the current version is dated 2018-10.
ergonomics
In Germany, DIN 58124 recommended until August 2010: "The rule of thumb for normal-stature, healthy children is that the weight of the full satchel to be carried should not exceed ten percent of the child's body weight." According to an amendment to the DIN standard in September 2010 this recommendation has been removed.
The recommendation of a maximum laden satchel weight of ten percent of body weight was contradicted by at least one study. According to the results of the “Kidcheck” study at Saarland University under the direction of human biologist Oliver Ludwig, the school satchel is less orthopedic to children than sitting on the wrong school furniture for hours and lack of exercise.
School bags should be anatomically adapted to children ; portrait formats are cheaper than landscape formats. Satchels should only be worn on the back, not on the hand, stomach or even around the neck. The shoulder straps should be tightened when carrying.
A high total weight can have various causes:
- Teaching material that is not needed on the day
- High dead weight
Alternatives
A variation of the school satchel is the school backpack, which, with its soft texture, is designed for a healthy posture, weight distribution and comfort, is a further development of the hiking backpack . The school backpack is used today by many children of primary school age as well as older schoolchildren and students as a means of transport for school and learning materials.
A school bag with wheels ( trolley ) can be an alternative for children who are very delicately built or who have underlying illnesses or posture problems . However, trolleys are not seen by medical professionals and sports scientists as a fully-fledged alternative to school bags, as they are considered to have a number of medical and physical-pedagogical disadvantages.
Well-known manufacturers and licensing companies
| Companies | Head office | Brands |
|---|---|---|
| Alfred Sternjakob | Frankenthal (Palatinate) | Scout , 4You, OXMOX, DerDieDas, IKON |
| Thorka (Thorsten H. Krause) | Hainburg | McNeill, Take It Easy |
| Hama | Monheim | Baggymax, Step by Step, Sammies by Samsonite |
| Beckmann of Norway | Kristiansand | ergonomic school backpack 22l, ergonomic school backpack 30l |
| FOND OF GmbH | Cologne | Ergobag, ergolino, satch, satch + |
| Schneider's Vienna | Vienna | Schneider |
| Franz Brehme leather goods factory | Walsrode | Licenses (Die Maus, Playmobil, Die Wilden Kerle) |
| Herlitz | Berlin | Herlitz |
| Friedrich leather goods | Schwanstetten | Toito |
| Fredy Zwenger | Osnabrück | SCHOOL MOOD |
| Georg A Steinmann leather goods factory | Nuremberg | DerDieDas |
| Tatonka | Dasing | Tatonka |
| Coppenrath Verlag | Muenster | The Spiegelburg |
| H. Sieber & Co. | Bad Reichenhall | Fabrizio, (Licenses from Disney, Marvel, Spongebob) |
| BBM (Berg Brand Management) | Handewitt | Lego bags |
| Undercover | Nuremberg | Scooli, (licenses from Disney, Bakugan, Charming Horse, Hello Kitty etc.) |
Situation in the United States
School bags are unknown in the USA . American schoolchildren use light backpacks instead , in which usually only a few things - such as homework files or loan materials from the school library - are transported. Most books, folders , pens and other teaching materials remain in the school . From the kindergarten level onwards, children have their own closet space - either as a locker ( loose ) or as an open cubbyhole ( cubby ).
See also
Web links
- Information on the environmentally friendly school bag from the waste management department Freiburg (PDF; 745 kB) ( page no longer available , search in web archives )
Individual evidence
- ↑ See Christoph Landolt : Der Thek . In: Wortgeschichte from August 22, 2016, ed. from the editors of the Swiss Idiotikon .
- ↑ See Jürgen Eichhoff: Word Atlas of German Colloquial Language , 2nd Volume. Francke, Bern / Munich 1978, map 88; specific to Switzerland: Linguistic Atlas of German-speaking Switzerland , Volume V, Map 143.
- ^ The development of the satchel .
- ↑ Georg Essl: About greed . Georg Essl Rohstoffe GmbH, Hermagor 2005, ISBN 3-200-00419-3 , p. 23 .
- ↑ Tobias Schwab: The satchel is a German cultural asset - Interview with Claudia Krause. fr-online, March 7, 2020, accessed on March 7, 2020 .
- ↑ Satchel test by Stiftung Warentest. In: magazine test 3/2013, pp. 70-76 and test.de from March 15, 2013.
- ↑ Beuth-Verlag: DIN 58124 (2018-10) brochure. Retrieved March 7, 2020 .
- ↑ Groaning schoolchildren: What can a satchel weigh? In: Spiegel Online . September 20, 2008, accessed June 17, 2015 .
- ↑ B Mug, C Hörhan, D. Mauritzberg, T. Rathmanner, A. Rieder, C. Theodoropoulos-Klein, G. Wamprechtsamer: Healthy and fit into the school life. Bauerdruck, 1110 Vienna, edition 1/2006, ISBN 3-900019-82-7 .
- ↑ Berit Uhlmann: Posture damage in children - The fairy tale of too heavy a satchel. In: sueddeutsche.de . September 12, 2012, accessed June 17, 2015 .
- ↑ Tanja Walter: Backpack load: As a packhorse to school. RP-Online, June 11, 2011, accessed March 7, 2020 .
- ^ BAG - Federal Working Group for Posture and Exercise Promotion: Advice (pdf download). Retrieved March 7, 2020 .