City wall (Bad Reichenhall)
The city wall of Bad Reichenhall was built around the city from the 1220s to protect the brine springs .
All remains of the city wall are under monument protection and are registered with the number D-1-72-114-228 in the Bavarian list of monuments.
history
prehistory
In a papal document from 1144, Bad Reichenhall was already referred to as a castrum ( fort ), which indicates the existence of fortifications. This is likely to have been a fortified residence of the Hallgraves on the Gruttenstein - directly above the Reichenhaller brine springs. In 1196 Bad Reichenhall, the castle on the Gruttenstein and other fortified structures in the Reichenhaller basin were destroyed by the Salzburg archbishop, a reaction to the destruction of the city by the Count of Plain in 1168. The archbishop tried to build the Hallburg on the Streitbichl to consolidate his power in Reichenhall over the long term. In 1218 Gruttenstein Castle was rebuilt by the Bavarian Duke. Although the archbishop demanded the razing of the complex several times and was also right, Gruttenstein outlasted time and still exists today. In the 1220s, the city fortifications were built with several towers, in which Gruttenstein was included as the highest point of the complex. As a result, the Salzburg Hallburg was isolated, lost in importance and disappeared after a relatively short time.
The city wall remained largely unchanged for many centuries. Even when armed conflicts or severe fire or flood disasters hit the city, the city wall has survived.
Tyrolean popular uprising
Although the city wall of Bad Reichenhall has long been out of date in military terms, it proved its worth one last time during the Tyrolean uprising . On September 26, 1809, the Tyrolean joined by Josef Speckbacher the city, in the three and a half battalions of infantry , a battery of artillery , a dragoon - squadron and the vigilantes were. Previously, all cattle, grain, flour and bread from Melleck , Schneizlreuth , Fronau , Jettenberg and Karlstein and the remote farms in these areas in the city had been brought to safety in order to “deprive the rebels of the means to continue the resistance […]” .
In Reichenhall the main gates were reinforced with additional trenches and artillery, the smaller gates were barricaded. Two yokes were removed from the Staufen Bridge and the Nonner Steg completely removed. A battery with four guns was in position on the Streitbichl above the town.
Under the command of General Rechenberg, the city was successfully defended until October 16. From October 16, the defenders positioned themselves for a counterattack. The royal saltworks chief inspector Reiner called on all available foresters , hunters , lumberjacks and mountain riflemen who , under the command of the district forester Ferstl, the Jaga-Steffi and the Kugelbach farmer Paurögger, circumvented the opposing positions and approached them on secret paths. On October 17th, supported by the troops from the city under the command of Colonel Ströhl, King Ludwig I , who was still Crown Prince at the time, and General Rechenberg counterattacked and destroyed the Tyroleans. The cavalry chased the Tyroleans, who lost about half of their 1,500 mountain riflemen, to Lofer . Speckbacher escaped, his 11-year-old son was taken prisoner at the Steinpass Gate near Melleck .
During a later visit by King Maximilian I , several citizens of Reichenhall were awarded medals of bravery and the king left a field snake to the city as a memento , which is now in the collection of the City Museum of Local History .
Changes after 1834
Only the great fire of 1834 brought many changes with it. Only a dozen of the former 300 houses were spared from the flames and the city wall, which was also damaged, stood in the way of the new planning and modern reorientation of the city. Gates, towers and large parts of the wall were demolished to make room for houses and spacious access roads. The last major damage was caused by the air raid on Bad Reichenhall on April 25, 1945 on the city wall. Among other things, the round tower was destroyed, the last fragments of which are still in an inner courtyard on Poststrasse.
description
course
The city wall enclosed the city with its brine springs , salt boilers and houses. From Gruttenstein Castle it ran south along several defense towers to the completely preserved Powder Tower , from there it followed the terrain and the rocks to the west and further south to the Peter and Paul Tower, which has also been preserved . From there, the wall ran roughly along today's Anton-Winkler-Strasse, first west and then north in an arc to the parish church of St. Nikolaus , from there in a northerly direction along today's Nikolaiweg , Innsbrucker Strasse and Kanalstrasse to the former Wasenegger or Angertürl . From there, the wall followed in a north-easterly direction along today's Forstamtstraße and further west to the Spitalkirche . The last section ran almost southwards to the Rosengasse and today's Café Reber and over the Bergstrasse back to Gruttenstein Castle.
To the west of the city, following the course of today's Anton-Winkler-Strasse, Kanalstrasse and lower Innsbrucker Strasse, there were city streams and the Trift Canal, which, like a moat, provided additional protection until the beginning of the 20th century .
Castles
The Gruttenstein Castle is located directly above the old salt springs of Bad Reichenhall. The previous complex was destroyed in 1196 by the Archbishop of Salzburg, but in 1218 the Duke of Bavaria began building a new castle there. This was later drawn into the city fortifications as the only fortified structure in the city - apart from the family towers - and formed the highest point of the city fortifications. Later on, Gruttenstein also served as the seat of the ducal Bavarian saltworks officials, which is why the castle was partially rebuilt and made more representative. With partly enlarged windows, it also got a homely character and is therefore also called Gruttenstein Castle .
Towers
Of the originally up to 14 towers of the city fortifications, only two are preserved today. The Powder Tower and the Peter and Paul Tower form the southeastern end of the city fortifications and are only about 100 meters apart.
The powder tower, in which gunpowder was also stored for a long time , is located on the Gruttenstein almost 300 meters south of Gruttenstein Castle and is now one of the oldest buildings in the city. The tower is well preserved, but is empty.
The Peter and Paul Gate used to be located at the Peter and Paul Tower. The name comes from two churches that were consecrated to St. Peter and St. Paul and stood outside the city wall until shortly after 1800. However, they fell victim to the work of destruction of secularization . The Peter and Paul Tower is now used as a residential building.
The wall south of Gruttenstein Castle used to be reinforced with six towers, of which only the powder tower remains today. On the elevation south of the powder tower there used to be a mighty round tower. The Waseneggerturm, which was also known as the Bürgerturm, was used to imprison citizens until the 17th century, and later these were imprisoned in the Spitalturm near the Spitalkirche . The round tower in today's Poststrasse was badly damaged in the air raid on Bad Reichenhall , today only remnants of the wall remain in an inner courtyard.
Gender towers
At least two fortified structures, so-called gender towers , as they are mainly known from Tuscany , were built within the city fortifications . Tauerstein was owned by the wealthy salt boiler family Taurer and was first mentioned in a document in 1252. The tower was strategically arranged so that the brine springs were between Tauerstein and Gruttenstein Castle. The Rutzenlachen tower belonged to the Rutzenlacher family of salters and was about halfway between the parish church of St. Nikolaus and the Tyrolean Gate . This could have served as protection for the Dingviertel. The foundation of another tower was discovered in 2017 during construction work in the former Ford branch of the Prechter company in Angerl. However, the tower may have been demolished in the 16th century.
Gates
Seven gates used to give access to the city. The most south-easterly, the Peter-and-Paul-Tor was directly at the Peter-und-Paul-Turm . A little further north, at the confluence of Tiroler Strasse and Anton-Winkler-Strasse, was the Tiroler Tor, which was also called the Upper Thor . Through this, the travelers left the city in the direction of Tyrol . The Chamberlain Gate got its name from the Duke's messengers who came into town through this gate when they were sent to the saltworks . It was located roughly at the northern end of today's Kammerbotenstrasse. The Mittertor (also Waseneggertor or Schlaiztor ) was a little further north at today's entrance to Wörgötterplatz. The Angertor, of whose arch the last remains of the wall can still be seen at the corner of Im Angerl and Innsbrucker Straße, was also called Salzmaiertor . The Salzmaier were the officials of the saltworks administration, whose administration building - today's police station on Poststrasse - was near the Angerl. The Salzburg Gate, which led in the direction of Salzburg , was located at the northern end of today's Poststrasse, right next to the Spitalkirche . The tower of the Salzburg Gate is said to have been the largest in the city wall and - similar to a church tower - was equipped with a clock. The Leitgarten-Thörl was at the northern end of today's Rosengasse. From there you got to the Leitgarten, where Reichenhall citizens grew food.
Today none of the former gates of the city fortifications are left.
Parts received
Apart from parts of the wall, only Gruttenstein Castle , the Powder Tower and the Peter and Paul Tower remain from the city wall .
Wall parts can be found
- north and west of the powder tower
- west of the Peter-und-Paul-Tower along Anton-Winkler-Straße in a northerly direction to the confluence with Tiroler Straße
- north and south of the Nikolauskirche
- Remnants in an inner courtyard at the corner of Poststrasse / Kammerbotenstrasse with a remnant of the round tower
- from the middle of the Kanalstraße along the Innsbrucker Straße in a northerly direction to the Angerl with a still recognizable approach of the arch of the Waseneggertor
- at the eastern end of the Forstamtstrasse
- directly connected to the hospital church
- from the western exit of Dianapassage in a southerly direction to Rosengasse.
Near Sebastianigasse
Near Rosengasse
Near Kirchgasse
On the Forstamtstrasse
Castle gate
Although the castle gate was not part of the city wall, it was also part of the fortification of the city in a broader sense. Less than a kilometer south of the city at the confluence of the Kesselbach in the Saalach was the castle gate, which was also called the mountain gate, at this narrow point of the road to the Pinzgau and Tyrol . This fortification was first mentioned in 1371. The complex consisted of a barrier wall, a wooden watchtower, a house for the keeper and the Holy Cross Chapel. In the event of danger, the bridge over the deep Kesselbach could be dismantled. In the course of the 19th century the gate disappeared, the last remains were demolished in the course of the road construction and the construction of the dam for the Saalach power station at the beginning of the 20th century.
Web links
- Bavarian Monument Atlas at www.blfd.bayern.de
Individual evidence
- ↑ Johannes Lang: History of Bad Reichenhall , p. 529
- ↑ a b c Herbert Pfisterer: Bad Reichenhall in his Bavarian history , p. 251f
- ^ Hofmann: Die Schreckensjahre von Bad Reichenhall, p. 33
- ↑ a b Herbert Pfisterer: Bad Reichenhall in his Bavarian history , p. 112ff
- ^ Johannes Lang: History of Bad Reichenhall , p. 157
- ↑ Johannes Lang: The story of Bad Reichenhall , p. 207
- ↑ The dead man from the excavation on bgland24.de from June 24, 2016, accessed on October 29, 2018
- ↑ Bavarian Monument Atlas at www.blfd.bayern.de, accessed on September 17, 2018
- ↑ Johannes Lang: History of Bad Reichenhall , p. 217
literature
- Johannes Lang : History of Bad Reichenhall. Ph.CW Schmidt, Neustadt / Aisch 2009, ISBN 978-3-87707-759-7 .
- Herbert Pfisterer: Bad Reichenhall in its Bavarian history. Motor + Touristik-Verlag, Munich 1988
- Fritz Hofmann: The terrible years of Bad Reichenhall. wdv-Verlag, Mitterfelden