Karlstein (Bad Reichenhall)
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Karlstein
City of Bad Reichenhall
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| Height : | 478 m above sea level NN |
| Area : | 25.54 km² |
| Residents : | 3500 |
| Population density : | 137 inhabitants / km² |
| Incorporation : | May 1, 1978 |
| Postal code : | 83435 |
| Area code : | 08651 |
With just under 26 km² and 3500 inhabitants, Karlstein is the largest suburb of the city of Bad Reichenhall in the Berchtesgadener Land district . In the course of the territorial reform, Karlstein, including the villages of Kirchberg , Nonn and Thumsee belonging to the municipality, was incorporated into Bad Reichenhall in 1978. These places have been districts of the district town since then.
geography
Geographical location
Karlstein is located at the western end of the Reichenhall valley basin. The district is separated from the city center by the Saalach . The former municipality area includes Nonn , Kirchberg and Thumsee . Old field and yard names (e.g. Siebenpalfen, Fager, Garnei, Seeweber) are still in use, even if they no longer appear in a public directory. In the area of Karlstein and Nonn there are the Hochstaufen and Zwiesel in the north, the Gebersberg and parts of the Jochberg in the west and the Müllnerberg , which extends from west to south.
Waters
The Thumsee lies in the west, framed by mountains . It is an important local recreation area for the city and surrounding communities. The water of the lake, which is fed by an above-ground inlet and underground springs, then flows through the Seemösl and then via the Seebach on to Karlstein, called from the Weitwiese Hosewasch or Hoswaschbach and joins the Saalach in the east of Nonn .
The Amerangbachl rises at Müllner Berg and joins in the Seebach Chapel with the Seebach.
The Listsee lies at approx. 630 m above the Nonner Oberland and is only 0.4 hectares in size. The mountain lake is fed underground, the water runs over the Hammerbach into the Hosewasch. The springs around the Listsee serve the city of Bad Reichenhall as a drinking water supply.
climate
As in the rest of the city of Bad Reichenhall, the climate in Karlstein is favored above all by the sheltered location in the valley basin and moderate by the water of the Saalach. Bad Reichenhall is therefore often referred to as “Merano of the North”. A special feature are strong, warm downward winds, which occur mainly in the Kirchberg area and are little or no noticeable in other districts. Because of the wind direction (from the west) these are popularly referred to as "Kugelbachwind" after the farm in this direction.
history
Early history
The oldest archaeological finds date from the Bell Beaker Period and were discovered by the archaeologist Josef Maurer during excavations on the northern slopes of the Pankrazfelsen . Excavations also show that the Reichenhall valley basin has been continuously populated at least since the Early Bronze Age , i.e. since the beginning of the 2nd millennium BC.
The most extensive finds come from the prehistoric settlement areas of Karlstein and the Langackertal . In the Bronze and Iron Ages, there were settlements there, the size and wealth of which bear no relation to the agricultural potential of the landscape. The salt from the brine springs was probably the basis for trade back then, which is a junction of the routes to the north via Inzell and the Chiemsee , south via Salzburg and the Tauern to the Adriatic and west via the Garnei, the Thumsee , the Pinzgau as far as Tyrol . The finds also prove that metal goods made of bronze and iron were made here, Karlstein in particular is believed to have been a metallurgy center of regional importance during the Bronze and Iron Ages.
The most important finds date from around 100 BC. Towards the end of the La Tène period , coins were produced in a minting center on Haiderburgstein , a hill in front of the Pankrazfelsen between Schmalschlägerstrasse and Moserweg. These are silver coins with the imprint of a stylized ball horse and a diameter of about eight millimeters, which do not belong to the Roman or Greek currency system and cannot be assigned to any Celtic tribe. This small silver , which can be detected in the Eastern Alps as far as Slovenia , is therefore also called "small silver Karlsteiner type" and is also evidence of the importance of trade for the Karlstein settlements.
Finds of a large villa settlement with a cremation site and cemetery in the area of today's fish farm in the Langackertal come from the Roman Empire . The finds of numerous Bavarian tombs in Kirchberg from the Merovingian period (480 to 700) indicate a peaceful coexistence of Teutons and Romans. The old town area of Bad Reichenhall or the Kirchberg, but also other areas in the area, could have served as a settlement.
From the Middle Ages
Although there were no salt deposits in Karlstein, the Karlstein settlement played a strategically important role for salt production. The so-served Karlstejn Castle ⊙ to defend the city Reichenhall against attacks from the west and also to secure the transport routes of the salt over the Thumsee and Antoni Berg towards Tyrol or Munich . Like Karlstein, the toll for Karlstein ⊙ was influenced by the Peilsteiners and later the Bavarian Duke. The former castle complexes Fager (also: Vager) ⊙ , Amerang ⊙ and Kirchberg ⊙ were built on behalf of the Archbishop of Salzburg, who wanted to consolidate his power over salt production. Apart from Karlstein Castle, there are hardly any visible remains of the other facilities. They are all likely to have been destroyed in armed conflicts. The stones were probably carried away by the population to build their houses. In the dense forest, some isolated traces were only rediscovered and uncovered in 2001 and 2002 by Johannes Lang, who was the city's home administrator for the city of Bad Reichenhall and the Bad Reichenhall Association for Local Studies.
Under the direction of the court architect Hanns Reiffenstuel , a brine pipeline from Bad Reichenhall to Traunstein with numerous wells (pumping stations) was built from 1617 to 1619 to overcome the difference in altitude. Two Brunnhäuser (Fager ⊙ and Seebichl ⊙ ) and a themed hiking trail are located in Karlstein. Reifenstuelstrasse is reminiscent of the builder.
Time of the spa operation
Even before the healing properties of brine were known in Bad Reichenhall , there was a bathing establishment in the Karlstein district of Kirchberg at the beginning of the 18th century. The basis was the healing spring there, which rises south of today's old people's home at the foot of the Müllnerberg . Kirchberg is therefore the cradle of the spa business in Bad Reichenhall. However, because of the very simple furnishings, the bathroom was of very little importance for over a hundred years and had the reputation of a "servant's bathroom". That slowly changed when, from 1822, the saltworks doctor Osterhammer in Kirchberg prescribed cures with brine and also made records of the success of his therapies. When the health spa in Reichenhall established itself around the Hotel Axelmannstein from 1846 , there was often a dispute because of the competition, but the flourishing of the spa in the neighboring town also favored the spa in Kirchberg. In 1864 the bath was acquired by Pachmayr, who comprehensively modernized the spa, built new buildings and made Kirchberg a well-known and popular health resort across the region. The last 50 years until the outbreak of the First World War were among the happiest times in Kirchberg, after the war the baths were closed. The spa park with its many exotic plants was built over with today's old people's home and apart from the Kirchberg-Schlössl , only very few old villas have been preserved in the area. The Kirchberger Heilquelle now flows unused into the Saalach near the Kretabrücke.
Between 1889 and 1890, the long bridge over the Saalach was replaced by a modern stone arch bridge, the Luitpold Bridge. In 1899 it was badly damaged in a flood.
In 1890 Konrad Fischer opened the Reichenhall Electricity Works in Kirchberg , the first AC power plant in Germany and the first power plant in Bavaria. Fischer used the hydropower of the Kirchberger Mühlbach to light up 1200 light bulbs in Bad Reichenhall, Karlstein and Kirchberg.
Turn of the century to the post-war period
In 1912, the construction of the Saalach power plant to electrify the railway line between Freilassing and Berchtesgaden began and is one of the oldest railway power plants still in operation. The power plant also supplies the city of Bad Reichenhall with electricity to this day.
Bad Kirchberg was converted into a military hospital during the First World War , into which Schlössl was also incorporated and which was in operation until 1921. The Kurhaus was sold to the Bavarian Association of Officials in 1924 and shortly thereafter opened as a recreational home for civil servants. This finally ended the bathing operations in Kirchberg.
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On July 1, 1928, the Predigtstuhlbahn went into operation after a year of construction. It is the oldest originally preserved large cabin cable car in the world.
Today's Hochstaufen barracks was built in Karlstein between 1934 and 1936. As the buildings, however, were planned from the outset for the garrison Bad Reichenhall, the area was incorporated by Government Decision on 1 July 1937 in the town of Bad Reichenhall and is now part of the district of Bad Reichenhall. The street on which the barracks is located was named Col di Lana Street during construction and a few years later it was renamed today's Nonner Strasse.
Karlstein survived the Second World War and the air raid on Bad Reichenhall on April 25, 1945 without significant damage. The Luitpold Bridge was blown up by SS pioneers on the afternoon of May 3, 1945, when the Allied troops were already on both sides of the Saalach a few kilometers from Bad Reichenhall. On May 8, 1945 around 5 p.m., shortly before the unconditional surrender of the Wehrmacht, eleven French members of the 33rd Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS “Charlemagne” were shot on today's Kugelbachweg . The execution by French soldiers under the command of General Leclerc took place “after a brief inspection” by Leclerc. The soldiers had surrendered without a fight and fled the barracks after learning that the US occupation forces were to be replaced by French ones. The refugees were discovered in a nearby wood and taken to Kugelbachweg on a truck in the late afternoon of May 8, 1945. After the shooting, the bodies were left there for three days before they were buried by US soldiers. On June 2, 1949, the bodies were exhumed, buried in the St. Zeno cemetery and consecrated by a Catholic priest. Some sources speak of twelve French soldiers killed; in fact, eleven French soldiers were shot on May 8, 1945.
The Crete Bridge was built in the 1960s, and traffic on the German Alpine Road was relocated from Thumseestrasse to the new State Road 2101 . In the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s there was brisk construction activity in Karlstein. A lot of living space was created for the growing population of the community and the city of Bad Reichenhall.
From the territorial reform to the present
On May 1, 1978, the municipality of Karlstein with the villages of Karlstein, Kirchberg , Nonn and Thumsee as well as the 933 hectare part of the disbanded municipality-free area of Karlsteiner Forst, incorporated on January 1, 1978, was incorporated into the city of Bad Reichenhall . The last mayor of Karlstein was Sebastian Fuchs.
A burning mountain forest on Thumsee kept the fire brigades in suspense for eleven days from April 13, 2007, and the district administration raised a disaster alarm for three days . With up to twelve helicopters, other fire brigades from neighboring Germany and abroad, the technical relief organization and the police supported the fire fighting work of the Bad Reichenhall volunteer fire brigade. People were not harmed. Between July 27 and 30, 2013, the mountain forest on Thumsee burned again at almost the same spot after a lightning strike. The Bad Reichenhall fire brigade with the Karlstein and Marzoll fire engines was supported by forces from Bayerisch Gmain and the State of Salzburg as well as several helicopters.
politics
With the regional reform in 1978, the municipal administration of Karlstein was dissolved. The coat of arms of Karlstein has remained to this day. The former municipality of Karlstein accepted this in the 1960s. It shows a silver, striding panther on a blue background. It is the coat of arms of the Counts of Peilstein , who sat at Karlstein Castle in the 12th century as a representative of the Salzburg Archbishop , held the toll station on the road to Pinzgau and Tyrol and co-administered the Archbishop's Castle Kirchberg.
Culture and sights
regional customs
The GTEV "Kranzlstoana" Karlstein e. V. is named after the summit of the same name on the Gebersberg and has been committed to the preservation of customs and costumes for many years with the gunnery department.
Independent of clubs, the annual run of the Karlsteiner Perchten is a custom that is not very widespread in the Alpine region. In contrast to many other Perchten runs (which also take place in neighboring Nonn), the Karlsteiner Perchten are so-called Schönperchten . Dressed in white, with a belt with cowbells, without soot on their faces and without masks, they go from house to house and wish the residents good luck. The process is subject to strict rules, especially in Karlstein. In the last of the 12 Rauhnächte there are a maximum of 12 Karlstein bachelors who walk through Karlstein. The number of runs for each individual is also limited to 12 entries. They are led by the Perchtnmuatta (Perchten mother ), the Percht who has walked the most often of all. The run goes back to an old pagan custom and has been cultivated since the 17th century. After the Second World War, this custom was brought back to life by members of the traditional costume association. The run begins at 3 p.m. at the sacristan's farm ⊙ and usually ends late after midnight at the Kugelbach farm's ⊙ . The Perchten cover almost 30 km on foot during this time.
Sports
Several sports clubs are also based in Karlstein, such as the shooting club Karlstein-Kaitl, the ice stock club Karlstein and the diving club Thumsee Reichenhall e. V. The Karlstein Ice Stock Club can look back on a long tradition and can boast several national and international successes, such as B. winning the world championship in curling with the team. The Reichenhaller Tennis Club and the 1st Ice Stock Club Bad Reichenhall e. V. have their club houses including tennis courts and ice stock lanes in the municipality of Nonn in the Nonner Au. There is also the Nonner Stadium with a natural grass pitch.
The Knogl , which belongs to the Müllnerberg and is located near the Kugelbachbauern , is a popular destination for climbers.
The Thumsee Triathlon is organized annually by the triathlon department of TSV 1862 Reichenhall e. V. organizes. The Thumsee is used for the swimming and the shore path for the running route. The bike route leads around Gebersberg and Müllnerberg, along the Saalachsee and back to the Thumsee.
Attractions
One of the oldest sights in Karlstein is the Karlstein ruin from the 12th century, a castle of the Counts of Peilstein . The ruin is located on the rock of the same name above Karlstein and offers a view of the nature reserve at Thumsee . As a local recreation area, the Thumsee offers several bathing opportunities , in the neighboring Seemösl there is a water lily facility in which up to nine different species of water lilies were bred. The Catholic pilgrimage church of St. Pankraz is located in front of the castle ruins on the Pankrazfelsen . The new baroque building from the 17th century by the master builder Lorenzo Sciasca from Graubünden replaced a structure from the 14th or 15th century. The Pankrazfelsen, from which one has a good view of the Reichenhall valley basin, can be reached via a path with over 300 steps.
Below the Pankrazkirche, directly on the Seebach , is the Seebach chapel , which was extensively restored in the late 1990s. Also near the Seebach are the listed Brunnhäuser Fager and Seebichl , which used to be part of the brine pipeline from Reichenhall to Traunstein. The brine pipeline path itself is signposted and is a popular hiking trail in the shade of the trees, especially on hot days in summer. The listed Kugelbachbauer is located near the brine pipeline . The hosted farm offers an ideal starting point for hikes on the Müllnerhorn . The Gasthaus Moserwirt and the former Gasthof Kaitl are also under monument protection and were already mentioned in letters by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart .
Another church is in the Nonner Unterland: the Church of St. Georg ( Nonner Kircherl ), which houses a magnificent altar from the workshop of the Laufen master, Gordian Guckh . In Nonn there are also other listed objects, mostly farms from the last centuries, all of which are privately owned and often in very good condition.
In the Kirchberg district is the Kirchberg-Schlössl from the 15th century, which was expanded to its current form in 1723. Today there is a restaurant in the Schlössl. The Predigtstuhlbahn from 1928 and the Saalach power plant from 1914 are also located in Kirchberg . The Predigtstuhlbahn is the oldest originally preserved large cable car in the world, the valley and mountain stations, gondolas, the technology and the mountain hotel are in their original state today. The Saalach power plant was built in Art Nouveau style with an impressive facade and is one of the oldest railway power plants in Germany still in operation. While you can take the train to the 1,614 m high Predigtstuhl at any time , you can only visit the Saalach power station as part of guided tours, which are usually only offered on the Open Monument Day . For a long time, the listed Luitpold Bridge was the only connection for cars and larger wagons between Karlstein and Reichenhall.
Economy and Infrastructure
Companies
Karlstein is characterized by agriculture and tourism. Many farmers and private individuals rent rooms and holiday apartments or have converted their houses into pensions. In Karlstein - especially on Thumsee - there are still several hotels, of the many restaurants only a few are still open today. Several handicraft businesses are still based in Karlstein today and Bad Reichenhaller mineral water has been produced from spring water in the fish farming sector since the 2010s . For a long time, the largest employer was Schöndorfer GmbH with construction and environmental technology. After the liquidation of some company divisions, only a few jobs remain in Karlstein today. There are also three car dealerships, two trading companies and a branch of Sparkasse Berchtesgadener Land .
Public facilities
The district is supplied with drinking water and natural gas by the Bad Reichenhall municipal utility . The local electricity provider is the electricity cooperative Karlstein eG . Karlstein is connected to the sewer network of the city of Bad Reichenhall and thus also to the sewage treatment plant in Marzoll . In the late 1980s, the former part of the Thumsee municipality was also connected to the sewer system; the construction of the canal was combined with the construction of a cycle path to Thumsee. The residents of Thumsee still ensure the drinking water supply through their own wells. The city has leased Thumseebad for many years.
traffic
Private transport
State road 2101 leads through the district of Karlstein . It begins at the Weinkaser junction as a direct extension of the federal highway 305, the Queralpenstrasse , and ends in the area of the Kretabrücke where the traffic is divided into the federal highway 20 and the Reichenbachstrasse in Bad Reichenhall . In addition to the Crete Bridge, the listed Luitpold Bridge and the Nonner Steg pedestrian crossing connect Karlstein and Bad Reichenhall, which are separated by the Saalach.
Local public transport
The Stadtwerke Bad Reichenhall use their city buses on line 2 to connect the Thumsee and Karlstein with Reichenhall, the second terminus is Piding . The bus route 9526 of the regional traffic Upper Bavaria connects the train stations of Bad Reichenhall and Traunstein and follows the course of the line 2 of the Stadtwerke through Karlstein. The "Bad Reichenhall-Kirchberg" stop on the Freilassing – Berchtesgaden railway line is in the former municipality of Karlstein.
education
The Karlstein elementary school is located in Karlstein, where the children from the districts of Karlstein, Kirchberg, Nonn and Thumsee are usually taught with one class per year. Attached to the school is its own multi-purpose hall, which was built in 1986. The Karlstein Municipal Kindergarten is located in the vicinity of the school.
armed forces
The on-site shooting range of the Hochstaufen barracks is located in the Nesselgraben on Thumsee and is also used by soldiers from the Jägerkaserne in Bischofswiesen .
literature
- Hubert Vogel: From the four thousand year old Karlstein - history and farm history . Munich 1973, Dr. Hubert Vogel.
- Hubert Vogel: History of Bad Reichenhall, Historical Association of Upper Bavaria , 1995.
- Herbert Pfisterer: Bad Reichenhall in its Bavarian history . Motor + Touristik Verlag, 1988.
Web links
Map with all coordinates: OSM | WikiMap
Individual evidence
- ^ Lang: History of Bad Reichenhall , p. 31
- ↑ Dr. Hubert Vogel: History of Bad Reichenhall - On the four thousand year old Karlstein (p. 200)
- ^ Lang: History of Bad Reichenhall , p. 51ff
- ↑ Johannes Lang : History of Bad Reichenhall. Ph.CW Schmidt, Neustadt / Aisch 2009, ISBN 978-3-87707-759-7 ; P. 788
- ^ Fritz Hofmann: Die Schreckensjahre von Bad Reichenhall , wdv-Verlag Mitterfelden, p. 139ff
- ^ Federal Statistical Office (ed.): Historical municipality directory for the Federal Republic of Germany. Name, border and key number changes in municipalities, counties and administrative districts from May 27, 1970 to December 31, 1982 . W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart and Mainz 1983, ISBN 3-17-003263-1 , p. 597 .
- ↑ stadt-bad-reichenhall.de
- ↑ City newspaper WIR! November 2008 edition (PDF; 4 MB) p. 6, personal details
- ↑ Johannes Lang : History of Bad Reichenhall . Ph.CWSchmidt, Neustadt an der Aisch 2009, ISBN 3-87707-759-5 .
- ↑ kranzlstoana-karlstein.de ( Memento of the original from May 10, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
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