Brine line

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Reiffenstuel piston pressure pump in the Holzknechtmuseum Ruhpolding

A brine pipe is used to transport salty water, the brine . The brine pipelines built at the beginning of the 17th century are considered the oldest pipelines in the world.

The industrial salt mining and transport is mainly carried out by dissolving the salt in water. This “brine” can be pumped and fed into a saline for further processing, namely for boiling .

The Salzalpensteig long-distance hiking trail, opened in 2015, leads along former brine pipelines.

Brine pipes

It passed or exist u. a. the following brine lines:

  1. Altaussee - Bad Ischl - Ebensee
  2. Bad Reichenhall - Traunstein
  3. Bad Reichenhall - Rosenheim
  4. Berchtesgaden - Ramsau - Wachterl - Reichenhall
  5. Berchtesgaden - Hallthurm - Bad Reichenhall (renewal)
  6. Berchtesgaden - Bad Reichenhall - Rosenheim
  7. Hallstatt - Bad Ischl - Ebensee
  8. Dürrnberg - Hallein

Hallstatt - Bad Ischl - Ebensee

From 1595 to 1607 a brine pipeline was laid from the Hallstatt salt mountain via the old saltworks in Bad Ischl to the new saltworks in Ebensee (construction from 1604) on behalf of Emperor Rudolf II . It consisted of hollowed-out tree trunks and made extensive use of the natural slope. The brine line, which is still fully functioning and used today, is now made of plastic pipes. It is considered to be the "oldest active industrial pipeline in the world", the entire brine pipeline as the "first cross-location raw material pipeline in modern industrial history" and the "exemplary crossing of the Gosaubach valley" are considered technical monuments of such outstanding importance that the latter is also included in UNESCO -World cultural heritage was included (part of the Hallstatt – Dachstein / Salzkammergut cultural landscape ).

Building history
Gosau compulsion

The limited wood resources in the inner Salzkammergut at the end of the 16th century no longer allowed the entire brine to be simmered in the Hallstatt Pfannhaus . Since 1596, the excess brine has reached the brewhouse in Ischl via the “Sulzstrenn” from Hallstatt , and from 1607 to the new brewhouse in Ebensee. The 34-kilometer-long brine pipeline was built between 1595 and 1607 under the direction of the Ischl mountain master Kalß. The "Sulzstrenn" was put together from a total of around 13,000 up to four and a half meters long wooden tubes .

The technical overcoming of the deep gorge, which the Gosaubach cuts into the route of the brine pipeline, was possible until the middle of the 18th century. not solved satisfactorily. In the Gosauzwang , a pipe made of wooden pipes that were armored with wrought iron rings, the brine flowed down from the right valley slope under steadily increasing pressure and then rose under pressure - "under pressure" - up the steep embankment on the other side. The height difference was 23.4 meters. The armored wooden pipes and their connections withstood this high pressure only to a limited extent, so that pipe bursts often occurred. The decisive improvement was achieved in 1757 by salt works master Josef Spielbichler and his specialists: The construction of a 30-meter-high bridge over this valley cut, on which the wooden pipes now rest, enabled the brine to flow unhindered and in accordance with the natural gradient to the salt works Ebensee can flow.

As early as 1751 and 1752, a second string of pipes was laid along the entire length of the brine pipeline. Furthermore, in 1756, a third pipeline was put into operation from Hallstätter Salzberg via Ischl to Ebensee.

Reichenhall - Traunstein - Rosenheim

Reiffenstuel piston pressure pump in the Salinenpark Traunstein
Map of the brine pipeline by Adrian von Riedl (1796)

Since the production capacities and, above all, the wood for firing the brewing pans in Bad Reichenhall were no longer sufficient, a brine pipeline was planned to Traunstein , which was built by the court builder Hanns Reiffenstuel between 1617 and 1619 together with his son Simon Reiffenstuel . The height difference was overcome as a technical innovation in seven wells with piston pressure pumps , which were operated by water wheels up to seven meters high . In 1808 Georg Friedrich von Reichenbach extended the brine pipeline to Rosenheim and also modernized the route to Rosenheim. The brine pipeline was shut down on July 1, 1958 after 148 years of operation.

Berchtesgaden - Reichenhall

Berchtesgaden - Ramsau - Wachterl - Reichenhall

After the formerly independent prince-provost of Berchtesgaden became Bavarian in 1810, plans matured for a brine pipeline from Berchtesgaden to Reichenhall, which has always been Bavarian. The low crossing over the Hallthurm was then partly in Salzburg territory and was therefore excluded from the route after Salzburg was ceded to Austria in 1816. Reichenbach therefore built the 29 km long brine pipeline from the Berchtesgaden salt mine via Ramsau and the Wachterl to Bad Reichenhall from 1816 to 1817 . He had to overcome height differences of 90 m and 356 m with the brine lifting machines Pfisterleiten and Ilsank , which he had developed , a combination of a water column machine and a piston pump. Cast iron pipes were used for ascending and descending stretches, and wooden pipes ("dicks") were used for flat stretches. The Bad Reichenhall, Berchtesgaden, Traunstein and Rosenheim salt pans were supplied with the line. The line was in operation for a total of 144 years. The delivery rate was approx. 320 m³ per day.

In 1927 the riser from Brunnhaus Ilsank to the brine elevated tank Söldenköpfl, as well as the almost level section of the route to Brunnhaus Schwarzbachwacht, were shut down, as a new riser came into operation from then on, which led from Brunnhaus Ilsank via Ramsau directly to Brunnhaus Schwarzbachwacht . With this new section, the required pumping height was reduced, while the daily flow rate could be increased considerably to 850 m³. In 1961 this brine line was shut down after the new line via Hallthurm went into operation.

The footpath in the area of ​​the almost flat line section Söldenköpfl - Gerstreit - Zipfhäusl - Kaltbach - Taubensee above Ramsau is still called the Soleleitungsweg and is a popular hiking trail. The most striking witness from the time of the brine pipeline is a short brine pipeline tunnel that can also be walked through. Remains of the wooden brine pipe can still be seen in it today.

  • Brine pipeline tunnel with fragments of the wooden pipe near the Zipfhäusl

  • Original pipes of the former brine pipeline

  • Schematic plan of the 3rd brine line

Berchtesgaden - Hallthurm - Reichenhall

From 1960 to 1961 a new brine pipeline with a length of 18 km was built over Hallthurm , replacing the old pipeline over Ramsau. The pipes are made of steel and cast iron. Approx. 2000 m³ flow through the pipe every day. It is still in operation today.

Sulza on the Ilm

In the Saxon-Altenburg saltworks in Sulza an der Ilm , the supervisor Johann Agricola , based on his own observations in the Salzkammergut , introduced technical improvements, especially the straw grading of the brine . The graded Sole he left off in 1625 over a distance of about three kilometers by a brine line to the newly established Unterneusulza the Ilmmündung lead to Versiedung where the angeflößte fuel wood was landed.

Altaussee - Bad Ischl - Ebensee

In 1905/06 a brine pipeline (also called "Salzsträhn") was built from Altaussee through the Rettenbachtal to Bad Ischl (pipeline length around 18 km). There it flows into the historic line from Hallstatt to the saltworks in Ebensee . Since the shutdown of the salt works in Bad Aussee in 1983, the brine extracted from the Altaussee salt mine has been flowing exclusively to Ebensee. The total length of the line from Altaussee to Ebensee is around 36 km. Previously, the brine had been conveyed from the Altaussee mine on Sandling to the brewhouses in Bad Aussee via a seven-kilometer pipe (documented as "Saltzrynn") since the 13th century . In 1616 this line was renewed. It consisted of 3784 three meter long wooden pipes.

Others

In addition to the pipelines, there were other transport routes for the salt, such as B .:

  • Salt trade routes on land: Hirschbichl Pass, Ramsau Salzstraße, Saaldorf-Surheim
  • Salt trade routes by water: Salzach, Laufen

See also

literature

  • Commissions relation of this high means Hoff Raths Hr. v. Quiex the Sallz pans that had run down in Haalstatt concerning sambt Beÿlagen, Hofkammerarchiv Vienna, Altes Bancale, red number 286, old listing number 9693, January 1751. * R. Erich: The architectural monuments of the saltworks in Austria. Dissertation . TH Vienna, 1972.
  • Alois Fellner: Miner's manual dictionary for technical terms in the salt mining and brewing industry. Vienna 1999.
  • Fritsch Landkartenverlag: Historic saltworks paths between Watzmann and Chiemsee. Hof / Saale, no year
  • J.-C. Hocquet: white gold. The salt and power in Europe from 800 to 1800. Stuttgart 1993, ISBN 3-608-91365-3 , pp. 154f.
  • Fritz Hofmann : Reichenhall Salt Library. Published by the city of Bad Reichenhall, 1995
  • Karl Kefer: Salzberg's manipulation description. 1st volume, manuscript 1807, Central Library of the Austrian Saltworks, signature XII H 3.
  • Heinrich Kurtz: The brine pipeline from Reichenhall to Traunstein 1617 - 1619. A contribution to the technical history of Bavaria. Oldenbourg Verlag, Munich, 1978. ISBN 3-48-621801-8
  • Friedrich Idam: Directed development, industrial archeology in Hallstatt, industrial patterns under the alpine idyll. Dissertation. Hallstatt / Vienna 2003.
  • C. Schraml: The way of the salt from Hallstatt to Linz. In: Leaves for the history of technology. 1st issue (1932).
  • C. Schraml: The Upper Austrian saltworks from the beginning of the 16th to the middle of the 18th century. Vienna 1932.
  • C. Schraml: The Upper Austrian saltworks from 1818 to the end of the Salt Office in 1850. Vienna 1936.
  • JA Schultes: Travels through Upper Austria in 1794, 1795, 1802, 1803, 1804 and 1808. Tübingen 1809.
  • Unesco World Heritage area Hallstatt - Dachstein / Salzkammergut at www.idam.at

Construction plans:

  • Anonymous, Gosauzwangbrücke without pillar hut Gosauzwangbrücke after completion, the old fivefold Sulzstrenn, the new brine pipeline, bird's eye view, 47.8 × 73 cm, Finanz und Hofkammerarchiv Vienna, signature N - 22/15, identical piece under N - 22/16, taken from: Kamerale, Fasz. 8, 120 ex 1762.
  • Anonymous, Gosauzwang, structural renewal and provisional management, elevation, scale: 1: 288, format: 26.3 × 70.8 cm, Finanz und Hofkammerarchiv Vienna, signature H - 112, taken from: Manuscript No. 627, Relation ü. d. 1781 Skgt. Visitation d. Hofschreiberamt u. Hallstatt market court re., Fol. 242.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Friedrich Hettler: The oldest pipeline in the world. In: Bayerische Staatszeitung . May 27, 2019, accessed October 19, 2019 .
  2. ↑ The world's oldest pipeline celebrates its 400th birthday. In: Traunsteiner Tagblatt . February 4, 2019, accessed October 19, 2019 .
  3. ↑ https://www.bad-reichenhall.de/salzgeschichte/4-000-jahre-salzgeschichte/holz-und-klausen
  4. ↑ Soleweg. hallstatt.net (accessed March 17, 2017).
  5. ↑ "Pipeline"; Cf. Franz Patocka: Das Österreichische Salzwesen , an investigation into historical terminology. Vienna 1987, p. 187.
  6. ^ Carl Schraml: The Upper Austrian saltworks from the beginning of the 16th to the middle of the 18th century. Vienna 1932, S. X.
  7. ^ Wilhelm Rausch: The salt places on the Traun. Edited by Willibald Katzinger , Helmut Lackner, Hermann Rafetseder , Maximilian Schimböck, Linz 1986, p. 44.
  8. ↑ Altaussee Tourist Association: Via Salis ( Memento from September 24, 2014 in the Internet Archive )
  9. ↑ 4000 years of salt history: Holz und Klausen on www.bad-reichenhall.de